Stimulating investment in Carbon, Water and Biodiversity from peatland restoration
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Slides presented at the Ecosystems Knowledge Network Seminar in Bristol, 22 May 2013
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Stimulating investment in Carbon, Water and Biodiversity from peatland restoration
- 1. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Applying PES in practice Stimulating investment in C, H2O and Biodiversity benefits from peatland restoration Ecosystems Knowledge Network Bristol 22 May 2013 Charles Cowap, Chartered Surveyor Knowledge for Rural Professional Practice, and Harper Adams University Dr David Smith, Mires in the Moors and Upstream Thinking, South West Water
- 2. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Learning points from this seminar 1. Legal and practical issues with land ownership and management for the implementation of PES 2. Building the business case for land managers 3. Key considerations and concerns for landowners, farmers and their professional advisers
- 3. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Peat’s Story
- 4. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Distribution of upland peatlands in the South West of England
- 5. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV The mires on Exmoor Drainage for agricultural improvement
- 6. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Domestic and commercial peat cutting for fuel Cutting carried on until the end of the c20th
- 7. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Exmoor peatlands have become largely dry and dominated by Molinia (sedge grass) as a result
- 8. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Exmoor Mires Project • Initiated in 1998 by ENPA, EA and NE. First restoration work at Exe-head in 2001-4 aimed to benefit the River Exe. • New Partnership for 2006-9 project with SWW - Wildlife restoration was the main funding aim of the partners. • 2010-15 SWW customers funded project for water supply, quality and wildlife.
- 9. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV What has the project achieved? • The blocking of 85km of ditches and the re-wetting of 735ha of mire at 22 sites
- 10. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Where?- the pink bits, the brown bits are possible future sites
- 11. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV How is restoration done? • Peat blocks, sometimes with wood and bales
- 12. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Peat and wooden blocks 6 weeks after restoration
- 13. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV What other equipment is used? • Tracked dumper for logistics • Tractor with big tyres for cutting and bales
- 14. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV What is the end result • Most sites get a bit wetter and a some have got a lot wetter in places
- 15. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Ditch blocks on a typical site with lots of small ditches
- 16. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Ditch blocks on big ditches = Pools
- 17. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Current Exmoor Project 2010- 15 • £2m budget for Exmoor • 2,000ha target restoration area • 3,400ha of peatland has now been surveyed, the ditches/peat- cuttings measured and GPS mapped and the restoration potential assessed. • 340 ha has been restored so far. • Another 300ha planned for this August
- 18. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Proof of Concept monitoring Plant monitoring has found an increase in Sphagnum species and less Molinia
- 19. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Other Wildlife monitoring (Birds, dragonflies, amphibians, reptiles, etc) Dragonflies example is typical of increases; Black Darter- (rare on Exmoor as it needs bog pools) Blackpitts now has possibly the largest population in Somerset (100’s seen in 2011) Common Hawker-(rare in southern England) x10 seen at Blackpitts and x2 at Squallacombe in 2012
- 20. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Agricultural Impact of Mire restoration monitoring • base line survey started in 2012 by WRT, • post-restoration surveys in subsequent years.
- 21. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV •Monitoring Equipment per site: 54 dipwells, 18 temperature loggers, 60 capacitance probes, 30 mini conductivity loggers, 3 seepage meters. Hydrological Monitoring: Water storage and quality changes
- 22. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Monitoring GHG flux and storage Ground Collars Fan to mix chamber air Temperature and relative humidity logger Internal balloon (to dampen pressure changes) Sample Outlet Vent Tube Lid & chamber Chamber, lid and collar are sealed using a water-filled groove
- 23. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Why Monitor? • Need to prove to the Water Regulator that peatland restoration achieves its aims of improving water supply and quality. • The outcome information is also needed for the set-up of a revenue payment for Mire restoration.
- 24. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV
- 25. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Context: Exmoor example Exmoor R Barle R Exe Wimbleball Resr & R Haddeo Exebridge Pumping Station Replenishment Pumping Approx 5 miles, lifting water from 120 to 240 m AOD CO 2
- 26. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Pumping Costs Treatment Costs Future Storage/Abstraction Costs Incentive payments to landowners – managers - occupiers Savings for water buyers Profit for reinvestment or distribution CARBON Economics + OTHER ESS PAYMENTS???
- 27. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Top Three Concerns • Confidence • Revenue/Cost • Scheme Relationships
- 28. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Top Three Positives • Environmental • Revenue • Asset Value and wider economic aspects
- 29. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Top Three Questions • Legal/ownership concerns • Revenue and cost • Confidence
- 30. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Questions for consideration • Contractual aspects • Land tenure • Effects on other interested parties • Practical farming considerations • Animal welfare and health • Public liability • Relationship other schemes • Other business considerations • Maintenance obligations • Tax • Impact on value • Security/risk
- 31. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Decision Criteria and guidance Site suitability • Peatland known mapped damage • Detailed survey & mapping • Damage restorable? • Farming impact? • Drainage/wetness implications for surrounding land Land manager • All interests • New management requirement? • Impact on other opportunities (+/-) • Financial
- 32. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Financial evaluation Extra costs, eg • Access time to more difficult ground • Vet and med bills • Insurance • Feed • Machinery costs (if contracting to be offered) Costs saved • Eg some livestock purchases Lost Revenue • Eg some livestock LWG or sales Extra Revenue eg • PES income • Contracting opportunities for SWW + Balance: financially worthwhile • Consider capital and tax implications Balance positive: not financially worthwhile
- 33. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Key Questions for PES developers • Working with the positives • Addressing the negatives • Market infrastructure – Eg willing buyer – Trading terms • Eg Peatland Carbon Code • Contractual infrastructure – Eg Law Commission Conservation Covenant Review
- 34. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV So to conclude: • Legal and practical issues • Building the business case • Key considerations and concerns for landowners, farmers and their professional advisers
- 35. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Discussion and introduction of case study
- 36. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Red Earth Farm is a mixed tenure farm of total 500 hectares. Of this 400 ha is rented under the Agricultural Holdings Act 1986, and the remainder is owned (but subject to a mortgage with the Agricultural Mortgage Corporation). The main farmhouse and two workers’ cottages are located on the rented land along with the farm buildings. The owned land consists exclusively of bare land with no dwellings or buildings. The land abuts the west bank of the River Severn to the north of Tewkesbury (both the tenanted and owned land). Food Pollination Raw materials Medicine Biodiversity Local climate and air quality Carbon Mitigate extreme events Water Soil quality and stability Disease Health Waste treatment
- 37. Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Charles Cowap MBA MRICS FAAV Contact Details Charles Cowap Translating new knowledge for rural professional practice cdcowap@gmail.com 07947 706505 Twitter: @charlescowap Blog: http://charlescowap.wordpress. com/ Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/cdco wap Dr David Smith South West Water Mires Project Manager dmsmith@southwestwater.co.uk 056 0118 1600 http://www.exmoormires.org.uk/ http://www.southwestwater.co.uk
Notas del editor
- 1. Gas fluxes are measured from the surface of the peatlands using closed chambers.2. Each site is fitted with permanent ground collars onto which the chamber is placed during gas collection.3. The chamber is sealed with a gas-tight lid.4. Gas samples are collected over a 15-min period every 5 minutes and the change of concentration with time of the gas species is used to determine their flux rate (taking into account chamber volume, internal temperature and the foot print of the chamber).5. A balloon on the inside on the chamber is connected to the external air. It helps dampen any sudden pressure changes that might trigger ebullition events (i.e., sporadic bubble release from the soil).6. The vent tube allows outside air to enter the chamber at the same rate that it is being withdrawn during sample collection. The total volume of each sample is ~60 ml (1 x 20 ml sample + duplicate flushing). The amount of ‘fresh’ air entering the chamber is taking into account in the flux data processing (i.e., as a dilution). The vent tube prevent negative pressure from forming in the chamber which could trigger or enhance the rate of gas release from soil.