DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
Air, Noise and Sound Pollution
1. Air, Noise and Sound
Pollution
CHRISTA MARIA JOEL
BATCH D
ROLL NO: 25
MENTOR- DR. SUDARSHAN PAI
2. Objectives
What is air pollution?
Meteorological factors
Global warming
Pollutants and classification
Sources
Indoor air quality
Monitoring of air pollution
Effects on health
Control measures
Air act 1981
What is noise?
Types and sources of noise
Noise evaluation indices
Health effects
Effect on wildlife
Noise mitigation
Noise regulation- legal status
Awaaz foundation
5. What is air pollution?
Air pollution occurs when the air
contains gases, dust, fumes or
odour in harmful amounts. That
is, amounts which could be
harmful to the health or comfort
of humans and animals or which
could cause damage to plants
and materials.
8. What are pollutants?
• The substances that cause air pollution - pollutants.
• Pollutants that are pumped into our atmosphere and directly pollute the air
are called primary pollutants. Examples: carbon monoxide from car exhausts
and sulfur dioxide from the combustion of coal.
• Further pollution can arise if primary pollutants in the atmosphere undergo
chemical reactions. The resulting compounds are called secondary
pollutants. Photochemical smog is an example of this.
10. Primary air pollutants
Sulfur oxides (SOx) : produced by volcanoes
and in various industrial processes.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) -expelled from high
temperature combustion, and are also
produced during thunderstorms by electric
discharge.
Carbon monoxide (CO) - Product
by incomplete combustion of fuel such as
natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is
a major source of carbon monoxide.
11. Primary air pollutants
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) - well-known
outdoor air pollutant. Categorized as either
methane (CH4) or non-methane (NMVOCs).
Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate
matter (PM), atmospheric particulate matter, or
fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid
suspended in a gas. In contrast, aerosol refers to
combined particles and gas.
Persistent free radicals connected to airborne fine
particles are linked to cardiopulmonary
disease.[7][8]
Toxic metals, such as lead and mercury, especially
their compounds.
12. Primary air pollutants
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - harmful to the ozone
layer; emitted from products are currently banned
from use. These are gases which are released from air
conditioners, refrigerators, aerosol sprays, etc.
Ammonia (NH3) - emitted from agricultural processes.
Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional
needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a
precursor to foodstuffs and fertilizers.
13. Primary air pollutants
Odours — such as from garbage, sewage,
and industrial processes
Radioactive pollutants - produced by nuclear
explosions, nuclear events, war explosives,
and natural processes such as the radioactive
decay of radon. Example- Fukushima-
Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan on 11 March
2011.
14. Secondary air pollutants
Particulates are created from gaseous primary
pollutants and compounds in photochemical
smog. Smog is a kind of air pollution.
Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and
VOCs. Ozone (O3) is a key constituent of the
troposphere. Also an important constituent of
certain regions of the stratosphere commonly
known as the Ozone layer.
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) - similarly formed from
NOx and VOCs.
15. Persistent organic pollutants
Organic compounds that are resistant to
environmental degradation through
chemical, biological, and photolytic
processes. Because of this, they have
been observed to persist in the
environment, to be capable of long-
range transport, bioaccumulate in
human and animal tissue, biomagnify in
food chains, and to have potentially
significant impacts on human health and
the environment.
16. Anthropogenic or man made sources of pollution
Stationary sources - smoke stacks of power
plants, manufacturing facilities (factories) and
waste incinerators, as well as furnaces and
other types of fuel-burning heating devices. In
developing and poor countries, traditional
biomass burning is the major source of air
pollutants; traditional biomass includes wood,
crop waste and dung.[10][11]
Mobile sources - motor vehicles, marine
vessels, and aircraft.
17. Anthropogenic sources
Controlled burn is a technique sometimes used
in forest management, farming, prairie
restoration or greenhouse gas abatement.
Fumes from paint, hair spray, varnish, aerosol
sprays and other solvents.
Waste deposition in landfills, which
generate methane.
Military resources, such as nuclear weapons, toxic
gases, germ warfare and rocketry
19. Natural sources
Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land
with little or no vegetation
Methane, emitted by the digestion of food
by animals, for example cattle
Radon gas from radioactive decay within the Earth's
crust.
Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires
Vegetation, in some regions, emits environmentally
significant amounts of Volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) on warmer days.
Volcanic activity, which produces sulfur, chlorine, and
ash particulates
20. Indoor air quality
Radon (Rn) gas, a carcinogen, is exuded from the Earth in certain locations and
trapped inside houses.
Building materials including carpeting and plywood emit formaldehyde (H2CO) gas.
Paint and solvents give off volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as they dry.
Lead paint can degenerate into dust and be inhaled. Intentional air pollution is
introduced with the use of air fresheners, incense, and other scented items.
Controlled wood fires in stoves and fireplaces can add significant amounts of smoke
particulates into the air, inside and out.
Indoor pollution fatalities may be caused by using pesticides and other chemical
sprays indoors without proper ventilation.
21. Indoor air quality
Carbon monoxide poisoning and fatalities are often caused by faulty
vents and chimneys, or by the burning of charcoal indoors or in a
confined space, such as a tent. Chronic carbon monoxide
poisoning can result even from poorly-adjusted pilot lights. Traps are
built into all domestic plumbing to keep sewer gas and hydrogen
sulfide, out of interiors.
Clothing emits tetrachloroethylene, or other dry cleaning fluids, for
days after dry cleaning.
The use of asbestos in domestic environment can cause lung cancer
and other diseases.
22. Indoor air quality
Pets produce dander, people produce dust from minute skin flakes
and decomposed hair, dust mites in bedding, carpeting and furniture
produce enzymes and micrometre-sized fecal droppings, inhabitants
emit methane, air conditioning systems can incubate Legionnaires'
disease and mold, and houseplants, soil and surrounding gardens can
produce pollen, dust, and mold.
24. Ambient air
Ambient air is basically the natural state of
air in the outdoor environment, and is what
humans and animals breathe. Plants and
other organisms need it for survival, too. The
exact composition of this sort of air can vary
from place to place depending on fixed
things like elevation, as well as more flexible
things like pollution and smog. Its content
and quality are directly affected by the day-
to-day activities of humans. In turn, ambient
air quality has a direct effect on both public
health and the welfare of the Earth's
ecosystems.
25. Monitoring of air pollution
To support the Air Quality Health Index (AQHI), 6 common pollutants are monitored
which includes:
ozone
fine particulate matter
nitrogen dioxide
sulphur dioxide
carbon monoxide
total reduced sulphur compounds
26. Air pollution monitoring in India
Central Pollution Control Board is executing
a nation-wide programme of ambient air
quality monitoring known as National Air
Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP)
along with all the state pollution control
boards. The network consists of three
hundred and forty two (342) operating
stations covering one hundred and twenty
seven (127) cities/towns in twenty six (26)
states and four (4) Union Territories of the
country.
27. Air pollution monitoring in India
• Under N.A.M.P
., four air pollutants viz ., Sulphur
Dioxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen as NO2, Suspended
Particulate Matter (SPM) and Respirable Suspended
Particulate Matter (RSPM / PM10) have been identified
for regular monitoring at all the locations. The
monitoring of meteorological parameters such as
wind speed and wind direction, relative humidity (RH)
and temperature were also integrated with the
monitoring of air quality.
• The monitoring of pollutants is carried out for 24
hours (4-hourly sampling for gaseous pollutants and
8-hourly sampling for particulate matter) with a
frequency of twice a week, to have one hundred and
four (104) observations in a year.
28. Effects of air pollution on cardiovascular system
A 2007 review of evidence found ambient air pollution exposure is a risk factor
correlating with increased total mortality from cardiovascular events.
Air pollution is also emerging as a risk factor for stroke, particularly in
developing countries where pollutant levels are highest.] A 2007 study found
that in women, air pollution is not associated with hemorrhagic but with
ischemic stroke. Air pollution was also found to be associated with increased
incidence and mortality from coronary stroke in a cohort study in
2011. Associations are believed to be causal and effects may be mediated by
vasoconstriction, low-grade inflammation and atherosclerosis.
29. Effects of air pollution on respiratory system
A study conducted in 1960-1961 in the wake of
the Great Smog of 1952 compared 293 London
residents with 477 residents of Gloucester,
Peterborough, and Norwich, three towns with
low reported death rates from chronic
bronchitis.
Studies have shown that in urban areas patients
suffer mucus hypersecretion, lower levels of lung
function, and more self-diagnosis of chronic
bronchitis and emphysema.
30. Effects of air pollution on cancer
Living close to busy traffic appears to be associated with elevated risks of these
three outcomes --- increase in lung cancer deaths, cardiovascular deaths, and
overall non-accidental deaths. The reviewers also found suggestive evidence that
exposure to SO2 increases mortality from lung cancer. Another investigation
showed that higher activity level increases deposition fraction of aerosol particles
in human lung and recommended avoiding heavy activities like running in
outdoor space at polluted areas.
31. Effects of air pollution on central nervous system
In a June 2014 study conducted by researchers at
the University of Rochester Medical Center, it was
discovered that early exposure to air pollution
causes the same damaging changes in the brain
as autism and schizophrenia. The study also
shows that air pollution also affected short-term
memory, learning ability, and impulsivity.
In 2015, experimental studies reported the
detection of significant episodic (situational)
cognitive impairment from impurities in indoor air
breathed by test subjects who were not informed
about changes in the air quality.
32. Economic and social aspects of air pollution
Destruction of plant and animal life
Corrosion of metals
Damage to buildings
Costing of cleaning and maintenance
and repairs and aesthetic nuisance.
Also reduces visibility in town.
Soil and damage clothings.
33. Control measures for gaseous pollutants
Combustion: This technique is applied when the pollutants are organic gases or
vapours. The organic air pollutants are subjected to 'flame combustion or catalytic
combustion' when they are converted to less harmful product carbon dioxide and a
harmless product water.
Absorption: In this method, the polluted air containing gaseous pollutants is passed
through a scrubber containing a suitable liquid absorbent. The liquid absorbs the
harmful gaseous pollutants present in air.
Adsorption: In this method, the polluted air is passed through porous solid adsorbents
kept in suitable containers. The gaseous pollutants are adsorbed at the surface of the
porous solid and clean air passes through.
34. Control measures for particulate
emissions
Mechanical Devices: It works on the basis of following:
- Gravity: In this process, the particulate settle down by the action of gravitational force and get
removed.
- Sudden change in the direction of air flow: It brings about separation of particles due to
greater momentum.
2. Fabric Filters: The particulate matter is passed through a porous medium made of woven
or filled fabrics. The particulate present in the polluted air are filtered and gets collected in
the fabric filters ,while the gases are discharged. The process of controlling air pollution by
using fabric filters is called 'bag filtration'.
35. Control measures for particulate emissions
3. Wet Scrubbers: They are used to trap
SO2,NH3 and metal fumes by passing
the fumes through water.
4. Electrostatic Precipitators: When the
polluted air containing particulate
pollutants is passed through an
electrostatic precipitator, it induces
electric charge on the particles and then
the aerosol particles get precipitated on
the electrodes.
37. Air (prevention and control of pollution) act 1981
The objective of this Act is to provide for the prevention, control and
abatement of air pollution, for the establishment, with a view to carrying
out the aforesaid purposes, of Boards, for conferring on and assigning to
such Boards powers and functions relating thereto and for matters
connected therewith.
39. What is noise?
Noise is a variety of sound. It means any
unwanted sound. Sounds, particularly loud
ones, that disturb people or make it difficult to
hear wanted sounds, are noise.
For example, conversations of other people
may be called noise by people not involved in
any of them; any unwanted sound such as
neighbours playing loud music, portable
mechanical saws, road traffic sounds, or a
distant aircraft in quiet countryside, etc.
40. Classification of noise
External noise- noise whose
sources are external.
Classified into 3 types-
- Atmospheric noises
- Extraterrestrial noises
- Industrial or man made noises
Internal noise- which get
generated within the receiver or
communication system.
Classified into 4 categories-
- Thermal noise or white noise or
Johnson noise.
- Shot noise
- Transit time noise
- Miscellaneous internal noises
41. Noise evaluation indices and basis for criteria
To properly evaluate noise exposure, both the type and level of the noise
must be characterized.
The type of noise is characterised by its frequency spectrum and its
variation as a function of time.
The level is characterised by a particular type of measurement which is
dependent on the purpose of the measurement (either to evaluate
exposure or to determine the optimum approach for noise control.)
42. Sources of noise
The source of most outdoor noise
worldwide is mainly caused
by machines and transportation
systems, motor vehicles, aircraft,
and trains.
Outdoor noise is summarized by the
word environmental noise.
Poor urban planning may give rise
to noise pollution, since side-by-side
industrial and residential buildings
can result in noise pollution in the
residential areas.
Traffic is a source of noise
pollution.
43. Health effects of noise pollution- auditory
effects
Hearing loss: The elevated sound levels cause trauma to cochlear structure in
the inner ear, which gives rise to irreversible hearing loss.
Age-related (presbycusis): Though older males exposed to significant occupational
noise demonstrate significantly reduced hearing sensitivity compared to non-
exposed peers, differences in hearing sensitivity decrease with time and the two
groups are indistinguishable by age 79. Over time, the detection of high-pitched
sound frequencies becomes more difficult. This affects speech perception. Women
exposed to occupational noise do not differ from their peers in hearing sensitivity,
although they do hear better than their non-exposed male counterparts.
45. Health effects of noise pollution
Cardiovascular effects: there is a weak correlation between long-term noise exposure
above 67-70 dB and hypertension.
More recent studies have suggested that noise levels of 50 dB(A) at night may also
increase the risk of myocardial infarction by chronically elevating cortisol production.
Fairly typical roadway noise levels are sufficient to constrict arterial blood flow and
lead to elevated blood pressure.
This may result because annoyance from the sound causes elevated adrenaline levels
triggering a narrowing of the blood vessels (vasoconstriction).
46. Health effects of sound pollution
Stress: Research commissioned by Rockwool, a UK insulation manufacturer, reveals in
the UK one third (33%) of victims of domestic disturbances claim loud parties have left
them unable to sleep or made them stressed in the last two years.
The annoyance associated with sound may need to be considered in regard to health
effects. For example, noise from airports or sudden Impulse noises are typically
perceived as more bothersome than noise from traffic of equal volume.
Annoyance effects of noise are minimally affected by demographics, but fear of the
noise source and sensitivity to noise both strongly affect the 'annoyance' of a
noise. Even sound levels as low as 40 dB(A) (about as loud as a refrigerator or library
can generate noise complaints and the lower threshold for noise producing sleep
disturbance is 45 dB or lower.
48. Child development and noise
There is a correlation between low-birthweight and high sound levels, and also
high rates of birth defects in places where expectant mothers are exposed to
elevated sound levels, such as typical airport environs.
Specific birth abnormalities included harelip, cleft palate, and defects in
the spine.
Later developmental effects occur as vasoconstriction in the mother reduces
blood flow and therefore oxygen and nutrition to the fetus.
Low birth weights and noise were also associated with lower levels of
certain hormones in the mother. These hormones are thought to affect fetal
growth and to be good indicators of protein product.
49. Cognitive development and noise
When young children are regularly exposed to levels of noise that interfere with speech,
they may develop speech or reading difficulties, because auditory processing functions
are compromised.
In a study conducted by Cornell University in 1993, children exposed to noise in learning
environments experienced trouble with word discrimination, as well as various cognitive
developmental delays.
High noise levels have also been known to damage the physical health of small children.
Children from noisy residences often have a heart rate that is significantly higher (by 2
beats/min on average) than those of children from quieter homes.
51. Effect of noise on wildlife
An impact of noise on wild animal life is the reduction of usable habitat that noisy
areas may cause, which in the case of endangered species may be part of the path
to extinction.
Noise pollution may have caused the death of certain species of whales
that beached themselves after being exposed to the loud sound of military sonar.
Noise also makes species communicate more loudly, which is called Lombard vocal
response. If creatures do not "speak" loudly enough, their voice will
be masked by anthropogenic sounds. When one species begins speaking more
loudly, it will mask other species' voice, causing the whole ecosystem eventually to
speak more loudly.
52. Effect of noise on wildlife
Marine invertebrates, such as crabs (Carcinus maenas), have also been shown to be
impacted by ship noise. Larger crabs were noted to be impacted more by the sounds
than smaller crabs. Repeated exposure to the sounds did lead to acclimatization.
European robins living in urban environments are more likely to sing at night in places
with high levels of noise pollution during the day, suggesting that they sing at night
because it is quieter, and their message can propagate through the environment more
clearly. The same study showed that daytime noise was a stronger predictor of
nocturnal singing than night-time light pollution, to which the phenomenon often is
attributed.
53. Noise mitigation
Roadway noise can be reduced by the
use of noise barriers, limitation of vehicle
speeds, alteration of roadway surface
texture, limitation of heavy vehicles, use
of traffic controls that smooth vehicle
flow to reduce braking and acceleration,
and tire design. Costs of building-in
mitigation can be modest, provided
these solutions are sought in the
planning stage of a roadway project.
The sound tube in Melbourne, Australia is
designed to reduce roadway
noise without detracting from the area's
aesthetics
54. Noise mitigation
Aircraft noise can be reduced by using quieter jet engines. Altering flight
paths and time of day runway has benefitted residents near airports.
Industrial noise has been addressed since the 1930s via redesign of industrial
equipment, shock mounted assemblies and physical barriers in the workplace.
In recent years, programs and initiatives have arisen in an effort to combat
occupational noise exposures. These programs promote the purchase of
quieter tools and equipment and encourage manufacturers to design quieter
equipment.
55. Noise regulation- legal status
Noise pollution is a major problem in India.
The government of India has rules & regulations against
firecrackers and loudspeakers, but enforcement is extremely
lax.
Awaaz (sound) Foundation is an Indian NGO working to
control noise pollution from various sources through
advocacy, public interest litigation, awareness, and
educational campaigns since 2003.
56. Awaaz foundation
Awaaz Foundation is a charitable trust and non-governmental organisation
in Mumbai, India, which builds awareness, carries out advocacy, and is involved in
educational projects to protect the environment and prevent environmental pollution.
The beneficiaries of the Foundation are the citizens of India at large.