Python Testing Fundamentals

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Python Testing Fundamentals

Saturday, July 28, 2012
PyOhio
Ohio State University
Columbus, OH
Chris Calloway
University of North Carolina
Department of Marine Sciences

Programming
PyCamp™ Copyright © 2012
Trizpug For The People

mage

http://drunkenpython.org/pytestfund.pdf
http://drunkenpython.org/pyohio.zip
http://drunkenpython.org/pyohio.tgz

Programming

About This Tutorial

•Fundamental
•Python 3.2.3
•Assertion
•Unittest
•Doctest
Programming

Why Test?

“Untested Code is Broken Code”
- Phillip von Weitershausen

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Why Test?

•Tests help you design good code
•Test help you ﬁnd bugs
•Tests help you document code

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Assert Statements

•Assert statements use the assert keyword
•Assert statements raise AssertionError
•Based on bool test expressions

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Assert Statements

keyword

>>> assert 1 == 1

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Assert Statements

expression

>>> assert 1 == 1

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Assert Statements

>>> assert expression

is almost the same as:

>>> if not expression:
... raise AssertionError()
>>>

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Assert Statements

>>> assert 1 == 1
>>> assert 1 == 2
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AssertionError
>>>

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Assert Statements

•A second optional expression on the assert
statement provides a message for the
AssertionError

•This helps you distinguish one assertion from
another

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Assert Statements

second expression

>>> assert 1 == 2, "Reality check"

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Assert Statements

assert expression1, expression2

is almost the same as:

if not expression1:
raise AssertionError(expression2)

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Assert Statements

>>> assert 1 == 2, "Reality check"
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AssertionError: Reality check
>>>

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Assert Statements

•Assertions may be sprinkled liberally throughout
your code to check that your code is running as
expected

•Think of assertions as Python's reality check
•You decide what "reality" is

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Assert Statements

bigbiz.py:

profit = bottom_line(today)
assert profit > 0, "Unacceptable!"
projection = growth(tomorrow)
assert projection > profit, "UR fired!"

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Assert Statements

•Assertions usually generate unhandled
exceptions which halt your program

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Assert Statements

bigbiz.py:

def bottom_line(timestamp):
"""Compute the profit on date."""
Text

return -1e6

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Assert Statements

> python bigbiz.py
File "bigbiz.py", line 20, in <module>
AssertionError: Unacceptable!
>

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Assert Statements

•By using Python's -i command line switch, you
may interactively inspect what went wrong where
the assertion was raised

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Assert Statements

> python -i bigbiz.py
>>> profit
-1000000.0
>>>

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Assert Statements

•By using Python's -i command line switch, you
may use also Python's debugger to see what
went wrong at the point of assertion

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Assert Statements

> python -i bigbiz.py
>>> import pdb
>>> pdb.pm()
> /Users/cbc/pyohio/bigbiz.py(20)<module>()
-> assert profit > 0, "Unacceptable!"
(Pdb) profit
-1000000.0
(Pdb)

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Assert Statements

•Assertions may be turned off by "optimizing"
Python with the -O command line switch

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Assert Statements

> python -O
>>> assert 1 == 2
>>>

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Assert Statements

> python -O bigbiz.py
Profit is -1000000.00 USD.
Projected profit is -2000000.00 USD.
>

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Assert Statements

•It's a ﬁne line whether assert statements are
testing or debugging

•Assert statements are slightly more sophisticated
than using print

•But assert statements form the basis for testing in
Python

•In Python, a test is an assertion of an expected
result
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Unittest Module

•Unittest is "batteries included" in Python
•Unittest helps you separate test code from the
code under test

•Unittest helps you write tests before code
•Unittest helps you organize and discover all your
tests

•Unittest hooks into many other Python tools
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Unittest Module

>>> import unittest
>>> dir(unittest)
['BaseTestSuite', 'FunctionTestCase', 'SkipTest',
'TestCase', 'TestLoader', 'TestProgram', 'TestResult',
'TestSuite', 'TextTestResult', 'TextTestRunner',
'_TextTestResult', '__all__', '__builtins__',
'__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__',
'__package__', '__path__', '__unittest', 'case',
'defaultTestLoader', 'expectedFailure', 'findTestCases',
'getTestCaseNames', 'installHandler', 'loader', 'main',
'makeSuite', 'registerResult', 'removeHandler',
'removeResult', 'result', 'runner', 'signals', 'skip',
'skipIf', 'skipUnless', 'suite', 'util']
>>>

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TestCase Class

•unittest.TestCase is a class
•You create TestCase subclasses
•You add methods whose names start with "test"
to your TestCase subclass

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TestCase Class

•Each test method you supply in your subclass
executes a TestCase supplied method whose
name starts with "assert"

•A TestCase provides what is known as a "test
ﬁxture" in testing parlance

•The unittest module provides many ways to
run the test methods of your text ﬁxture

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TestCase Class

test_operator.py:

"""Demonstrate the unittest module."""

Text
import operator
import unittest

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TestCase Class

test_operator.py:

class TestOperator(unittest.TestCase):
Text
"""Test the operator module."""

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TestCase Class

test_operator.py:
def test_add(self):
"""Test the add function."""
Text
self.assertEqual(operator.add(2, 2),
2 + 2)

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TestCase Class

test_operator.py:
def test_sub(self):
"""Test the sub function."""
Text
self.assertEqual(operator.sub(4, 2),
4 - 2)

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TestCase Class

test_operator.py:
def test_mul(self):
"""Test the mul function."""
Text
self.assertEqual(operator.mul(2, 2),
2 * 2)

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TestCase Class

test_operator.py:

if __name__ == "__main__":
Text
unittest.main()

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main Class

•unittest.main is also a class
•unittest.main is normally only used within a
script containing test ﬁxtures

•When unittest.main is instantiated, all of the
tests in the script's namespace are loaded and
run

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main Class

> python test_operator.py
...
--------------------------------------
Ran 3 tests in 0.001s

OK
>

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TestLoader Class

•Notice that nowhere does it appear that your
script has instantiated your TestCase subclass or
execute any of its methods

•unittest.main instead instantiates a special
unittest.TestLoader class which has
methods to search your module for TestCase
classes and instantiate them

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TestRunner Class

•Once the TestLoader instance created by
unittest.main discovers and instantiates the
TestCase in your script, unittest.main
instantiates a special unittest.TestRunner
class which has methods to run the methods of
your TestCase instances

•unittest.main takes care of handling
TestLoaders and TestRunners for you!

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TestRunner Class

TestCase unittest.main
(superclass) (instance)

createTests()

TestOperator discover() TestLoader
(subclass) (instance)

runTests()

TestOperator run() TestRunner
(instance) (instance)

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main Class

test_operator.py:

if __name__ == "__main__":
Text
unittest.main(verbosity=2)

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main Class

test_add (__main__.TestOperator)
Test the add function. ... ok
test_mul (__main__.TestOperator)
Test the mul function. ... ok
test_sub (__main__.TestOperator)
Test the sub function. ... ok
--------------------------------------
OK
>

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main Class

•Notice that your tests did not run in the same
order in which they were deﬁned

•unittest.main loads the test methods from
your TestCase instance's __dict__ attribute

•Dictionaries are unordered
•unittest.main() runs the test methods in your
Python's built-in order for strings

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TestCase Class

test_operator.py:
def test_add(self):
Text
2 + 3)

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TestCase Class

F..
======================================
FAIL: test_add (__main__.TestOperator)
Test the add function.
--------------------------------------
File "test_operator.py", line 13, in test_add
self.assertEqual(operator.add(2, 2), 2 + 3)
AssertionError: 4 != 5
--------------------------------------
FAILED (failures=1)
>

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TestCase Class

test_operator.py:
def test_add(self):
Text
2 + "2")

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TestCase Class

E..
================================================
ERROR: test_add (__main__.TestOperator)
Test the add function.
------------------------------------------------
File "test_operator.py", line 13, in test_add
self.assertEqual(operator.add(2, 2), 2 + "2")
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +:
int' and 'str'
------------------------------------------------
FAILED (errors=1)
>

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TestResult Class

•Running a test results in one of three outcomes:
★ Success (expected result)
★ Failure (unexpected result)
★ Error (error running the test)

•The outcomes of all tests are accumulated in a
unittest.TestResult instance

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TestResult Class

•Most of the time you will not need to create your
own TestResult instances

•Most of the ways you will run tests will
instantiate and report a TestResult for you

•But to run a test always requires a TestResult
instance somewhere

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TestResult Class

> python -m unittest test_operator
...
--------------------------------------

OK
>

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TestResult Class

> python -m unittest
test_operator.TestOperator
...
--------------------------------------

OK
>

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TestResult Class

test_operator.TestOperator.test_add
.
--------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.000s

OK
>

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TestResult Class

> python -m unittest test_operator.py
...
--------------------------------------

OK
>

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TestResult Class

> python -m unittest -v test_operator
test_add (test_operator.TestOperator)
Test the add function. ... ok
test_mul (test_operator.TestOperator)
Test the mul function. ... ok
test_sub (test_operator.TestOperator)
Test the sub function. ... ok
--------------------------------------
OK
>

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TestResult Class

> python -m unittest -h
Usage: python -m unittest [options] [tests]

Options:
-h, --help Show this message
-v, --verbose Verbose output
-q, --quiet Minimal output
-f, --failfast Stop on first failure
-c, --catch Catch control-C and
display results
-b, --buffer Buffer stdout and stderr
during test runs
[tests] can be a list of any number of test
modules, classes and test methods.

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load_tests Protocol

.......
--------------------------------------

OK
>

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load_tests Protocol

Alternative Usage: python -m unittest
discover [options]

Options:
-s directory Directory to start
discovery ('.' default)
-p pattern Pattern to match test
files
('test*.py' default)
-t directory Top level directory of
project (default to
start directory)
For test discovery all test modules must be
importable from the top level directory.

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TestCase Class

•Notice that TestCase.assertEqual does not
appear to raise an unhandled AssertionError

•The TestRunner instance handles the
AssertionError for failing tests and updates the
TestResult instance

•TestCase.assertEqual is but one of many test
methods you may use in your tests

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TestCase Class

Method Tests If
assertEqual(a, b) a == b
assertNotEqual(a, b) a != b
assertTrue(x) bool(x) is True
assertFalse(x) bool(x) is False
assertIs(a, b) a is b
assertIsNot(a, b) a is not b
assertIsNone(x) x is None
assertIsNotNone(x) x is not None
assertIn(a, b) a in b
assertNotIn(a, b) a not in b
assertIsInstance(a, b) isinstance(a, b)
assertNotIsInstance(a, b) not isinstance(a, b)

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TestCase Class

•You not only need to test if your code produces
expected results, you also need to test if your
code handles unexpected results in an expected
manner!

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TestCase Class

test_operatorNG.py:
def test_add_str(self):
"""Test bad args for add."""
Text
with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
operator.add(2, "2")

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TestCase Class

> python -m unittest test_operatorNG
....
--------------------------------------

OK
>

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TestCase Class

Method Tests If

assertRaises(exception) exception raised

exception raised and
assertRaisesRegex(exception, regex)
message matches regex

assertWarns(warning) warning raised

warning raised and
assertWarnsRegex(warning, regex)
message matches regex

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TestCase Class

Method Tests If

assertAlmostEqual(a, b) round(a-b, 7) == 0
assertNotAlmostEqual(a, b) round(a-b, 7) != 0
assertGreater(a, b) a > b
assertGreaterEqual(a, b) a >= b
assertLess(a, b) a < b
assertLessEqual(a, b) a <= b
assertRegex(s, re) s matches regex
assertNotRegex(s, re) s does not match regex
a and b have the same
assertCountEqual(a, b) elements in the same
number, regardless of order

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TestCase Class

Method Compares

assertMultiLineEqual(a, b) Strings

assertSequenceEqual(a, b) Sequences

assertListEqual(a, b) Lists

assertTupleEqual(a, b) Tuples

assertSetEqual(a, b) Sets and Frozensets

assertDictEqual(a, b) Dictionaries

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TestCase Class

•Plus many more!

>>> [attr for attr
... in dir(unittest.TestCase)
... if attr.startswith('assert')]

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TestCase Class

>>> help(unittest.TestCase.
... assertDictContainsSubset)
Help on function assertDictContainsSubset in
module unittest.case:
assertDictContainsSubset(self, subset,
dictionary, msg=None)
Checks whether dictionary is a superset of
subset.

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TestSuite Class

test_operatorNG2.py:

"""Demonstrate the unittest module."""

Text
import operator
import unittest

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TestSuite Class


class TestAdd(unittest.TestCase):
Text

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TestSuite Class

def test_add_int(self):
"""Test with ints."""
Text
2 + 2)

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TestSuite Class

def test_add_str(self):
"""Test with strs."""
Text
operator.add(2, "2")

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TestSuite Class


class TestSub(unittest.TestCase):
Text
"""Test the sub function."""

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TestSuite Class

def test_sub_int(self):
Text
self.assertEqual(operator.sub(4, 2),
4 - 2)

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TestSuite Class

def test_sub_str(self):
Text
operator.sub(4, "2")

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TestSuite Class


class TestMul(unittest.TestCase):
Text
"""Test the mul function."""

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TestSuite Class

def test_mul_int(self):
Text
self.assertEqual(operator.mul(2, 2),
2 * 2)

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TestSuite Class

def test_mul_str(self):
Text
self.assertEqual(operator.mul(2, "2"),
"22")

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TestSuite Class

str_suite = unittest.TestSuite()

Text
str_suite.addTest(TestAdd("test_add_str"))
str_suite.addTest(TestSub("test_sub_str"))
str_suite.addTest(TestMul("test_mul_str"))

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TestSuite Class


if __name__ == "__main__":
Text
unittest.main()

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TestSuite Class

•Objects you have bound in the
test_operatorNG2 namespace:

•TestAdd class
•TestSub class
•TestMul class
•str_suite instance
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TestSuite Class

> python test_operatorNG2.py
......
--------------------------------------
OK
>

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TestSuite Class

test_operatorNG2.str_suite
...
--------------------------------------
OK
>

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TestSuite Class

> python -m unittest -v
test_operatorNG2.str_suite
test_add_str (test_operatorNG2.TestAdd)
Test with strs. ... ok
test_sub_str (test_operatorNG2.TestSub)
test_mul_str (test_operatorNG2.TestMul)
--------------------------------------
OK
>

Programming

Organizing Tests

pyohio-+
bin/python
pycamp-+
__init__.py
setup.py
fibonacci.py
triangle.py
tests-+
__init__.py
test_fibonacci.py
test_triangular.py

Programming

Organizing Tests

> python pycamp/fibonacci.py 100
1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89
> python
>>> from pycamp.fibonacci import fib
>>> fib(100)
[1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89]
>>>

Programming

Organizing Tests

> python pycamp/triangular.py 100
1 3 6 10 15 21 28 36 45 55 66 78 91
> python
>>> from pycamp.triangular import tri
>>> tri(100)
[1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55,
66, 78, 91]
>>>

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Organizing Tests

pycamp/tests/test_ﬁbonacci.py:

"""Tests for the fibonacci module."""

Text
from pycamp import fibonacci
import unittest

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Organizing Tests


class TestFibonacci(unittest.TestCase):
Text
"""Test fibonacci's functions."""

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TestCase Class

•TestCase also supplies methods you override
•TestCase.setUp() is called before every test
method you supply in your subclass

•TestCase.tearDown() is called after every
test method you supply in your subclass

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TestCase Class

•Your TestCase subclasses, along with all the
test methods you supply, and all the TestCase
supplied methods you override, possibly all
bundled up into a TestSuite, are collectively
known as a "test ﬁxture" in testing parlance

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Organizing Tests

def setUp(self):
"""Test fixture build."""
Text
self.lessThan100 = [1, 2, 3, 5, 8,
13, 21, 34, 55,
89, ]

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Organizing Tests


def test_fib_100(self):
"""Test fib for numbers < 100."""
Text

self.assertEqual(fibonacci.fib(100),
self.lessThan100)

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Organizing Tests


def test_fib_10(self):
"""Test fib for numbers < 10."""
Text

self.assertEqual(fibonacci.fib(10),
self.lessThan100[:5])

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Organizing Tests


if __name__ == "__main__":
Text
unittest.main()

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Organizing Tests

pycamp/tests/test_triangular.py:

"""Tests for the triangular module."""

Text
from pycamp import triangular
import unittest

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Organizing Tests


class TestTriangular(unittest.TestCase):
Text
"""Test triangular's functions."""

Programming

Organizing Tests

def setUp(self):
"""Test fixture build."""
Text
self.lessThan100 = [1, 3, 6, 10, 15,
21, 28, 36, 45,
55, 66, 78, 91, ]

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Organizing Tests


def test_tri_100(self):
"""Test tri for numbers < 100."""
Text

self.assertEqual(triangular.tri(100),
self.lessThan100)

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Organizing Tests


def test_tri_10(self):
"""Test tri for numbers < 10."""
Text

self.assertEqual(triangular.tri(10),
self.lessThan100[:3])

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Organizing Tests


if __name__ == "__main__":
Text
unittest.main()

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Organizing Tests

> python -m unittest discover
-s pycamp -t .
....
--------------------------------------

OK
>

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Organizing Tests

pycamp/setup.py:

"""Setup for pycamp package."""

Text
from setuptools import setup,
find_packages

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Organizing Tests

pycamp/setup.py:
setup(
name="pycamp",
version="1.0", Text
packages=find_packages(),
author="Chris Calloway",
author_email="cbc@chriscalloway.org",

Programming

Organizing Tests

pycamp/setup.py:
description="Testing Fundamentals",
license="PSF",
Text
keywords="testing pycamp",
url="http://pycamp.org",
test_suite="pycamp.tests",
)

Programming

Organizing Tests

> python pycamp/setup.py test
running test
..lots of output omitted for brevity..
--------------------------------------
OK
>

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Organizing Tests

> python pycamp/setup.py test

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Organizing Tests

> python pycamp/setup.py install

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Organizing Tests

> python pycamp/setup.py register

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Unittest Module

•unittest provides nice separation of tests from
code

•One person can write tests, while another writes
code to make tests pass

•unittest provides ﬁne grain control over what
tests to run when

•unittest conforms to industry standard testing
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Unittest Module

•However, it can be difficult to keep tests and
code in sync

•Also, writing code to test code can also be more
difficult than the code under test

•What about testing and debugging the test
code?

•Reading unittest tests is a poor way to figure
out how code works
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Doctest Module

•Informally, even without written tests, you
probably already test your code by simply using
it as it was meant to be used

•You've probably imported your code at a Python
prompt and inspect how it works manually

•You just don't yet have a way of repeating that
informal testing in an automated manner

•What you need is the doctest module
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Doctest Module

pyohio-+
bin/python
pycampNG-+
__init__.py
setup.py
fibonacci.py
triangle.py
tests-+
__init__.py
test_pycamp.py

Programming

Doctest Module

pycampNG/ﬁbonacci.py:

"""A module of functions about non-zero
Fibonacci numbers.

Text
>>> import fibonacci
>>>
"""

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Doctest Module

def fib(n):
"""Return the sequence of non-zero
Fibonacci numbers less than n.
Text

fib(n) -> [0 < fibonacci numbers < n]

where n in an int.

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Doctest Module

>>> lessThan100 = [1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13,
... 21, 34, 55, 89]
>>> fib(100) == lessThan100
Text
True
>>> fib(10) == lessThan100[:5]
True
"""

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Doctest Module

pycampNG/triangular.py:

"""A module of functions about non-zero
triangular numbers.

Text
>>> import triangular
>>>
"""

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Doctest Module

def tri(n):
"""Return the sequence of non-zero
triangular numbers less than n.
Text

tri(n) -> [0 < triangular numbers < n]

where n in an int.

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Doctest Module

>>> lessThan100 = [1, 3, 6, 10, 15,
21, 28, 36, 45,
55, 66, 78, 91]
Text
>>> tri(100) == lessThan100
True
>>> tri(10) == lessThan100[:3]
True
"""

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Doctest Module

> python -m doctest pycampNG/fibonacci.py
>

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Doctest Module

> python -m doctest -v
pycampNG/fibonacci.py
Trying:
import fibonacci
Expecting nothing
ok

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Doctest Module

Trying:
lessThan100 = [1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13,
21, 34, 55, 89]
Expecting nothing
ok

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Doctest Module

Trying:
fib(100) == lessThan100
Expecting:
True
ok

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Doctest Module

Trying:
fib(10) == lessThan100[:5]
Expecting:
True
ok

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Doctest Module

2 items passed all tests:
1 tests in fibonacci
3 tests in fibonacci.fib
4 tests in 2 items.
4 passed and 0 failed.
Test passed.
>

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Doctest Module

> python -m doctest pycampNG/triangular.py
>

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Doctest Module

if __name__ == '__main__':
if sys.argv[1].lower() == 'test':
import doctest
Text
doctest.testmod()
else:
print(" ".join([str(x) for x in
fib(int(sys.argv[1]))]))

Programming

Doctest Module

if __name__ == '__main__':
if sys.argv[1].lower() == 'test':
import doctest
Text
doctest.testmod()
else:
print(" ".join([str(x) for x in
tri(int(sys.argv[1]))]))

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Doctest Module

> python pycampNG/fibonacci.py test
> python pycampNG/fibonacci.py 100
1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89
>

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Doctest Module

> python pycampNG/triangular.py test
> python pycampNG/triangular.py 100
1 3 6 10 15 21 28 36 45 55 66 78 91
>

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Doctest Module

•But what about setuptools.setup?
•The test_suite argument of setup triggers
unittest discovery, not doctest discovery

•What you need is a way to turn doctests into
unittests

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Doctest Module

•The doctest.DocTestSuite() function
searches a module for doctests and converts
them into a unittest.TestSuite instance

•Now all you need is a way to communicate your
TestSuite instance(s) to unittest discovery

Programming

load_tests Protocol

def load_tests(loader,
tests,
pattern):
...
return tests

Programming

load_tests Protocol

unittest.TestLoader
tests,
pattern):
...
return tests

Programming

load_tests Protocol

unittest.TestSuite
tests,
pattern):
...
return tests

Programming

load_tests Protocol

tests,
"test*.py"
pattern):
...
return tests

Programming

load_tests Protocol

pycampNG/tests/test_pycamp.py:

import doctest
Text
from pycampNG import fibonacci
from pycampNG import triangular

Programming

load_tests Protocol

pycampNG/tests/test_pycamp.py:

def load_tests(loader, tests, pattern):
tests.addTests(
doctest.DocTestSuite(fibonacci))
Text
tests.addTests(
doctest.DocTestSuite(triangular))
return tests

Programming

load_tests Protocol

pycamp/setup.py:

setup(
name="pycampNG",
Text
...
test_suite="pycampNG.tests",
)

Programming

load_tests Protocol

> python pycampNG/setup.py test
running test
..lots of output omitted for brevity..
--------------------------------------
OK
>

Programming

Doctest Module

Together, the doctest.DocTestSuite()
function and the load_tests protocol from the
unittest module enable you to use all the tools
available for unittests with doctests

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Python Testing Tools Taxonomy

Programming

Test Driven Development

•Doctests enable you to do Test Driven
Development (TDD)

•TDD is where you write tests for your code
before you write code

•Then you write code to make your tests pass

Programming


•When all your tests pass, then you have ﬁnished
coding

•You can develop your code incrementally,
writing one test at a time, then getting that one
test to pass

•That means you can stop coding at any time
Programming


•If your code needs more features, then what you
really need is more tests, and code which makes
those tests pass

•Writing tests lets you see what the API for your
code is up front, instead of having it designed
haphazardly

•Writing tests can provide the documentation for
your code

Programming


Programming

Tomorrow 12:15pm in Barbie Tootle

Programming

Thank You

pycamp@trizpug.org

Programming

Python Testing Fundamentals

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