2. IN THE EXAM COVER THESE FOUR
ELEMENTS…
But what are they?
LITERARY DEVICES
Word choice
Context
Figurative Language
Similes, Metaphors
LINGUISTICS
Type of Talk
Spoken language features
Grammar
Syntax (word order)
Rhetorical Devices
Persuasive Language
Hyperbole/ exaggeration
rhetorical Questions
Dramatic Effect
What the audience might think or
feel in reaction to the events, plot,
characters, relationships, mood,
ideas and themes.

3. WORD CHOICE
GRAMMER
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
Imagery= Simile, metaphor, etc.
TONE and MANNER
CONTEXT
FORM
STRUCTUR
E
Capitals
Punctuation
Syntax Exclamation Ellipses
Semantic Field
Superlatives
The effect from the choice of word
The way the text or sentence is structured to
make an effect- e.g Anti- Climax
TYPE OF TALK
Warm
Formality
Revengeful
Polite
Authoritive
What is the form? A transcript or
literal representation e.g novel, script
Location, topic, purpose, time
(the context of the scene)
On next page

4. Referential Talk-
Interactional Talk-
Expository Talk-
The speaker provides information- e.g The train station is on your left
Main purpose is social- e.g between two friends.
The speaker explains something clearly
Expressive Talk- The speaker reveals feelings and emotions through talk
Directive Talk (Instructive Talk)-
Phatic Talk- ‘Small talk;’ Maintains social relationships e.g ‘how’re you?’
Speaker wants listener to do something
Transactional Talk- Purpose is to get something done e.g salesman ‘what're you looking for?’
Persuasive Talk- Persuasive Language is used to persuade
Collaborative Talk- Agreeing, the participants are collaborating with each other.

5. • QUESTIONS • STATEMENTS
• COMMANDS• EXCLAMATIONS
The speaker may
DECLARE something-
they are therefore
making a statement
The speaker may
ask questions to be
INTERROGATIVE
When the utterance is
commanding the speaker may
use imperatives or directives
If a speaker uses exclamations
they may be expressing an
emotion such as fright ‘John
don’t scare me!- she exclaimed.

6. LiteratureLife
TRANSCRIPT
Recorded conversation, Radio
Conversation, a Speech.
LITERARY REPRESENTATION-
A part of a Novel, a script for play or a poem
• Talk is Spontaneous
• Talk is likely to follow conventions of
talk (more non fluency features) with
more fillers, contractions and pauses.
• More paralinguistic features
• Purpose can be to chat, gossip, socialize.
• Talk will depend on context
• Talk is crafted for effect.
• Purposes of talk -1. To further plot 2.
Develop the characters 3. To create or
build the atmosphere 4. To express or
reveal an opinion, feeling or attitude and
3. To address audiences and encourage
them to feel a certain way.
• Talk in literature has an audience.
THE CONVENTIONS OF TALK IN LIFE?
CONVENTIONS OF TALK IN LITERATURE?

7. Grice’s
Maxims
Quality
Quantity
Relevance
Manner
In talk you must be
truthful and not say what
you think to be false
You must give as much
information that is needed.
Be relevant to the
conversation
Where one avoids obscurity or
ambiguity as well as being clear
and brief.

8. TABOO
Expletive Taboo-
Expressing emotion, not directed
at someone.
Abusive Taboo-
Used to offend
Auxiliary Taboo-
Swearing attached to
something ‘bloody rain’
Humorous Taboo-
Swearing used to tease to
show relationship.
AMBIGUOUS LANGUAGE
Pun- ‘Play on words’. Words or phrases that have a
double meaning e.g. Butter Battle Spreads
Irony- This means saying or writing the opposite of
what is actually meant like sarcasm. DRAMATIC
IRONY occurs when something said in the play
has a deeper meaning or significance, which is
understood by the audience but not by the
characters.
Oxymoron- This occurs when contradictory words or
phrases are brought together, like the
expression bitter sweet.

9. Language that is typical of a
particular person which can be
effected by grammar, gender,
age, background, religion.
Emphasise on a word for effect.
NON FLUENCY
FEATURES
When a speaker wants to show
orientation with another
speaker e.g. changing speech
to sound more or less formal
(Upper convergence/
downward convergence)
Paralinguistics are the aspects of spoken
communication that do not involve words.
These may add emphasis or shades of
meaning to what people say. E.g. Body
language/gestures.

10. Theory of Gender Talk
Women are more likely to talk
about embarrassing stories
Men are competitive in
conversations with the same sex.
Less likely to go
into detail.
More elaborate
Women ask more
questions
They show interest in what the speakers
are saying encouraging them to talk
Initiate more topics
of conversation
Put more effort into
getting others to take part
More likely to
interrupt
Are confident in
expressing
disagreement.
Ignore the other
persons utterances.
They can show reluctance to pursue topics
initiated by others.

11. Elements Of Conversation
Opening and closing a
conversation
Turn Taking Adjacency Pairs e.g.
‘hello’ – ‘hello’
‘dad?’- ‘yeah’Topics of conversation
Topic Marker- Establishes Topic at the start of the conversation
Topic Shifts- Changes of topic
Topic Loop- Conversation returns to an earlier topic.
Agenda- Setting- Initiating topics and controlling changes of topic. A person who does
this is a ‘Agenda Setter’
Feedback (Back
Channelling) Verbal responsesOral Signals
Non- Verbal Responses
‘Yeah?’ ‘Really?’
Nods/ Smiles
‘mmmm’ , ‘uhuh’
‘sighs’

12. VIOLATING THE MAXIMS
FLOUTING THE MAXIMS
OOOPS!
Doing it on
purpose!
Not on purpose- Too much
information, or rambling on in a
irrelevant way. May suggest
speaker is lonely or needs to
talk.