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Enhancing	SOC	sequestration:	
myth	or	reality	in	Africa?
Rolf	Sommer
r.sommer@cgiar.org
From	the	FAO	SOC	Symposium	webpage:
…large	losses	of	soil	organic	matter	…have	occurred	in	
soils	from	various	global	agroecosystems	…	where	losses	
ranged	between	25–75	%	of	their	original	SOC	pool.	
These	losses	provide	an	opportunity: the	recoverable	
carbon	reserve	capacity	of	the	world’s	agricultural	and	
degraded	soils	is	estimated	to	be	between	21	to	51	Gt	of	
carbon.
Soil	organic	carbon	sequestration	aspirations
How	much	is	recoverable,	where,	and	
how	long	would	it	take	and	then	last?
Total emissions
worldwide (2012)
51,840 Mt CO2 EQ
=
14.14
Gt C
Source:	EcoFys 2016
Losses	of	SOC	in	response	to	Land	use	(change)		
Source:
Don	et	al.	2011	
Global	Change	
Biology	17,	
1658–1670
Losses	of	SOC	in	response	to	Land	use	(change)
Source:	Kinjangi,	2008	
(PhD	thesis,	redrawn)
Forest	to	cropland	(Western	Kenya)
0
2
4
6
8
0 30 60 90 120
kg	C/m²/10	to	12	cm
Years	since	native	forest	conservation
Heavy-textured
North	Nandi
Heavy-textured
South	Nandi
Medium-textured
Kakamega
Losses	of	SOC	in	response	to	Land	use	(change)		
Forest	to	permanent	pastures	(French	Guiana	Amazonia)
Pasture	age	(yrs)
Primary	forest
Source:
Stahl	et	al.	2016,	
Global	Change	Biology	
doi:10.1111/gcb.13573
Observed	SOC	changes	over	time	under	"improved"	land	use
In SSA increases were between 0.28 and
0.96 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, but with much
greater variation and a significant
number of cases with no measurable
increase. …
CA should be promoted on the basis of
these factors and any climate change
mitigation regarded as an additional
benefit, not a major policy driver for its
adoption.
… data from 125 on-farm validation trials
across 23 sites in Malawi, Mozambique,
Zambia and Zimbabwe. … No consistent
differences in bulk density and soil C
concentrations were found. … These
results … indicate that there is a limited
potential for conservation agriculture to
significantly increase soil C stocks after up
to 7 years of conservation agriculture
Observed	SOC	changes	over	time	under	"improved"	land	use
Source:	Sommer	et	al.	submitted	for	publicationCIAT	long-term	trials,	Western	Kenya:
ISFM
17
19
21
23
25
1/Jan/05 1/Jan/08 1/Jan/11 1/Jan/14
SOC	(g/kg)
FYM+		R+
FYM+		R-
FYM- R+
FYM- R-
LSD
Conservation	Agriculture
17
19
21
23
25
1/Jan/05 1/Jan/08 1/Jan/11 1/Jan/14
0T	R+
CT	R+
CT	R-
0T	R-
LSDs,	same	
level	of	tillage	
Instead	of	C-sequestration,	we	detect	losses	in	both	systems!
Observed	SOC	changes	over	time	under	"improved"	land	use
Source:
Don	et	al.	2011	
Global	Change	
Biology	17,	
1658–1670
Food	for	thought
• True	C-sequestration	or	only	"avoided	losses"?
• How	transferrable	are	results	to	other	tropical	agro-ecosystems?
• Importance	of	land	use	history!?
• Importance	of	climate,	"base"	SOC	levels	/	landscapes	/	clay	
content	and	other	soil	properties…
SOC	content
Time
Improved	management
Common	practice
?
6/27/17 10
A	fundamental	shift	in	global	agriculture	is	required	where	
sustainability	constitutes	the	core	strategy	for	agricultural	
development.
Rockström et	al.	Ambio (2017)	46:	4.	doi:10.1007/s13280-016-0793-6
Create the right enabling environment and
incentives for change: policy and institutional
New systems and approaches: to motivate behavior
change and enable the right responses
Innovation: to tackle new coincidences of problems
Multi-scale delivery that manages trade-offs and build
synergies
Collaboration	across	research	and	
development	communities	is	key!
Moving	from	Opportunity	to	Reality:	What’s	needed?	
Photo	©	G.	Smith
• Revisit	the	individual	"best	bet"	cases	
(above	all	grasslands)
• In	sub-Saharan	Africa	food	security	and	
sustaining	soil	fertility	comes	first,	SOC	
sequestration	is	a	co-benefit	only!
• Very	different	type	of	cropping	systems	
are	required	for	"carbon"	farmers
• Avoid	deforestation!
• Avoid	draining	wetlands	and	peatlands!
Holistic	view
1
Thank	you!
Photo	©	A.	Notenbaert
Enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration: myth or reality in Africa?

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