Le rapport fournit un éclairage intéressant sur la manière dont les pays encouragent le développement du secteur du voyage et du tourisme, il offre également une vue instantanée de la santé du secteur et de son rôle moteur dans la croissance économique mondiale. D`ailleurs, les emplois dans ce secteur représentent en moyenne 1 emploi sur 11. Le rapport souligne également que le secteur s`est montré résilient pendant le ralentissement, une preuve que le secteur du voyage et du tourisme peut être un facteur clé de diversification pour les marchés émergeants en leur offrant une valeur économique plus élevé.

1. Insight Report
The Travel & Tourism
Competitiveness
Report 2013
Reducing Barriers to Economic Growth and Job Creation
Jennifer Blanke and Thea Chiesa, editors

3. Insight Report
The Travel & Tourism
Competitiveness
Report 2013
Reducing Barriers to Economic Growth and Job Creation
Jennifer Blanke
Thea Chiesa
Editors
© 2013 World Economic Forum

4. The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013 World Economic Forum
is published by the World Economic Forum within Geneva
the framework of The Global Competitiveness and
Benchmarking Network and the Industry Partnership Copyright © 2013
Programme for Aviation, Travel & Tourism. by the World Economic Forum
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
Professor Klaus Schwab reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
Executive Chairman in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, or otherwise without the prior permission of
Børge Brende
the World Economic Forum.
Managing Director, Government Relations and
Constituents Engagement
ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-40-1
ISBN-10: 92-95044-40-1
Robert Greenhill
Managing Director, Chief Business Officer
This report is printed on paper suitable for recycling and
John Moavenzadeh made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.
Senior Director, Head of Mobility Industries Printed and bound in Switzerland by SRO-Kundig.
The full edition of the Report, with profiles of all 140
economies as well as an interactive data platform, is
EDITORS
available at www.weforum.org/ttcr.
Jennifer Blanke, Senior Director, Lead Economist,
Head of The Global Competitiveness and
Benchmarking Network
Thea Chiesa, Director, Head of Aviation,
Travel & Tourism
THE GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS AND BENCHMARKING NETWORK
Beñat Bilbao-Osorio, Associate Director,
Senior Economist
Ciara Browne, Associate Director
Roberto Crotti, Quantitative Economist
Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Director, Senior Economist,
Head of Competitiveness Research
Brindusa Fidanza, Associate Director, Environmental
Initiatives
Thierry Geiger, Associate Director, Economist
Tania Gutknecht, Community Manager
Caroline Ko, Junior Economist
Cecilia Serin, Team Coordinator
We thank Hope Steele for her excellent editing work and
Neil Weinberg for his superb graphic design and layout.
The terms country and nation as used in this report do
not in all cases refer to a territorial entity that is a state
as understood by international law and practice. The
terms cover well-defined, geographically self-contained
economic areas that may not be states but for which
statistical data are maintained on a separate and
independent basis.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

5. Contents
Partner Institutes v 1.6 Competiveness, Jobs, and Green 71
Growth: A “Glocal” Model
by Geoffrey Lipman, Greenearth.travel and Victoria
Preface xiii
University Melbourne, and Terry Delacy and Paul
by Børge Brende and Robert Greenhill,
Whitelaw, Victoria University Melbourne
World Economic Forum
Executive Summary xv
by Jennifer Blanke and Thea Chiesa, World Economic Part 2: Country/Economy Profiles and 79
Forum Data Presentation
2.1 Country/Economy Profiles 81
How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles...................................83
Part 1: Selected Issues of T&T Competitiveness Index of Countries/Economies.........................................................85
Country/Economy Profiles...............................................................86
1.1 The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness 3
Index 2013: Contributing to National Growth
2.2 Data Tables 367
and Employment
How to Read the Data Tables........................................................369
by Jennifer Blanke, Thea Chiesa, and Roberto Crotti,
Index of Data Tables......................................................................371
World Economic Forum
Data Tables...................................................................................373
1.2 How to Succeed as a Tourism 43
Technical Notes and Sources 471
Destination in a Volatile World
by Jürgen Ringbeck and Timm Pietsch, Booz & Company
About the Authors 479
1.3 Visa Facilitation: Stimulating Economic 49
Growth and Development through Tourism Acknowledgments 481
by Dirk Glaesser and John Kester, with Márcio Favilla,
Sandra Carvão, Lorna Hartantyo, Birka Valentin, Lisa
Fürbaß, Kate Holmes, Jacinta García, and Alberto G.
Uceda, World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
1.4 The Economic Benefits of Aviation 57
and Performance in the Travel & Tourism
Competitiveness Index
by Julie Perovic, International Air Transport Association
(IATA)
1.5 Travel & Tourism as a Driver 63
of Employment Growth
by Rochelle Turner, World Travel & Tourism Council, and
Zachary Sears, Oxford Economics
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013 | iii
© 2013 World Economic Forum

6. © 2013 World Economic Forum

7. Partner Institutes
The World Economic Forum’s Global Benchmarking Barbados
Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies,
Network is pleased to acknowledge and thank the
University of West Indies (UWI)
following organizations as its valued Partner Institutes, Judy Whitehead, Director
without which the realization of The Travel & Tourism
Belgium
Competitiveness Report 2013 would not have Vlerick Business School
been feasible: Priscilla Boiardi, Associate, Competence Centre
Entrepreneurship, Governance and Strategy
Albania
Wim Moesen, Professor
Institute for Contemporary Studies (ISB)
Leo Sleuwaegen, Professor, Competence Centre
Artan Hoxha, President
Entrepreneurship, Governance and Strategy
Elira Jorgoni, Senior Expert
Endrit Kapaj, Expert Benin
CAPOD—Conception et Analyse de Politiques de
Algeria
Développement
Centre de Recherche en Economie Appliquée pour
Epiphane Adjovi, Director
le Développement (CREAD)
Maria-Odile Attanasso, Deputy Coordinator
Youcef Benabdallah, Assistant Professor
Fructueux Deguenonvo, Researcher
Yassine Ferfera, Director
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Argentina
MIT Center, School of Economics and Business in Sarajevo,
IAE—Universidad Austral
University of Sarajevo
Eduardo Luis Fracchia, Professor
Zlatko Lagumdzija, Professor
Santiago Novoa, Project Manager
Zeljko Sain, Executive Director
Armenia Jasmina Selimovic, Assistant Director
Economy and Values Research Center
Botswana
Manuk Hergnyan, Chairman
Botswana National Productivity Centre
Sevak Hovhannisyan, Board Member and Senior Associate
Letsogile Batsetswe, Research Consultant and Statistician
Gohar Malumyan, Research Associate
Baeti Molake, Executive Director
Australia Phumzile Thobokwe, Manager, Information and Research
Australian Industry Group Services Department
Colleen Dowling, Senior Research Coordinator
Brazil
Innes Willox, Chief Executive
Fundação Dom Cabral, Bradesco Innovation Center
Austria Carlos Arruda, International Relations Director, Innovation
Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO) and Competitiveness Professor
Karl Aiginger, Director Daniel Berger, Bachelor Student in Economics
Gerhard Schwarz, Coordinator, Survey Department Fabiana Madsen, Economist and Associate Researcher
Movimento Brasil Competitivo (MBC)
Azerbaijan
Carolina Aichinger, Project Coordinator
Azerbaijan Marketing Society
Erik Camarano, Chief Executive Officer
Fuad Aliyev, Deputy Chairman
Ashraf Hajiyev, Consultant Brunei Darussalam
Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources
Bahrain
Pehin Dato Yahya Bakar, Minister
Bahrain Economic Development Board
Normah Suria Hayati Jamil Al-Sufri, Permanent Secretary
Kamal Bin Ahmed, Minister of Transportation and Acting Chief
Executive of the Economic Development Board Bulgaria
Nada Azmi, Manager, Economic Planning and Development Center for Economic Development
Maryam Matter, Coordinator, Economic Planning and Adriana Daganova, Expert, International Programmes and
Development Projects
Anelia Damianova, Senior Expert
Bangladesh
Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) Burkina Faso
Khondaker Golam Moazzem, Senior Research Fellow lnstitut Supérieure des Sciences de la Population (ISSP),
Kishore Kumer Basak, Research Associate University of Ouagadougou
Mustafizur Rahman, Executive Director Baya Banza, Director
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013 | v
© 2013 World Economic Forum

8. Partner Institutes
Burundi Cyprus
University Research Centre for Economic and Social The European University
Development (CURDES), National University of Burundi Bambos Papageorgiou, Head of Socioeconomic and
Banderembako Deo, Director Academic Research
Gilbert Niyongabo, Dean, Faculty of Economics &
cdbbank—The Cyprus Development Bank
Management
Maria Markidou-Georgiadou, Manager, Business Development
Cambodia and Special Projects
Economic Institute of Cambodia
Czech Republic
Sok Hach, President
CMC Graduate School of Business
Sokheng Sam, Researcher
Tomas Janca, Executive Director
Cameroon
Denmark
Comité de Compétitivité (Competitiveness Committee)
Danish Technological Institute, Center for Policy and Business
Lucien Sanzouango, Permanent Secretary
Development
Canada Hanne Shapiro, Center Manager
The Conference Board of Canada
Ecuador
Michael R. Bloom, Vice-President, Organizational
ESPAE Graduate School of Management, Escuela Superior
Effectiveness & Learning
Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL)
Douglas Watt, Associate Director
Elizabeth Arteaga, Project Assistant
Cape Verde Virginia Lasio, Director
INOVE RESEARCH—Investigação e Desenvolvimento, Lda Sara Wong, Professor
Júlio Delgado, Partner and Senior Researcher
Egypt
José Mendes, Chief Executive Officer
The Egyptian Center for Economic Studies (ECES)
Sara França Silva, Project Manager
Iman Al-Ayouty, Senior Economist
Chad Omneia Helmy, Acting Executive Director and Director
Groupe de Recherches Alternatives et de Monitoring du Projet of Research
Pétrole-Tchad-Cameroun (GRAMP-TC)
Estonia
Antoine Doudjidingao, Researcher
Estonian Institute of Economic Research
Gilbert Maoundonodji, Director
Evelin Ahermaa, Head of Economic Research Sector
Celine Nénodji Mbaipeur, Programme Officer
Marje Josing, Director
Chile Estonian Development Fund
Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez Kitty Kubo, Head of Foresight
Fernando Larrain Aninat, Director MBA Ott Pärna, Chief Executive Officer
Leonidas Montes, Dean, School of Government
Ethiopia
China African Institute of Management, Development and
Institute of Economic System and Management, National Governance
Development and Reform Commission Zebenay Kifle, General Manager
Chen Wei, Research Fellow Tegenge Teka, Senior Expert
Dong Ying, Professor
Zhou Haichun, Deputy Director and Professor Finland
China Center for Economic Statistics Research, Tianjin ETLA—The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy
Markku Kotilainen, Research Director
University of Finance and Economics
Petri Rouvinen, Research Director
Bojuan Zhao, Professor
Pekka Ylä-Anttila, Managing Director
Fan Yang, Professor Jian Wang, Associate Professor
Hongye Xiao, Professor France
Lu Dong, Professor HEC School of Management, Paris
Bertrand Moingeon, Professor and Deputy Dean
Colombia
Bernard Ramanantsoa, Professor and Dean
National Planning Department
Sara Patricia Rivera, Advisor Gabon
John Rodríguez, Coordinator, Competitiveness Observatory Confédération Patronale Gabonaise
Javier Villarreal, Enterprise Development Director Regis Loussou Kiki, General Secretary
Gina Eyama Ondo, Assistant General Secretary
Colombian Private Council on Competitiveness
Henri Claude Oyima, President
Rosario Córdoba, President
Marco Llinás, Vicepresident Gambia, The
Gambia Economic and Social Development Research Institute
Côte d’Ivoire
(GESDRI)
Chambre de Commerce et d’Industrie de Côte d’Ivoire
Makaireh A. Njie, Director
Jean-Louis Billon, President
Mamadou Sarr, Director General Georgia
Business Initiative for Reforms in Georgia
Croatia
Tamara Janashia, Executive Director
National Competitiveness Council
Giga Makharadze, Founding Member of the Board of Directors
Jadranka Gable, Advisor
Mamuka Tsereteli, Founding Member of the Board of Directors
Kresimir Jurlin, Research Fellow
vi | The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013
© 2013 World Economic Forum

9. Partner Institutes
Germany Ireland
WHU—Otto Beisheim School of Management Institute for Business Development and Competitiveness
Ralf Fendel, Professor of Monetary Economics School of Economics, University College Cork
Michael Frenkel, Professor, Chair of Macroeconomics and Justin Doran, Principal Associate
International Economics Eleanor Doyle, Director
Catherine Kavanagh, Principal Associate
Ghana
Association of Ghana Industries (AGI) Forfás, Economic Analysis and Competitiveness Department
Patricia Addy, Projects Officer Adrian Devitt, Manager
Nana Owusu-Afari, President Conor Hand, Economist
Seth Twum-Akwaboah, Executive Director
Israel
Greece Manufacturers’ Association of Israel (MAI)
SEV Hellenic Federation of Enterprises Dan Catarivas, Director
Michael Mitsopoulos, Senior Advisor, Entrepreneurship Amir Hayek, Managing Director
Thanasis Printsipas, Economist, Entrepreneurship Zvi Oren, President
Guatemala Italy
FUNDESA SDA Bocconi School of Management
Felipe Bosch G., President of the Board of Directors Secchi Carlo, Full Professor of Economic Policy, Bocconi
Pablo Schneider, Economic Director University
Juan Carlos Zapata, General Manager Paola Dubini, Associate Professor, Bocconi University
Francesco A. Saviozzi, SDA Professor, Strategic and
Guinea Entrepreneurial Management Department
Confédération Patronale des Entreprises de Guinée
Mohamed Bénogo Conde, Secretary-General Jamaica
Mona School of Business (MSB), The University of the West
Guyana Indies
Institute of Development Studies, University of Guyana Patricia Douce, Project Administrator
Karen Pratt, Research Associate Evan Duggan, Executive Director and Professor
Clive Thomas, Director William Lawrence, Director, Professional Services Unit
Haiti Japan
Group Croissance SA Keio University
Pierre Lenz Dominique, Coordinator, Survey Department Yoko Ishikura, Professor, Graduate School of Media Design
Kesner Pharel, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman Heizo Takenaka, Director, Global Security Research Institute
Jiro Tamura, Professor of Law, Keio University
Hong Kong SAR
Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce Keizai Doyukai (Japan Association of Corporate Executives)
David O’Rear, Chief Economist Kiyohiko Ito, Managing Director, Keizai Doyukai
Federation of Hong Kong Industries Jordan
Alexandra Poon, Director Ministry of Planning & International Cooperation
The Chinese General Chamber of Commerce Jordan National Competitiveness Team
Kawther Al-Zou’bi, Head of Competitiveness Division
Hungary Basma Arabiyat, Researcher
KOPINT-TÁRKI Economic Research Ltd. Mukhallad Omari, Director of Policies and Studies Department
Éva Palócz, Chief Executive Officer
Peter Vakhal, Project Manager Kazakhstan
National Analytical Centre
Iceland Diana Tamabayeva, Project Manager
Innovation Center Iceland Vladislav Yezhov, Chairman
Ardis Armannsdottir, Marketing Manager
Karl Fridriksson, Managing Director of Human Resources Kenya
and Marketing Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi
Thorsteinn I. Sigfusson, Director Mohamud Jama, Director and Associate Research Professor
Paul Kamau, Senior Research Fellow
India Dorothy McCormick, Research Professor
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)
Chandrajit Banerjee, Director General Korea, Republic of
Marut Sengupta, Deputy Director General College of Business School, Korea Advanced Institute of
Gantakolla Srivastava, Head, Financial Services Science and Technology KAIST
Byungtae Lee, Acting Dean
Indonesia Soung-Hie Kim, Associate Dean and Professor
Center for Industry, SME & Business Competition Studies, Jinyung Cha, Assistant Director, Exchange Programme
University of Trisakti
Korea Development Institute
Tulus Tambunan, Professor and Director
Joohee Cho, Senior Research Associate
Iran, Islamic Republic of Yongsoo Lee, Head, Policy Survey Unit
The Center for Economic Studies and Surveys (CESS), Iran
Kuwait
Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines and Agriculture
Kuwait National Competitiveness Committee
Mohammad Janati Fard, Research Associate
Adel Al-Husainan, Committee Member
Hamed Nikraftar, Project Manager
Fahed Al-Rashed, Committee Chairman
Farnaz Safdari, Research Associate
Sayer Al-Sayer, Committee Member
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013 | vii
© 2013 World Economic Forum

10. Partner Institutes
Kyrgyz Republic Malta
Economic Policy Institute “Bishkek Consensus” Competitive Malta—Foundation for National Competitiveness
Lola Abduhametova, Program Coordinator Margrith Lutschg-Emmenegger, Vice President
Marat Tazabekov, Chairman Adrian Said, Chief Coordinator
Caroline Sciortino, Research Coordinator
Latvia
Stockholm School of Economics in Riga Mauritania
Karlis Kreslins, EMBA Programme Director Centre d’Information Mauritanien pour le Développement
Anders Paalzow, Rector Economique et Technique (CIMDET/CCIAM)
Lô Abdoul, Consultant and Analyst
Lebanon
Mehla Mint Ahmed, Director
Bader Young Entrepreneurs Program
Habib Sy, Administrative Agent and Analyst
Antoine Abou-Samra, Managing Director
Farah Shamas, Program Coordinator Mauritius
Board of Investment of Mauritius
Lesotho
Nirmala Jeetah, Director, Planning and Policy
Private Sector Foundation of Lesotho
Ken Poonoosamy, Managing Director
O.S.M. Moosa, President
Thabo Qhesi, Chief Executive Officer Joint Economic Council
Nteboheleng Thaele, Researcher Raj Makoond, Director
Libya Mexico
Libya Development Policy Center Center for Intellectual Capital and Competitiveness
Yusser Al-Gayed, Project Director Erika Ruiz Manzur, Executive Director
Ahmed Jehani, Chairman René Villarreal Arrambide, President and Chief Executive
Mohamed Wefati, Director Officer
Rodrigo David Villarreal Ramos, Director
Lithuania
Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad (IMCO)
Statistics Lithuania
Priscila Garcia, Researcher
Ona Grigiene, Deputy Head, Knowledge Economy
Manuel Molano, Deputy General Director
and Special Surveys Statistics Division
Juan E. Pardinas, General Director
Vilija Lapeniene, Director General
Gediminas Samuolis, Head, Knowledge Economy Ministry of the Economy
and Special Surveys Statistics Division Jose Antonio Torre, Undersecretary for Competitiveness
and Standardization
Luxembourg
Enrique Perret Erhard, Technical Secretary for
Luxembourg Chamber of Commerce
Competitiveness
Christel Chatelain, Research Analyst
Narciso Suarez, Research Director, Technical Secretary
Stephanie Musialski, Research Analyst
for Competitiveness
Carlo Thelen, Chief Economist, Member of the
Managing Board Moldova
Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova (AESM)
Macedonia, FYR
Grigore Belostecinic, Rector
National Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness
Council (NECC) Centre for Economic Research (CER)
Mirjana Apostolova, President of the Assembly Corneliu Gutu, Director
Dejan Janevski, Project Coordinator
Mongolia
Madagascar Open Society Forum (OSF)
Centre of Economic Studies, University of Antananarivo Munkhsoyol Baatarjav, Manager of Economic Policy
Ravelomanana Mamy Raoul, Director Erdenejargal Perenlei, Executive Director
Razato Rarijaona Simon, Executive Secretary
Montenegro
Malawi Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognoses (ISSP)
Malawi Confederation of Chambers of Commerce and Maja Drakic, Project Manager
Industry Petar Ivanovic, Chief Executive Officer
Hope Chavula, Public Private Dialogue Manager Veselin Vukotic, President
Chancellor L. Kaferapanjira, Chief Executive Officer
Morocco
Malaysia Comité National de l’Environnement des Affaires
Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS) Seloua Benmbarek, Head of Mission
Jorah Ramlan, Senior Analyst, Economics
Mozambique
Steven C.M. Wong, Senior Director, Economics
EconPolicy Research Group, Lda.
Mahani Zainal Abidin, Chief Executive
Peter Coughlin, Director
Malaysia Productivity Corporation (MPC) Donaldo Miguel Soares, Researcher
Mohd Razali Hussain, Director General Ema Marta Soares, Assistant
Lee Saw Hoon, Senior Director
Namibia
Mali Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR)
Groupe de Recherche en Economie Appliquée et Graham Hopwood, Executive Director
Théorique (GREAT)
Massa Coulibaly, Executive Director
viii | The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013
© 2013 World Economic Forum

11. Partner Institutes
Nepal Portugal
Centre for Economic Development and Administration (CEDA) PROFORUM, Associação para o Desenvolvimento da
Ramesh Chandra Chitrakar, Professor, Country Coordinator Engenharia
and Project Director Ilídio António de Ayala Serôdio, Vice President of the Board
Mahendra Raj Joshi, Member of Directors
Hari Dhoj Pant, Officiating Executive Director, Advisor, Survey
Fórum de Administradores de Empresas (FAE)
project
Paulo Bandeira, General Director
Netherlands Pedro do Carmo Costa, Member of the Board of Directors
INSCOPE: Research for Innovation, Erasmus University Esmeralda Dourado, President of the Board of Directors
Rotterdam
Puerto Rico
Frans A. J. Van den Bosch, Professor
Puerto Rico 2000, Inc.
Henk W. Volberda, Director and Professor
Ivan Puig, President
New Zealand Instituto de Competitividad Internacional, Universidad
The New Zealand Initiative Interamericana de Puerto Rico
Catherine Harland, Research Fellow Francisco Montalvo, Project Coordinator
Oliver Hartwich, Executive Director
Qatar
Nigeria Qatari Businessmen Association (QBA)
Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG) Sarah Abdallah, Deputy General Manager
Frank Nweke Jr., Director General Issa Abdul Salam Abu Issa, Secretary-General
Chris Okpoko, Associate Director, Research
Social and Economic Survey Research Institute (SESRI)
Foluso Phillips, Chairman
Hanan Abdul Ibrahim, Associate Director
Norway Darwish Al Emadi, Director
BI Norwegian Business School
Romania
Eskil Goldeng, Researcher
SC VBD Alliance Consulting Srl
Torger Reve, Professor
Irina Ion, Program Coordinator
Oman Rolan Orzan, General Director
The International Research Foundation
Russian Federation
Salem Ben Nasser Al-Ismaily, Chairman
Bauman Innovation & Eurasia Competitiveness Institute
Public Authority for Investment Promotion and Export Katerina Marandi, Programme Manager
Development (PAIPED) Alexey Prazdnichnykh, Principal and Managing Director
Mehdi Ali Juma, Expert for Economic Research
Stockholm School of Economics, Russia
Pakistan Igor Dukeov, Area Principal
Mishal Pakistan Carl F. Fey, Associate Dean of Research
Puruesh Chaudhary, Director Content
Rwanda
Amir Jahangir, Chief Executive Officer
Private Sector Federation (PSF)
Paraguay Hannington Namara, Chief Executive Officer
Centro de Análisis y Difusión de Economia Paraguaya Andrew O. Rwigyema, Head of Research and Policy
(CADEP)
Saudi Arabia
Dionisio Borda, Research Member
National Competitiveness Center (NCC)
Fernando Masi, Director
Awwad Al-Awwad, President
María Belén Servín, Research Member
Khaldon Mahasen, Vice President
Peru
Senegal
Centro de Desarrollo Industrial (CDI), Sociedad Nacional
Centre de Recherches Economiques Appliquées (CREA),
de Industrias
University of Dakar
Néstor Asto, Project Director
Diop Ibrahima Thione, Director
Luis Tenorio, Executive Director
Serbia
Philippines
Foundation for the Advancement of Economics (FREN)
Makati Business Club (MBC)
Mihail Arandarenko, Director
Michael B. Mundo, Chief Economist
Aleksandar Radivojevic, Project Coordinator
Marc P. Opulencia, Deputy Director
Bojan Ristic, Researcher
Peter Angelo V. Perfecto, Executive Director
Management Association of the Philippines (MAP) Seychelles
Arnold P. Salvador, Executive Director Plutus Auditing & Accounting Services
Nicolas Boulle, Partner
Poland Marco L. Francis, Partner
Economic Institute, National Bank of Poland
Piotr Boguszewski, Advisor Singapore
Jarosław T. Jakubik, Deputy Director Economic Development Board
Anna Chan, Assistant Managing Director, Planning & Policy
Cheng Wai San, Head, Research & Statistics Unit
Teo Xinyu, Executive, Research & Statistics Unit
Slovak Republic
Business Alliance of Slovakia (PAS)
Robert Kicina, Executive Director
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013 | ix
© 2013 World Economic Forum

12. Partner Institutes
Slovenia Thailand
Institute for Economic Research Sasin Graduate Institute of Business Administration,
Peter Stanovnik, Professor Chulalongkorn University
Sonja Uršic, Senior Research Assistant Pongsak Hoontrakul, Senior Research Fellow
Narudee Kiengsiri, President of Sasin Alumni Association
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics
Toemsakdi Krishnamra, Director of Sasin
Mateja Drnovšek, Professor
Aleš Vahcic, Professor Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI)
Somchai Jitsuchon, Research Director
South Africa
Chalongphob Sussangkarn, Distinguished Fellow
Business Leadership South Africa
Yos Vajragupta, Senior Researcher
Friede Dowie, Director
Thero Setiloane, Chief Executive Officer Timor-Leste
East Timor Development Agency (ETDA)
Business Unity South Africa
Jose Barreto, Survey Manager
Nomaxabiso Majokweni, Chief Executive Officer
Palmira Pires, Director
Joan Stott, Executive Director, Economic Policy
Chambers of Commerce and Industry of Timor-Leste
Spain
Kathleen Fon Ha Tchong Goncalves, Vice-President
IESE Business School, International Center for
Competitiveness Trinidad and Tobago
María Luisa Blázquez, Research Associate Arthur Lok Jack Graduate School of Business
Antoni Subirà, Professor Miguel Carillo, Executive Director and Professor of Strategy
Nirmala Harrylal, Director, Internationalisation and Institutional
Sri Lanka
Relations Centre
Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka (IPS)
Ayodya Galappattige, Research Officer The Competitiveness Company
Dilani Hirimuthugodage, Research Officer Rolph Balgobin, Chairman
Saman Kelegama, Executive Director
Tunisia
Suriname Institut Arabe des Chefs d’Entreprises
Suriname Trade & Industry Association (VSB) Ahmed Bouzguenda, President
Helen Doelwijt, Executive Secretary Majdi Hassen, Executive Counsellor
Rene van Essen, Director
Turkey
Dayenne Wielingen Verwey, Economic Policy Officer
TUSIAD Sabanci University Competitiveness Forum
Swaziland Izak Atiyas, Director
Federation of Swaziland Employers and Chamber of Selcuk Karaata, Vice Director
Commerce Sezen Ugurlu, Project Specialist
Mduduzi Lokotfwako, Research Analyst
Uganda
Zodwa Mabuza, Chief Executive Officer
Kabano Research and Development Centre
Nyakwesi Motsa, Administration & Finance Manager
Robert Apunyo, Program Manager
Sweden Delius Asiimwe, Executive Director
International University of Entrepreneurship and Technology Francis Mukuya, Research Associate
Niclas Adler, President
Ukraine
Switzerland CASE Ukraine, Center for Social and Economic Research
University of St. Gallen, Executive School of Management, Dmytro Boyarchuk, Executive Director
Technology and Law (ES-HSG) Vladimir Dubrovskiy, Leading Economist
Rubén Rodriguez Startz, Head of Project
United Arab Emirates
Tobias Trütsch, Communications Manager
Abu Dhabi Department of Economic Development
Taiwan, China H.E. Mohammed Omar Abdulla, Undersecretary
Council for Economic Planning and Development, Executive Dubai Economic Council
Yuan H.E. Hani Al Hamly, Secretary General
Hung, J. B., Director, Economic Research Department
Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER), Zayed
Shieh, Chung Chung, Researcher, Economic Research
University
Department
Mouawiya Alawad, Director
Wu, Ming-Ji, Deputy Minister
Emirates Competitiveness Council
Tajikistan
H.E. Abdulla Nasser Lootah, Secretary General
The Center for Sociological Research “Zerkalo”
Rahima Ashrapova, Assistant Researcher United Kingdom
Qahramon Baqoev, Director LSE Enterprise Ltd, London School of Economics and
Gulnora Beknazarova, Researcher Political Science
Adam Austerfield, Director of Projects
Tanzania
Niccolo Durazzi, Project Manager
Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA)
Robyn Klingler Vidra, Researcher
Cornel Jahari, Assistant Researcher
Johansein Rutaihwa, Commissioned Researcher Uruguay
Samuel Wangwe, Professor and Executive Director Universidad ORT Uruguay
Isidoro Hodara, Professor
x | The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013
© 2013 World Economic Forum

13. Partner Institutes
Venezuela
CONAPRI—The Venezuelan Council for Investment Promotion
Litsay Guerrero, Economic Affairs and Investor Services
Manager
Eduardo Porcarelli, Executive Director
Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh City Institute for Development Studies (HIDS)
Nguyen Trong Hoa, Professor and President
Du Phuoc Tan, Head of Department
Trieu Thanh Son, Researcher
Yemen
Yemeni Businessmen Club (YBC)
Mohammed Esmail Hamanah, Executive Manager
Fathi Abdulwasa Hayel Saeed, Chairman
Moneera Abdo Othman, Project Coordinator
MARcon Marketing Consulting
Margret Arning, Managing Director
Zambia
Institute of Economic and Social Research (INESOR),
University of Zambia
Patricia Funjika, Research Fellow
Jolly Kamwanga, Senior Research Fellow and Project
Coordinator
Mubiana Macwan’gi, Director and Professor
Zimbabwe
Graduate School of Management, University of Zimbabwe
A. M. Hawkins, Professor
Bolivia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,
El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama
INCAE Business School, Latin American Center for
Competitiveness and Sustainable Development (CLACDS)
Ronald Arce, Researcher
Arturo Condo, Rector
Marlene de Estrella, Director of External Relations
Lawrence Pratt, Director
Liberia and Sierra Leone
FJP Development and Management Consultants
Omodele R. N. Jones, Chief Executive Officer
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15. Preface
BØRGE BRENDE AND ROBERT GREENHILL
World Economic Forum
The World Economic Forum has, for the past seven industry and in online travel services. Resilience has
years, engaged key industry and thought leaders also been demonstrated in the way that some aviation
through its Aviation, Travel & Tourism Industry companies responded to erratic fuel prices by exploring
Partnership Programme, along with its Global Agenda new business models and acquiring energy assets.
Council on New Models for Travel & Tourism, to carry Additionally, industry players have made commitments
out an in-depth analysis of the T&T competitiveness to a low-carbon economy through several initiatives
of economies around the world. The resulting Travel & aimed at optimizing operations, retrofitting, recycling, and
Tourism Competitiveness Report provides a platform for preserving the environment.
multi-stakeholder dialogue to ensure the development Yet despite these many positive developments, the
of strong and sustainable T&T industries capable need for greater openness remains one of the major
of contributing effectively to international economic trends impacting the T&T sector, especially with regard
development. The theme of this year’s Report, to the freer movement of people. The importance of
“Reducing Barriers to Economic Growth and Job efforts in this area has been highlighted specifically
Creation,” reflects the importance of the sector for this by the G20 Los Cabos communiqué in June 2012, in
purpose. which the group recognized the importance of tourism
Encouraging the development of the Travel & “as a vehicle for job creation, economic growth and
Tourism (T&T) sector is all the more important today development” and furthermore committed to “work
given its important role in job creation, at a time when towards developing travel facilitation initiatives in support
many countries are suffering from high unemployment. of job creation, quality work, poverty reduction and
The sector already accounts for 9 percent of GDP, a total global growth.”
of US$6 trillion, and it provides 120 million direct jobs At the core of the Report is the fifth edition of the
and another 125 million indirect jobs in related industries. Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI). The
This means that the industry now accounts for one in aim of the TTCI, which covers a record 140 economies
eleven jobs on the planet, a number that could even rise this year, is to provide a comprehensive strategic tool
to one in ten jobs by 2022, according to the World Travel for measuring the “factors and policies that make
& Tourism Council. it attractive to develop the T&T sector in different
This edition of the Report comes at an uncertain countries.” By providing detailed assessments of the T&T
time for the T&T sector. Although the global economy is environments of countries worldwide, the results can be
showing signs of fragile recovery, the world is becoming used by all stakeholders to work together to improve the
increasingly complex and interconnected. In this industry’s competitiveness in their national economies,
context, it is notable that the T&T sector has remained thereby contributing to national growth and prosperity. It
remarkably resilient in a number of ways. The number also allows countries to track their progress over time in
of travelers has increased consistently over the past the various areas measured.
year, notwithstanding the difficult economic climate The full Report is downloadable from www.weforum.
and shrinking budgets. Indeed, the UNWTO reports org/ttcr; this contains detailed profiles for each of the 140
that international tourist arrivals grew by 4 percent in economies featured in the study, as well as an extensive
2012, and forecasts that they will continue to increase section of data tables with global rankings covering
by 3 percent to 4 percent in 2013. Although this trend over 75 indicators included in the TTCI. In addition,
is primarily driven by increasing demand from the it includes insightful contributions from a number of
emerging-market middle class, the picture has also been industry experts. These chapters explore issues such as
brightening for many developed economies. how visa facilitation can play a relevant role in stimulating
The industry has responded to the changing economic growth, the importance of policymakers
environment with a number of structural adjustments. leveraging local competitive advantages to thrive in a
Indeed, 2012 witnessed a number of alliances, volatile environment, the impact of the tourism sector
mergers, and strategic investments both in the aviation on employment creation, how the connectivity that the
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16. Preface
aviation sector creates sustains economic development,
and the essential role of green growth in enhancing the
resilience of the sector.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report
2013 could not have been put together without the
distinguished thinkers who have shared with us
their knowledge and experience. We are grateful
to our Strategic Design Partner Booz & Company,
and our Data Partners Deloitte, the International Air
Transport Association (IATA), the International Union
for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the World Tourism
Organization (UNWTO), and the World Travel & Tourism
Council (WTTC) for helping us to design and develop the
TTCI and for providing much of the industry-relevant data
used in its calculation. We thank our Industry Partners
in this Report—namely Airbus/EADS, BAE Systems,
Bahrain Economic Development Board, Bombardier,
Delta, Deutsche Lufthansa/Swiss, Embraer, Etihad
Airways, Jet Airways, Hilton, Lockheed Martin, Marriott,
Safran, Starwood Hotels & Resorts, and VISA—for their
support in this important venture.
We also wish to thank the editors of the Report,
Jennifer Blanke and Thea Chiesa, as well as the
project manager, Roberto Crotti, for their energy and
their commitment to the project. Appreciation goes to
other members of the competitiveness team: Beñat
Bilbao-Osorio, Ciara Browne, Margareta Drzeniek
Hanouz, Thierry Geiger, Tania Gutknecht, Caroline Ko,
and Cecilia Serin. Finally, we would like to convey our
sincere gratitude to our network of 150 Partner Institutes
worldwide, without whose hard work the annual
administration of the Executive Opinion Survey and this
Report would not be possible.
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17. Executive Summary
Executive Summary
JENNIFER BLANKE AND THEA CHIESA
World Economic Forum
The Travel & Tourism (T&T) industry has managed to Council (WTTC). We have also received important
remain relatively resilient over the recent year despite feedback from a number of key companies that are
the uncertain global economic outlook, which has Industry Partners in the effort, namely Airbus/EADS, BAE
been characterized by fragile global economic growth, Systems, the Bahrain Economic Development Board,
macroeconomic tensions, and high unemployment in Bombardier, Delta, Deutsche Lufthansa/Swiss, Embraer,
many countries. Indeed, the sector has benefitted from Etihad Airways, Hilton, Jet Airways, Lockheed Martin,
the continuing globalization process: travel has been Marriott, Safran, Starwood Hotels & Resorts, and VISA.
increasing in mature markets and, particularly, has been The TTCI is based on three broad categories of
driven by the rising purchasing power of the growing variables that facilitate or drive T&T competitiveness.
middle class in many developing economies. These categories are summarized into the three
In such a context, Travel & Tourism has continued subindexes of the Index: (1) the T&T regulatory
to be a critical sector for economic development and framework subindex; (2) the T&T business environment
for sustaining employment, in both advanced and and infrastructure subindex; and (3) the T&T human,
developing economies. A strong T&T sector contributes cultural, and natural resources subindex. The first
in many ways to development and the economy. It subindex captures those elements that are policy related
makes both direct contributions, by raising the national and generally under the purview of the government; the
income and improving the balance of payments, and second subindex captures elements of the business
indirect contributions, via its multiplier effect and by environment and the “hard” infrastructure of each
providing the basis for connecting countries, through economy; and the third subindex captures the “softer”
hard and soft infrastructure—attributes that are critical human, cultural, and natural elements of each country’s
for a country’s more general economic competitiveness. resource endowments.
Although developing the T&T sector provides Each of these three subindexes is composed in turn
many benefits, numerous obstacles at the national level by a number of pillars of T&T competitiveness, of which
continue to hinder its development. For this reason, there are 14 in all. These are:
seven years ago the World Economic Forum, together
1. Policy rules and regulations
with its Industry and Data Partners, embarked on a
2. Environmental sustainability
multi-year research effort aimed at exploring various
3. Safety and security
issues related to the T&T competitiveness of countries
4. Health and hygiene
around the world. This year’s Report is published under
5. Prioritization of Travel & Tourism
the theme “Reducing Barriers to Economic Growth and
6. Air transport infrastructure
Job Creation,” which reflects the forward-looking attitude
7. Ground transport infrastructure
of the sector as it aims to ensure strong growth going
8. Tourism infrastructure
into the future.
9. ICT infrastructure
10. Price competitiveness in the T&T industry
THE TRAVEL & TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS
11. Human resources
INDEX
12. Affinity for Travel & Tourism
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI)
13. Natural resources
aims to measure the factors and policies that make it
14. Cultural resources
attractive to develop the T&T sector in different countries.
The Index was developed in close collaboration Each of the pillars is, in turn, made up of a number
with our Strategic Design Partner Booz & Company of individual variables. The dataset includes both survey
and our Data Partners Deloitte, the International Air data from the World Economic Forum’s annual Executive
Transport Association (IATA), the International Union Opinion Survey (the Survey) and quantitative data from
for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the World Tourism publicly available sources, international organizations,
Organization (UNWTO), and the World Travel & Tourism and T&T institutions and experts (for example, IATA, the
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18. Executive Summary
Table 1: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index 2013 and 2011 comparison
2013 2011 2013 2011
Country/Economy Rank/140 Score Rank/139 Country/Economy Rank/140 Score Rank/139
Switzerland 1 5.66 1 Morocco 71 4.03 78
Germany 2 5.39 2 Brunei Darussalam 72 4.01 67
Austria 3 5.39 4 Peru 73 4.00 69
Spain 4 5.38 8 Sri Lanka 74 3.99 81
United Kingdom 5 5.38 7 Macedonia, FYR 75 3.98 76
United States 6 5.32 6 Ukraine 76 3.98 85
France 7 5.31 3 Albania 77 3.97 71
Canada 8 5.28 9 Azerbaijan 78 3.97 83
Sweden 9 5.24 5 Armenia 79 3.96 90
Singapore 10 5.23 10 Vietnam 80 3.95 80
Australia 11 5.17 13 Ecuador 81 3.93 87
New Zealand 12 5.17 19 Philippines 82 3.93 94
Netherlands 13 5.14 14 Trinidad and Tobago 83 3.93 79
Japan 14 5.13 22 Colombia 84 3.90 77
Hong Kong SAR 15 5.11 12 Egypt 85 3.88 75
Iceland 16 5.10 11 Dominican Republic 86 3.88 72
Finland 17 5.10 17 Cape Verde 87 3.87 89
Belgium 18 5.04 23 Kazakhstan 88 3.82 93
Ireland 19 5.01 21 Serbia 89 3.78 82
Portugal 20 5.01 18 Bosnia and Herzegovina 90 3.78 97
Denmark 21 4.98 16 Namibia 91 3.77 84
Norway 22 4.95 20 Gambia, The 92 3.73 92
Luxembourg 23 4.93 15 Honduras 93 3.72 88
Malta 24 4.92 26 Botswana 94 3.71 91
Korea, Rep. 25 4.91 32 Nicaragua 95 3.67 100
Italy 26 4.90 27 Kenya 96 3.66 103
Barbados 27 4.88 28 Guatemala 97 3.65 86
United Arab Emirates 28 4.86 30 Iran, Islamic Rep. 98 3.64 114
Cyprus 29 4.84 24 Mongolia 99 3.63 101
Estonia 30 4.82 25 Suriname 100 3.63 n/a
Czech Republic 31 4.78 31 Kuwait 101 3.61 95
Greece 32 4.75 29 Moldova 102 3.60 99
Taiwan, China 33 4.71 37 Guyana 103 3.60 98
Malaysia 34 4.70 35 El Salvador 104 3.59 96
Croatia 35 4.59 34 Rwanda 105 3.56 102
Slovenia 36 4.58 33 Cambodia 106 3.56 109
Panama 37 4.54 56 Senegal 107 3.49 104
Seychelles 38 4.51 n/a Zambia 108 3.46 111
Hungary 39 4.51 38 Tanzania 109 3.46 110
Montenegro 40 4.50 36 Bolivia 110 3.46 117
Qatar 41 4.49 42 Kyrgyz Republic 111 3.45 107
Poland 42 4.47 49 Nepal 112 3.42 112
Thailand 43 4.47 41 Venezuela 113 3.41 106
Mexico 44 4.46 43 Tajikistan 114 3.41 118
China 45 4.45 39 Paraguay 115 3.39 123
Turkey 46 4.44 50 Uganda 116 3.39 115
Costa Rica 47 4.44 44 Ghana 117 3.38 108
Latvia 48 4.43 51 Zimbabwe 118 3.33 119
Lithuania 49 4.39 55 Swaziland 119 3.31 116
Bulgaria 50 4.38 48 Ethiopia 120 3.29 122
Brazil 51 4.37 52 Cameroon 121 3.27 126
Puerto Rico 52 4.36 45 Pakistan 122 3.25 125
Israel 53 4.34 46 Bangladesh 123 3.24 129
Slovak Republic 54 4.32 54 Malawi 124 3.22 121
Bahrain 55 4.30 40 Mozambique 125 3.17 128
Chile 56 4.29 57 Côte d’Ivoire 126 3.15 131
Oman 57 4.29 61 Nigeria 127 3.14 130
Mauritius 58 4.28 53 Burkina Faso 128 3.12 132
Uruguay 59 4.23 58 Mali 129 3.11 133
Jordan 60 4.18 64 Benin 130 3.09 120
Argentina 61 4.17 60 Madagascar 131 3.09 127
Saudi Arabia 62 4.17 62 Algeria 132 3.07 113
Russian Federation 63 4.16 59 Yemen 133 2.96 n/a
South Africa 64 4.13 66 Mauritania 134 2.91 136
India 65 4.11 68 Lesotho 135 2.89 135
Georgia 66 4.10 73 Guinea 136 2.88 n/a
Jamaica 67 4.08 65 Sierra Leone 137 2.87 n/a
Romania 68 4.04 63 Burundi 138 2.82 137
Lebanon 69 4.04 70 Chad 139 2.61 139
Indonesia 70 4.03 74 Haiti 140 2.59 n/a
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19. Executive Summary
IUCN, the UNWTO, WTTC, UNCTAD, and UNESCO). The also attracts tourists because of its rich and well-
Survey is carried out among chief executive officers and managed natural resources. A large percentage of the
top business leaders in all economies covered by our country’s land area is protected, environmental regulation
research; these are the people making the investment is among the most stringent (3rd), and the T&T industry
decisions in their respective economies. The Survey is considered to be developed in a sustainable way
provides unique data on many qualitative institutional (7th). These good environmental conditions, combined
and business environment issues, as well as specific with the high safety and security of the country (2nd),
issues related to the T&T industry and the quality of the contribute to its solid T&T competitiveness. Switzerland
natural environment. is not only a strong leisure tourism destination but also
The details of the composition of the TTCI are an important business travel hub, with many international
shown in Appendix A of Chapter 1.1; detailed rankings fairs and exhibitions held in the country each year,
and scores of this year’s Index are found in Appendix B driving its showing on the cultural resources pillar (6th).
of that chapter. Switzerland’s strong performance in all these areas
enables the country to somewhat make up for its lack
THE TRAVEL & TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS of price competitiveness (139th), which, together with a
INDEX RANKINGS 2013 fairly restrained international visa policy, does indeed limit
Table 1 shows the overall rankings of the 140 economies the number of arrivals.
assessed in this edition TTCI, comparing this year’s Germany ranks 2nd in Europe and out of all
rankings with those from the 2011 edition of the Report,. countries in the TTCI. Similar to Switzerland, its
Switzerland maintains its top position in the rankings, infrastructure is among the best in the world: it is ranked
which it has retained for five consecutive editions, since 6th for ground transport infrastructure and 7th for air
the very first Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report. transport infrastructure, facilitating connections both
Tables 2–6 present the rankings in a regional context, within the country and internationally. Germany also has
grouping economies into the following five regional abundant cultural resources (ranked 5th worldwide for its
groups: Europe, the Americas, Asia Pacific (including many World Heritage cultural sites) and is host to almost
Central Asia), the Middle East and North Africa, and 600 international fairs and exhibition per year (2nd), while
sub-Saharan Africa. We discuss below a selection of hotel prices are relatively competitive (55th). In addition,
countries from each region to provide a sense of the Germany makes great efforts to develop in a sustainable
results and how they are interpreted at the national level. way (4th), with the world’s most stringent environmental
More countries are discussed in detail in Chapter 1.1. regulations—which are also among the best-enforced—
and the strong support of international environmental
Europe efforts, as demonstrated through its ratification of many
In line with statistics on international tourist arrivals, international environmental treaties.
Table 1 shows that Europe remains the leading region Austria ranks 3rd, improving by one position since
for Travel & Tourism competitiveness, with all of the 2011. Its strong performance is driven by factors such as
top five places taken by European countries. Likewise, tourism infrastructure, in which it ties for 1st place with
13 of the top 20 countries are from the region. Table 2 Italy; a welcoming attitude toward visitors; a very safe
shows the rankings for European countries only, with and secure environment (7th); and, most importantly, its
the first column showing the rank within the region, rich cultural resources. Austria hosts nine World Heritage
the second column showing the overall rank out of all cultural sites, has excellent creative industries, and
140 economies included in the Index this year, and the attracts many travelers with several fairs and exhibitions
third column showing the score. As the table shows, organized every year. The country’s tourism industry is
Switzerland is ranked 1st out of all countries in the 2013 also being developed in a sustainable way (10th), with
TTCI, a position it has held since the first edition of some of the most stringent (4th) and well-enforced (7th)
this Report in 2007. Germany, Austria, Spain, and the environmental regulations in the world, driving its overall
United Kingdom complete the top five, while France and positive performance on environmental sustainability
Sweden are among the top 10 overall. (ranked 6th).
Switzerland continues to lead the rankings, Spain is the country among the top 10 that sees
performing well on almost all aspects of the Index. the most improvement since 2011: moving up four
Switzerland’s infrastructure, especially ground transport places since the last assessment, it is now ranked 4th.
(3rd), is among the best in the world. The country also Spain continues to lead in cultural resources, ranking
boasts top marks for its hotels and other tourism-specific 1st this year in this area because of its extremely
facilities, with excellent staff thanks to the availability of numerous World Heritage sites (2nd) and its large
qualified labor to work in the industry (ranked 2nd)— number of international fairs and exhibitions (3rd), as well
perhaps not surprising in a country that holds many of as its significant sports stadium capacity. Its tourism
the world’s best hotel management schools. Switzerland infrastructure is another strength, with its many hotel
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20. Executive Summary
Table 2: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index 2013: Europe
SUBINDEXES
T&T regulatory Business environment T&T human, cultural,
OVERALL INDEX framework and infrastructure and natural resources
Regional Overall
Country/Economy rank rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score
Switzerland 1 1 5.66 1 5.94 1 5.42 2 5.63
Germany 2 2 5.39 8 5.57 6 5.29 7 5.31
Austria 3 3 5.39 2 5.80 11 5.11 9 5.24
Spain 4 4 5.38 14 5.48 5 5.30 6 5.36
United Kingdom 5 5 5.38 17 5.44 10 5.13 3 5.57
France 6 7 5.31 9 5.56 7 5.18 11 5.20
Sweden 7 9 5.24 12 5.54 23 4.89 8 5.30
Netherlands 8 13 5.14 16 5.45 15 5.01 16 4.97
Iceland 9 16 5.10 3 5.77 13 5.06 36 4.47
Finland 10 17 5.10 5 5.74 22 4.89 24 4.65
Belgium 11 18 5.04 18 5.43 26 4.78 18 4.90
Ireland 12 19 5.01 7 5.68 19 4.96 40 4.41
Portugal 13 20 5.01 20 5.42 27 4.78 19 4.84
Denmark 14 21 4.98 25 5.31 16 4.98 26 4.64
Norway 15 22 4.95 11 5.55 28 4.77 33 4.53
Luxembourg 16 23 4.93 21 5.41 20 4.96 39 4.42
Malta 17 24 4.92 15 5.47 14 5.06 49 4.22
Italy 18 26 4.90 50 4.90 29 4.76 14 5.05
Cyprus 19 29 4.84 22 5.35 21 4.89 46 4.27
Estonia 20 30 4.82 10 5.55 30 4.72 51 4.19
Czech Republic 21 31 4.78 28 5.24 37 4.49 28 4.61
Greece 22 32 4.75 39 5.02 33 4.65 30 4.58
Croatia 23 35 4.59 42 4.99 39 4.43 42 4.37
Slovenia 24 36 4.58 33 5.12 35 4.52 52 4.11
Hungary 25 39 4.51 26 5.29 49 4.16 54 4.08
Montenegro 26 40 4.50 34 5.09 50 4.14 47 4.26
Poland 27 42 4.47 49 4.92 58 3.94 32 4.56
Turkey 28 46 4.44 64 4.62 52 4.08 27 4.63
Latvia 29 48 4.43 35 5.08 40 4.40 77 3.81
Lithuania 30 49 4.39 41 4.99 48 4.19 61 3.98
Bulgaria 31 50 4.38 58 4.79 45 4.24 53 4.10
Slovak Republic 32 54 4.32 43 4.96 60 3.92 55 4.06
Russian Federation 33 63 4.16 92 4.24 46 4.22 58 4.02
Georgia 34 66 4.10 30 5.18 80 3.46 91 3.67
Romania 35 68 4.04 66 4.61 68 3.67 73 3.85
Macedonia, FYR 36 75 3.98 57 4.79 74 3.58 100 3.58
Ukraine 37 76 3.98 60 4.73 71 3.62 99 3.59
Albania 38 77 3.97 63 4.65 90 3.31 63 3.96
Armenia 39 79 3.96 51 4.88 88 3.34 94 3.65
Serbia 40 89 3.78 74 4.50 81 3.40 109 3.45
Bosnia and Herzegovina 41 90 3.78 75 4.47 95 3.19 92 3.66
Moldova 42 102 3.60 65 4.61 97 3.16 133 3.04
rooms, car rental facilities, and ATMs. Furthermore, its The United Kingdom moves up by two more
air transport infrastructure is highly developed and ranks positions since the last edition of the Report, to reach
among the top 10 worldwide. Spain has improved in a 5th place this year. The country’s T&T competitiveness
few areas since the last edition. In particular, starting is based on its excellent cultural resources (ranked
a business has become less costly and onerous, 3rd), with many World Heritage cultural sites, a large
according to the World Bank, and hotel prices have number of international fairs, and strong creative
come down a bit. The government has also kept tourism industries (all ranked within the top 10). The country
high in its development agenda, making Spain a top has probably benefitted from two important events in
10 economy for prioritization of the industry. Spain has 2012: the Olympic Games and the Diamond Jubilee of
notably maintained its efforts on marketing activity and Queen Elizabeth II. Although the outcome is not yet fully
spending on the industry’s development amid difficult reflected in the data, the United Kingdom has leveraged
economic circumstances. the preparation of these events in terms of tourism
campaigns, generating interest in visiting the country
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21. Executive Summary
and reinforcing their already-solid ICT and air transport cultural sites, several international fairs and exhibitions,
infrastructure (ranked 10th and 5th, respectively). The and strong creative industries. In addition, Turkey
generally supportive policy environment, ranked 8th, gains significantly in a number of areas and has seen a
encourages the development of the sector, while the significant increase in tourist arrivals over the last two
country relies on an excellent human resources base years. The policy rules and regulations governing the
(ranked 6th). On a less positive note, the United Kingdom sector are supportive and have continued to progress
continues to receive one of the poorest assessments since the 2011 T&T Report. Turkey has also improved
for price competitiveness (138th), in large part because its air transport infrastructure (29th) and its tourism
it has the 2nd highest tax rate on tickets and airport infrastructure (45th). However, some areas still hold back
charges worldwide. the overall T&T competitiveness performance of the
France is ranked 7th overall in this edition, losing country: although improving, safety and security issues
four positions since 2011. France continues to attract (79th) remain worrisome, ground transport infrastructure
many tourists with its rich cultural heritage (ranked 4th is inadequate (especially railroads and ports), and ICT
for the number of World Heritage cultural sites and 8th infrastructure remains unsatisfactory (71st), especially for
for creative industries). The country also hosts many a rapidly growing tourism destination. In addition, more
international fairs and exhibitions (ranked 5th). France’s efforts must be made toward environmental sustainability
ground transport infrastructure is still one of the best (ranked 95th), an area that will be of increasing concern
in the world (ranked 5th), with particularly good roads going forward.
and railroads as well as good air transport infrastructure
(ranked 8th). However, the overall policy rules and The Americas
regulation framework is not sufficiently supportive Table 3 shows the regional rankings for the countries in
of developing the sector, and the prioritization of the the Americas. As this table shows, the United States
T&T sector declines this year (ranked 35th overall). is the highest-ranked country in the Americas and 6th
Additionally, the assessment has weakened somewhat out of all countries, with stable performance since the
in terms of the quality and availability of qualified labor in last assessment. Overall, the country receives high
the country. marks for its business environment and infrastructure.
Italy moves up one spot this year to place 26th In particular, the United States has excellent air
overall and 18th in Europe. As well as its cultural transport infrastructure (ranked 2nd) and high-quality
richness—with many World Heritage Sites, international tourism infrastructure, as well as a strong focus on
fairs and exhibitions, and rich creative industries— customer satisfaction. Its cultural resources and natural
Italy’s strengths lie in its excellent tourism infrastructure resources (ranked 5th and 3rd, respectively), with many
(tying with Austria for 1st place) and its relatively good World Heritage cultural and natural sites, drive its high
air transport infrastructure (24th). However, it faces a position in the rankings, together with several fairs and
number of challenges that bring its overall rating down. exhibitions (1st) and strong creative industries (2nd). On
These include policy rules and regulations that are a less positive note, the country’s natural endowments
still not sufficiently supportive of the development of are not being sufficiently protected (ranked 112th for
the sector (100th) and a lack of price competitiveness environmental sustainability). Also, compared with other
(134th). top-ranked economies, the quality of ground transport
Greece is ranked 32nd, down another three could be improved more (27th) and the perception of
positions since the last assessment. The country’s safety and security leaves room for improvement (57th).
rich cultural resources (ranked 25th) and excellent Canada moves up one place to 8th overall. The
tourism infrastructure (3rd) are still important strengths. country has several strengths, including its rich natural
Additionally, Greece has very good health and hygiene resources (10th) with numerous World Heritage sites
conditions (ranked 13th overall) and good air transport (ranked 5th), excellent air transport infrastructure, highly
infrastructure (20th). Further, there is a strong national qualified human resources (5th), and a strong policy
affinity for tourism compared with many other European environment (10th). Its cultural resources are also a
countries, including a generally open and positive strong point, with many international fairs and exhibitions
attitude toward tourists. The decline in the rankings in the country. Canada has lost some ground in terms of
can be traced to a further worsening of the policy price competitiveness and environmental sustainability,
environment and a lower perceived prioritization of where, although it still ranks fairly high (41st), it registers
Travel & Tourism within the country, probably because of a decline in the perception of the enforcement of
dwindling resources available for the particular industry environmental regulations and continues to suffer from
amid general economic and financial difficulties. high CO2 per capita emissions.
Turkey climbs four positions this year to reach 46th Barbados ranks 3rd in the region and 27th overall,
place. The country’s main strength continues to lie in up one place since the last assessment. Barbados
its rich cultural resources (19th), with 20 World Heritage comes in 2nd overall for the country’s affinity for Travel
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