4. New Paradigm Research
1. A form of cooperative enquiry which :
âĒ All involved contribute to creative
thinking, deciding on the situation, the
method, making sense of finding, and
the action.
âĒ No distinction bet. Researchers and
subjects, both are co-researchers and
co-subjects
2. A form of education, personal
development and social action
(Reason 1988)
11. 4 Types of Action Research
âĒ Experimental
âĒ Organizational
âĒ Professionalizing
âĒ Empowering
12. Participatory action research
A systematic approach to personal
and social transformation, aims to
develop critical consciousness, to
improve the lives of those involved in
the research process, and to transform
fundamental societal structures and
r e l a t i o n s h i p s
13. Participatory action research
A d e m o c r a t i c p ro c e s s
whereby through self-directed
education, research and action,
utilize knowledge to transform
t h e i r s o c i a l r e a l i t i e s.
14. Participatory action research
An alternative form of social research
in which the people themselves are the
main actors, in the entire research
process, from decision to investigate to
research tools formulation, to data
collection and analysis, and finally to data
d i s s e m i n a t i o n a n d u t i l i z a t i o n.
15. Conventional Progressive Liberating
Function to CONFORM to REFORM to TRANSFORM
Aim Resist change. Change people to Change society to
Keep social meet societyâs meet peopleâs
order stable. needs. needs.
Strategy Teach people to accept Work for certain Actively oppose
and âfit inâ to the social improvements social injustice,
situation without without changing inequality, and
changing its unjust the unjust aspects corruption. Work
aspects. of society. for basic change.
Intention CONTROL them- PACIFY of CALM FREE them from
toward especially poor working them-especially those oppression.
people people-farm and city. whose hardships drive Exploitation.
them to protest or revolt. And corruption.
16. General AUTHORITARIAN PATERNALISTIC HUMANITARIAN
approach (rigid top-down control) (kindly top-down and DEMOCRATIC
control) (control by the people)
Effect on OPPRESSIVE-rigid DECEPTIVE-pretends SUPPORTIVE-helps
people central authority allows to be supportive, but people find ways to
and the little or no participation resists real change. gain more control over
community by students and their health and their
community lives.
How Basically passive. Basically irresponsible. Basically active.
students Empty containers Must be cared for. Able to take charge
(and people to be filled with Need to be watched and become self-
generally) standard knowledge. closely. reliant.
are viewed
Can and must be tamed. Able to participate Responsible when
in specific activities treated with respect
when spoon fed. and as equals.
17. What the FEAR-teacher is an GRATITUDE-Teacher TRUST-Teacher is
students absolute, all-knowing is a friendly, parent-like a âfacilitatorâ who
feel about boss who stands apart authority who knows helps everyone look
the teacher from and above the what is best for the for answers together.
students. students.
Who decides The Ministry of The Ministry, but The students and
what should Education for Health with some local instructors together
be learned in the capital. decisions. with the community.
Main PASSIVE-students More or less active. ACTIVE-everyone
way of receive knowledge. Memorization still contributes.
learning Memorization of basic. Learning through
facts. doing and discussing.
21. Strategies supporting & promoting human/
community development
Philosophy of PAR
SARAR
-Self Esteem
-Associative Strength
-Resourcefulness
-Action Planning
-Responsibility
24. Steps in PAR
PAR research phase
1. Community preparation
âĒ Integration
âĒ Preliminary social investigation
âĒ Ground working
âĒ Facilitating collective decision by
community :
- priority issue
- selection of local organizers &
local research team.
31. 2. Training of local organizers
(Alter ego of CDW)
Proposed content of training
âĒ national & local situation
âĒ role of local organizers
âĒ community organizing
âĒ leadership styles
âĒ facilitating
âĒ human relations
32. Research phase
3. Research design
âtrainingâ of local research team with - KAS. To
be. Able to Integration
âĒ break up the general problem chosen
by the community into specific problem
elements.
âĒ Determine how to get the information
needed.
- tools to use ?
- key informants ?
- How many ?
33. 4. Data collection
âĒ Quantitative
âĒ Qualitative
5. Data processing.
Data analysis.
34. 6. Presentation, discussion of findings
(Community session)
âĒ verification.
âĒ Correction, decision, solution
âĒ conclusion, suggestion.
(role play, group discussion, show case,
pictorial, graphic, display in public,)
encourage : discussion, ideas, expression
of feeling, evaluation, opinions, attitudes.
Reaction toward-data, information,
âĒ research process, - research findings.
35. Post research phase
7. Community planning
(Development project)
âĒ community development plan. develop
by local planning team.
present of community
community participatory
- consult., discuss, verify, correct,
modify, approve, decide
- submit to related.
organization.
36. 8. Implementation
âĒ mobilization of human, natural
resources, people organization
9. Surveillance, monitoring,
evaluation.
40. Characteristics of participatory
action researcher
1. Empathy
2. Credible
3. Friendly/pleasant
4. Positiveness
5. Cooperative/helpful
6. Careful with the use of gestures
41. 7. Smiling
8. Good listener
9. Open mind
10. Openness
11. Respectful
12. Equality
44. Distinguishing Characteristics
of Participatory Research
Participatory Conventional
Research
1. Ideological Pro-disadvantaged Elitist
stance groups
2. Objectivity Involved beyond Detached
advocacy
3. View of Subject Object
target group
4. Method Simple, indigenous, Rigid, highly-
who holistic Quantitative,
Uni-dimensional
45. Participatory Conventional
Research
5. Utilization Feedback, orally or Communicated
of findings as simple/understand through
able materials to the publications
people Impact factor
6. Language Language of the Researcherâ/
people Scientific jargon
46. Participatory Conventional
Research
7. Purpose Transformation and Extract
self-actualization of information from
the people the people to
researchersâ/
agencysâ
8. Research People Researcher/
Framework agency
9. Relationship Complements/
supportive
corrective
47. Participatory Conventional
Research
9. Relationship Complements/
supportive
corrective
10. Choice of
the problem
What Immediate, local Interest of
problem researcher/
agency
Who Both researcher researcher/
and the people agency
48. Participatory Conventional
Research
11. Choice of
methodology
What Combination of Experimental,
simple and quasi-experimental
indigenous tools
or instruments
Validity is Highly statistical
consensual analysis
Practical analysis
data
Who Researcher researcher/
and the people agency
49. Participatory Conventional
Research
12. Choice of
outcome
What Transformation Reports, policy
of the situation Recommendation,
of the people administrative
decisions
Critical awareness
of problems and
issues affecting the
people
Who Researcher researcher/
and the people agency
50. Conventional research PAR
Model Blueprint Process
Ideology Elite Poor
- Disadvantage
- Marginal
Aim Answer R. Quest - Committed
Uncommited - Transform
Frame Researcher - Local people
Outsider
Begin c Materials - Man
51. Conventional research PAR
Goal Predetermined - Flexible
- Universal criteria - Context
Strategy - Planning - Participatory
Method - Strict, sophisticate - Simple
- Technical/techno - Indigenous
- Quantitative - Holistic
- Ready made - Appr. Tech.
- Package - Varieties
- Ala. carte - Menus
53. Dev. - Control - Release/relieved
Model - Motivate - Enabling support
- Planned - Empower
- Dependence - dependence
View - Beneficiary - Actors
consumer - Contributors
as
Outcome - Material - Non-material
- Products - Competence
- Learning
- Satisfaction
- Happiness
54. Lessons
1. Context bound K.
2. Socio technical system based
3. Conventional social support
4. Client centered
5. Political structure
6. Basic concept
Reality is socially constructed
55. 7. R. Problem
8. Transfer Management
9. Power structure
10. Change process
11. Social facts vs natural facts
12. Involvement commitment
56. Dilemma
âĒ āđāļïāļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒ Vs āļĢāļīāđāļĢāļīāđāļĄ
- Scientific âĒ Practicability
- Theory
- Validity
- Reliability
âĒ Problem - Reality
āļāļĢāļāļ āļāļ. āļ§āļīāļāļēāļāļēāļĢ - Local wisdom
58. Problems encountered in participatory
research :
Understanding peopleâs passivity
time constraints of participants and researchers
demands on researcher (educator, facilitator, researcher)
researcher needs to be clear on own values or willing to
reflect upon them
transfer of skills needed
often project are initiated by outsiders: difficulty of
project control from researcher to participants
Resources: constraints set by initiating body
communities are not homogeneous.
