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1-4 熱膨脹
Thermal expansion
膨脹的種類
2
低溫
高溫
一般物體受熱會有均勻向外膨脹現象,受冷均勻向內收縮,
線膨脹 面膨脹 體膨脹
線膨脹Linear Expansion
實驗的結果:長度增加量 ΔL 與原始長度 L0
及溫差 ΔT 成 正比
T0
L0
L
T
ΔL=?
𝛥𝐿
𝐿0 ⋅ 𝛥𝑇
= 定值 線膨脹係數𝜶
L0
L
𝛥𝐿 = 𝛼 ⋅ (𝐿0 ⋅ 𝛥𝑇)
𝐿 − 𝐿0 = 𝐿0 ⋅ 𝛼 ⋅ 𝛥𝑇
𝐿 = 𝐿0(1 + 𝛼 ⋅ 𝛥𝑇)
物質
線膨脹係數
α( 10-6 oC-1)
鋅 30.2
鉛 28.9
銅 16.5
鐵 11.8
普通玻璃 9.0
合成石英 0.5
3
面膨脹與體膨脹
4
面膨脹
T0
T
A0
A
𝐴 ≈ 𝐴0(1 + 2𝛼 ⋅ 𝛥𝑇)
𝑥 = 𝑥0(1 + 𝛼 ⋅ 𝛥𝑇)
𝑦 = 𝑦0(1 + 𝛼 ⋅ 𝛥𝑇)
𝐴0 = 𝑥0 ⋅ 𝑦0
𝐴 = 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦
𝐴 = 𝑥0(1 + 𝛼 ⋅ 𝛥𝑇) ⋅ 𝑦0(1 + 𝛼 ⋅ 𝛥𝑇)
𝐴 = 𝑥0 𝑦0 ⋅ 1 + 𝛼 ⋅ 𝛥𝑇 2
𝐴 = 𝑥0 𝑦0 ⋅ 1 + 2𝛼 ⋅ 𝛥𝑇 + 𝛼2 ⋅ 𝛥𝑇2
可忽略
𝐴 ≈ 𝐴0(1 + 𝛽 ⋅ 𝛥𝑇)
面膨脹係數 𝛽 = 2𝜶
面膨脹與體膨脹
5
面膨脹
T0
T
A0
A
𝑥 = 𝑥0(1 + 𝛼 ⋅ 𝛥𝑇)
𝑦 = 𝑦0(1 + 𝛼 ⋅ 𝛥𝑇)
𝐴0 = 𝑥0 ⋅ 𝑦0
𝐴 = 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦
𝐴 ≈ 𝐴0(1 + 𝛽 ⋅ 𝛥𝑇)
面膨脹係數 𝛽 = 2𝜶
體膨脹
𝑥 = 𝑥0(1 + 𝛼 ⋅ 𝛥𝑇)
𝑦 = 𝑦0(1 + 𝛼 ⋅ 𝛥𝑇)
𝑉0 = 𝑥0 ⋅ 𝑦0 ⋅ 𝑧0
𝑉 = 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦 ⋅ 𝑧
𝑉 ≈ 𝑉0(1 + 𝛾 ⋅ 𝛥𝑇)
體膨脹係數 𝛾 = 3𝜶
𝑧 = 𝑧0(1 + 𝛼 ⋅ 𝛥𝑇)
6
生活中 熱膨脹現象與應用
橋樑的伸縮縫
7
生活中 熱膨脹現象與應用
NHK教學影片-複棒或複片
常考例題類型
8
• 在舖設台灣高鐵時,根據調查沿線各地氣
溫在0℃到50℃之間,假設施工時氣溫為
20℃,已知使用的鋼軌線膨脹係數  
15106/℃,假設每條鋼軌在此氣溫下的
長度為100m,則舖設時鋼軌間預留的空
隙至少為多少?
9
常見例題
• 設有一鐘,其擺為鋼所製,當溫度為15℃時,此
擺動恰好準確,求在30℃ 時每日差幾秒? (黃銅
α=1.1×10-5/℃)
10
常見例題-單擺的校正-線膨脹的應用
11
Thank for your attention
參考資料
陈玉芳,物理學史簡明教程
郭奕玲,沈慧君,物理學演義
維基百科
高三選修物理課本
二項式定理-近似概念
• 當x<<1
12
2( 1)
(1 ) 1
2
n n n n
x n x x

      L
2( 1)
(1 ) 1
2
n n n n
x n x x

      L
1 nx 
1 nx 

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2018-1-4-熱膨脹