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Air, Noise and Sound
Pollution
CHRISTA MARIA JOEL
BATCH D
ROLL NO: 25
MENTOR- DR. SUDARSHAN PAI
Objectives
 What is air pollution?
 Meteorological factors
 Global warming
 Pollutants and classification
 Sources
 Indoor air quality
 Monitoring of air pollution
 Effects on health
 Control measures
 Air act 1981
 What is noise?
 Types and sources of noise
 Noise evaluation indices
 Health effects
 Effect on wildlife
 Noise mitigation
 Noise regulation- legal status
 Awaaz foundation
Air pollution
Composition
of air
What is air pollution?
 Air pollution occurs when the air
contains gases, dust, fumes or
odour in harmful amounts. That
is, amounts which could be
harmful to the health or comfort
of humans and animals or which
could cause damage to plants
and materials.
Meteorological factors
 Wind speed and direction
 Temperature and sunlight
 Humidity
 Rain
Global warming warning system
What are pollutants?
• The substances that cause air pollution - pollutants.
• Pollutants that are pumped into our atmosphere and directly pollute the air
are called primary pollutants. Examples: carbon monoxide from car exhausts
and sulfur dioxide from the combustion of coal.
• Further pollution can arise if primary pollutants in the atmosphere undergo
chemical reactions. The resulting compounds are called secondary
pollutants. Photochemical smog is an example of this.
Air, Noise and Sound Pollution
Primary air pollutants
 Sulfur oxides (SOx) : produced by volcanoes
and in various industrial processes.
 Nitrogen oxides (NOx) -expelled from high
temperature combustion, and are also
produced during thunderstorms by electric
discharge.
 Carbon monoxide (CO) - Product
by incomplete combustion of fuel such as
natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is
a major source of carbon monoxide.
Primary air pollutants
 Volatile organic compounds (VOC) - well-known
outdoor air pollutant. Categorized as either
methane (CH4) or non-methane (NMVOCs).
 Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate
matter (PM), atmospheric particulate matter, or
fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid
suspended in a gas. In contrast, aerosol refers to
combined particles and gas.
 Persistent free radicals connected to airborne fine
particles are linked to cardiopulmonary
disease.[7][8]
 Toxic metals, such as lead and mercury, especially
their compounds.
Primary air pollutants
 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - harmful to the ozone
layer; emitted from products are currently banned
from use. These are gases which are released from air
conditioners, refrigerators, aerosol sprays, etc.
 Ammonia (NH3) - emitted from agricultural processes.
Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional
needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a
precursor to foodstuffs and fertilizers.
Primary air pollutants
 Odours — such as from garbage, sewage,
and industrial processes
 Radioactive pollutants - produced by nuclear
explosions, nuclear events, war explosives,
and natural processes such as the radioactive
decay of radon. Example- Fukushima-
Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan on 11 March
2011.
Secondary air pollutants
 Particulates are created from gaseous primary
pollutants and compounds in photochemical
smog. Smog is a kind of air pollution.
 Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and
VOCs. Ozone (O3) is a key constituent of the
troposphere. Also an important constituent of
certain regions of the stratosphere commonly
known as the Ozone layer.
 Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) - similarly formed from
NOx and VOCs.
Persistent organic pollutants
 Organic compounds that are resistant to
environmental degradation through
chemical, biological, and photolytic
processes. Because of this, they have
been observed to persist in the
environment, to be capable of long-
range transport, bioaccumulate in
human and animal tissue, biomagnify in
food chains, and to have potentially
significant impacts on human health and
the environment.
Anthropogenic or man made sources of pollution
 Stationary sources - smoke stacks of power
plants, manufacturing facilities (factories) and
waste incinerators, as well as furnaces and
other types of fuel-burning heating devices. In
developing and poor countries, traditional
biomass burning is the major source of air
pollutants; traditional biomass includes wood,
crop waste and dung.[10][11]
 Mobile sources - motor vehicles, marine
vessels, and aircraft.
Anthropogenic sources
 Controlled burn is a technique sometimes used
in forest management, farming, prairie
restoration or greenhouse gas abatement.
 Fumes from paint, hair spray, varnish, aerosol
sprays and other solvents.
 Waste deposition in landfills, which
generate methane.
 Military resources, such as nuclear weapons, toxic
gases, germ warfare and rocketry
Air, Noise and Sound Pollution
Natural sources
 Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land
with little or no vegetation
 Methane, emitted by the digestion of food
by animals, for example cattle
 Radon gas from radioactive decay within the Earth's
crust.
 Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires
 Vegetation, in some regions, emits environmentally
significant amounts of Volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) on warmer days.
 Volcanic activity, which produces sulfur, chlorine, and
ash particulates
Indoor air quality
 Radon (Rn) gas, a carcinogen, is exuded from the Earth in certain locations and
trapped inside houses.
 Building materials including carpeting and plywood emit formaldehyde (H2CO) gas.
 Paint and solvents give off volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as they dry.
 Lead paint can degenerate into dust and be inhaled. Intentional air pollution is
introduced with the use of air fresheners, incense, and other scented items.
 Controlled wood fires in stoves and fireplaces can add significant amounts of smoke
particulates into the air, inside and out.
 Indoor pollution fatalities may be caused by using pesticides and other chemical
sprays indoors without proper ventilation.
Indoor air quality
 Carbon monoxide poisoning and fatalities are often caused by faulty
vents and chimneys, or by the burning of charcoal indoors or in a
confined space, such as a tent. Chronic carbon monoxide
poisoning can result even from poorly-adjusted pilot lights. Traps are
built into all domestic plumbing to keep sewer gas and hydrogen
sulfide, out of interiors.
 Clothing emits tetrachloroethylene, or other dry cleaning fluids, for
days after dry cleaning.
 The use of asbestos in domestic environment can cause lung cancer
and other diseases.
Indoor air quality
Pets produce dander, people produce dust from minute skin flakes
and decomposed hair, dust mites in bedding, carpeting and furniture
produce enzymes and micrometre-sized fecal droppings, inhabitants
emit methane, air conditioning systems can incubate Legionnaires'
disease and mold, and houseplants, soil and surrounding gardens can
produce pollen, dust, and mold.
Air, Noise and Sound Pollution
Ambient air
 Ambient air is basically the natural state of
air in the outdoor environment, and is what
humans and animals breathe. Plants and
other organisms need it for survival, too. The
exact composition of this sort of air can vary
from place to place depending on fixed
things like elevation, as well as more flexible
things like pollution and smog. Its content
and quality are directly affected by the day-
to-day activities of humans. In turn, ambient
air quality has a direct effect on both public
health and the welfare of the Earth's
ecosystems.
Monitoring of air pollution
 To support the Air Quality Health Index (AQHI), 6 common pollutants are monitored
which includes:
 ozone
 fine particulate matter
 nitrogen dioxide
 sulphur dioxide
 carbon monoxide
 total reduced sulphur compounds
Air pollution monitoring in India
 Central Pollution Control Board is executing
a nation-wide programme of ambient air
quality monitoring known as National Air
Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP)
along with all the state pollution control
boards. The network consists of three
hundred and forty two (342) operating
stations covering one hundred and twenty
seven (127) cities/towns in twenty six (26)
states and four (4) Union Territories of the
country.
Air pollution monitoring in India
• Under N.A.M.P
., four air pollutants viz ., Sulphur
Dioxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen as NO2, Suspended
Particulate Matter (SPM) and Respirable Suspended
Particulate Matter (RSPM / PM10) have been identified
for regular monitoring at all the locations. The
monitoring of meteorological parameters such as
wind speed and wind direction, relative humidity (RH)
and temperature were also integrated with the
monitoring of air quality.
• The monitoring of pollutants is carried out for 24
hours (4-hourly sampling for gaseous pollutants and
8-hourly sampling for particulate matter) with a
frequency of twice a week, to have one hundred and
four (104) observations in a year.
Effects of air pollution on cardiovascular system
 A 2007 review of evidence found ambient air pollution exposure is a risk factor
correlating with increased total mortality from cardiovascular events.
 Air pollution is also emerging as a risk factor for stroke, particularly in
developing countries where pollutant levels are highest.] A 2007 study found
that in women, air pollution is not associated with hemorrhagic but with
ischemic stroke. Air pollution was also found to be associated with increased
incidence and mortality from coronary stroke in a cohort study in
2011. Associations are believed to be causal and effects may be mediated by
vasoconstriction, low-grade inflammation and atherosclerosis.
Effects of air pollution on respiratory system
A study conducted in 1960-1961 in the wake of
the Great Smog of 1952 compared 293 London
residents with 477 residents of Gloucester,
Peterborough, and Norwich, three towns with
low reported death rates from chronic
bronchitis.
Studies have shown that in urban areas patients
suffer mucus hypersecretion, lower levels of lung
function, and more self-diagnosis of chronic
bronchitis and emphysema.
Effects of air pollution on cancer
 Living close to busy traffic appears to be associated with elevated risks of these
three outcomes --- increase in lung cancer deaths, cardiovascular deaths, and
overall non-accidental deaths. The reviewers also found suggestive evidence that
exposure to SO2 increases mortality from lung cancer. Another investigation
showed that higher activity level increases deposition fraction of aerosol particles
in human lung and recommended avoiding heavy activities like running in
outdoor space at polluted areas.
Effects of air pollution on central nervous system
 In a June 2014 study conducted by researchers at
the University of Rochester Medical Center, it was
discovered that early exposure to air pollution
causes the same damaging changes in the brain
as autism and schizophrenia. The study also
shows that air pollution also affected short-term
memory, learning ability, and impulsivity.
 In 2015, experimental studies reported the
detection of significant episodic (situational)
cognitive impairment from impurities in indoor air
breathed by test subjects who were not informed
about changes in the air quality.
Economic and social aspects of air pollution
 Destruction of plant and animal life
 Corrosion of metals
 Damage to buildings
 Costing of cleaning and maintenance
and repairs and aesthetic nuisance.
 Also reduces visibility in town.
 Soil and damage clothings.
Control measures for gaseous pollutants
 Combustion: This technique is applied when the pollutants are organic gases or
vapours. The organic air pollutants are subjected to 'flame combustion or catalytic
combustion' when they are converted to less harmful product carbon dioxide and a
harmless product water.
 Absorption: In this method, the polluted air containing gaseous pollutants is passed
through a scrubber containing a suitable liquid absorbent. The liquid absorbs the
harmful gaseous pollutants present in air.
 Adsorption: In this method, the polluted air is passed through porous solid adsorbents
kept in suitable containers. The gaseous pollutants are adsorbed at the surface of the
porous solid and clean air passes through.
Control measures for particulate
emissions
 Mechanical Devices: It works on the basis of following:
- Gravity: In this process, the particulate settle down by the action of gravitational force and get
removed.
- Sudden change in the direction of air flow: It brings about separation of particles due to
greater momentum.
 2. Fabric Filters: The particulate matter is passed through a porous medium made of woven
or filled fabrics. The particulate present in the polluted air are filtered and gets collected in
the fabric filters ,while the gases are discharged. The process of controlling air pollution by
using fabric filters is called 'bag filtration'.
Control measures for particulate emissions
 3. Wet Scrubbers: They are used to trap
SO2,NH3 and metal fumes by passing
the fumes through water.
 4. Electrostatic Precipitators: When the
polluted air containing particulate
pollutants is passed through an
electrostatic precipitator, it induces
electric charge on the particles and then
the aerosol particles get precipitated on
the electrodes.
Air, Noise and Sound Pollution
Air (prevention and control of pollution) act 1981
 The objective of this Act is to provide for the prevention, control and
abatement of air pollution, for the establishment, with a view to carrying
out the aforesaid purposes, of Boards, for conferring on and assigning to
such Boards powers and functions relating thereto and for matters
connected therewith.
Air, Noise and Sound Pollution
What is noise?
 Noise is a variety of sound. It means any
unwanted sound. Sounds, particularly loud
ones, that disturb people or make it difficult to
hear wanted sounds, are noise.
 For example, conversations of other people
may be called noise by people not involved in
any of them; any unwanted sound such as
neighbours playing loud music, portable
mechanical saws, road traffic sounds, or a
distant aircraft in quiet countryside, etc.
Classification of noise
 External noise- noise whose
sources are external.
 Classified into 3 types-
- Atmospheric noises
- Extraterrestrial noises
- Industrial or man made noises
 Internal noise- which get
generated within the receiver or
communication system.
 Classified into 4 categories-
- Thermal noise or white noise or
Johnson noise.
- Shot noise
- Transit time noise
- Miscellaneous internal noises
Noise evaluation indices and basis for criteria
 To properly evaluate noise exposure, both the type and level of the noise
must be characterized.
 The type of noise is characterised by its frequency spectrum and its
variation as a function of time.
 The level is characterised by a particular type of measurement which is
dependent on the purpose of the measurement (either to evaluate
exposure or to determine the optimum approach for noise control.)
Sources of noise
 The source of most outdoor noise
worldwide is mainly caused
by machines and transportation
systems, motor vehicles, aircraft,
and trains.
 Outdoor noise is summarized by the
word environmental noise.
 Poor urban planning may give rise
to noise pollution, since side-by-side
industrial and residential buildings
can result in noise pollution in the
residential areas.
Traffic is a source of noise
pollution.
Health effects of noise pollution- auditory
effects
 Hearing loss: The elevated sound levels cause trauma to cochlear structure in
the inner ear, which gives rise to irreversible hearing loss.
 Age-related (presbycusis): Though older males exposed to significant occupational
noise demonstrate significantly reduced hearing sensitivity compared to non-
exposed peers, differences in hearing sensitivity decrease with time and the two
groups are indistinguishable by age 79. Over time, the detection of high-pitched
sound frequencies becomes more difficult. This affects speech perception. Women
exposed to occupational noise do not differ from their peers in hearing sensitivity,
although they do hear better than their non-exposed male counterparts.
Air, Noise and Sound Pollution
Health effects of noise pollution
 Cardiovascular effects: there is a weak correlation between long-term noise exposure
above 67-70 dB and hypertension.
 More recent studies have suggested that noise levels of 50 dB(A) at night may also
increase the risk of myocardial infarction by chronically elevating cortisol production.
 Fairly typical roadway noise levels are sufficient to constrict arterial blood flow and
lead to elevated blood pressure.
 This may result because annoyance from the sound causes elevated adrenaline levels
triggering a narrowing of the blood vessels (vasoconstriction).
Health effects of sound pollution
 Stress: Research commissioned by Rockwool, a UK insulation manufacturer, reveals in
the UK one third (33%) of victims of domestic disturbances claim loud parties have left
them unable to sleep or made them stressed in the last two years.
 The annoyance associated with sound may need to be considered in regard to health
effects. For example, noise from airports or sudden Impulse noises are typically
perceived as more bothersome than noise from traffic of equal volume.
 Annoyance effects of noise are minimally affected by demographics, but fear of the
noise source and sensitivity to noise both strongly affect the 'annoyance' of a
noise. Even sound levels as low as 40 dB(A) (about as loud as a refrigerator or library
can generate noise complaints and the lower threshold for noise producing sleep
disturbance is 45 dB or lower.
Air, Noise and Sound Pollution
Child development and noise
 There is a correlation between low-birthweight and high sound levels, and also
high rates of birth defects in places where expectant mothers are exposed to
elevated sound levels, such as typical airport environs.
 Specific birth abnormalities included harelip, cleft palate, and defects in
the spine.
 Later developmental effects occur as vasoconstriction in the mother reduces
blood flow and therefore oxygen and nutrition to the fetus.
 Low birth weights and noise were also associated with lower levels of
certain hormones in the mother. These hormones are thought to affect fetal
growth and to be good indicators of protein product.
Cognitive development and noise
 When young children are regularly exposed to levels of noise that interfere with speech,
they may develop speech or reading difficulties, because auditory processing functions
are compromised.
 In a study conducted by Cornell University in 1993, children exposed to noise in learning
environments experienced trouble with word discrimination, as well as various cognitive
developmental delays.
 High noise levels have also been known to damage the physical health of small children.
Children from noisy residences often have a heart rate that is significantly higher (by 2
beats/min on average) than those of children from quieter homes.
Air, Noise and Sound Pollution
Effect of noise on wildlife
 An impact of noise on wild animal life is the reduction of usable habitat that noisy
areas may cause, which in the case of endangered species may be part of the path
to extinction.
 Noise pollution may have caused the death of certain species of whales
that beached themselves after being exposed to the loud sound of military sonar.
 Noise also makes species communicate more loudly, which is called Lombard vocal
response. If creatures do not "speak" loudly enough, their voice will
be masked by anthropogenic sounds. When one species begins speaking more
loudly, it will mask other species' voice, causing the whole ecosystem eventually to
speak more loudly.
Effect of noise on wildlife
 Marine invertebrates, such as crabs (Carcinus maenas), have also been shown to be
impacted by ship noise. Larger crabs were noted to be impacted more by the sounds
than smaller crabs. Repeated exposure to the sounds did lead to acclimatization.
 European robins living in urban environments are more likely to sing at night in places
with high levels of noise pollution during the day, suggesting that they sing at night
because it is quieter, and their message can propagate through the environment more
clearly. The same study showed that daytime noise was a stronger predictor of
nocturnal singing than night-time light pollution, to which the phenomenon often is
attributed.
Noise mitigation
 Roadway noise can be reduced by the
use of noise barriers, limitation of vehicle
speeds, alteration of roadway surface
texture, limitation of heavy vehicles, use
of traffic controls that smooth vehicle
flow to reduce braking and acceleration,
and tire design. Costs of building-in
mitigation can be modest, provided
these solutions are sought in the
planning stage of a roadway project.
The sound tube in Melbourne, Australia is
designed to reduce roadway
noise without detracting from the area's
aesthetics
Noise mitigation
 Aircraft noise can be reduced by using quieter jet engines. Altering flight
paths and time of day runway has benefitted residents near airports.
 Industrial noise has been addressed since the 1930s via redesign of industrial
equipment, shock mounted assemblies and physical barriers in the workplace.
In recent years, programs and initiatives have arisen in an effort to combat
occupational noise exposures. These programs promote the purchase of
quieter tools and equipment and encourage manufacturers to design quieter
equipment.
Noise regulation- legal status
 Noise pollution is a major problem in India.
 The government of India has rules & regulations against
firecrackers and loudspeakers, but enforcement is extremely
lax.
 Awaaz (sound) Foundation is an Indian NGO working to
control noise pollution from various sources through
advocacy, public interest litigation, awareness, and
educational campaigns since 2003.
Awaaz foundation
Awaaz Foundation is a charitable trust and non-governmental organisation
in Mumbai, India, which builds awareness, carries out advocacy, and is involved in
educational projects to protect the environment and prevent environmental pollution.
The beneficiaries of the Foundation are the citizens of India at large.
Air, Noise and Sound Pollution

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Air, Noise and Sound Pollution

  • 1. Air, Noise and Sound Pollution CHRISTA MARIA JOEL BATCH D ROLL NO: 25 MENTOR- DR. SUDARSHAN PAI
  • 2. Objectives  What is air pollution?  Meteorological factors  Global warming  Pollutants and classification  Sources  Indoor air quality  Monitoring of air pollution  Effects on health  Control measures  Air act 1981  What is noise?  Types and sources of noise  Noise evaluation indices  Health effects  Effect on wildlife  Noise mitigation  Noise regulation- legal status  Awaaz foundation
  • 5. What is air pollution?  Air pollution occurs when the air contains gases, dust, fumes or odour in harmful amounts. That is, amounts which could be harmful to the health or comfort of humans and animals or which could cause damage to plants and materials.
  • 6. Meteorological factors  Wind speed and direction  Temperature and sunlight  Humidity  Rain
  • 8. What are pollutants? • The substances that cause air pollution - pollutants. • Pollutants that are pumped into our atmosphere and directly pollute the air are called primary pollutants. Examples: carbon monoxide from car exhausts and sulfur dioxide from the combustion of coal. • Further pollution can arise if primary pollutants in the atmosphere undergo chemical reactions. The resulting compounds are called secondary pollutants. Photochemical smog is an example of this.
  • 10. Primary air pollutants  Sulfur oxides (SOx) : produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes.  Nitrogen oxides (NOx) -expelled from high temperature combustion, and are also produced during thunderstorms by electric discharge.  Carbon monoxide (CO) - Product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide.
  • 11. Primary air pollutants  Volatile organic compounds (VOC) - well-known outdoor air pollutant. Categorized as either methane (CH4) or non-methane (NMVOCs).  Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM), atmospheric particulate matter, or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas. In contrast, aerosol refers to combined particles and gas.  Persistent free radicals connected to airborne fine particles are linked to cardiopulmonary disease.[7][8]  Toxic metals, such as lead and mercury, especially their compounds.
  • 12. Primary air pollutants  Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - harmful to the ozone layer; emitted from products are currently banned from use. These are gases which are released from air conditioners, refrigerators, aerosol sprays, etc.  Ammonia (NH3) - emitted from agricultural processes. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to foodstuffs and fertilizers.
  • 13. Primary air pollutants  Odours — such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes  Radioactive pollutants - produced by nuclear explosions, nuclear events, war explosives, and natural processes such as the radioactive decay of radon. Example- Fukushima- Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan on 11 March 2011.
  • 14. Secondary air pollutants  Particulates are created from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in photochemical smog. Smog is a kind of air pollution.  Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs. Ozone (O3) is a key constituent of the troposphere. Also an important constituent of certain regions of the stratosphere commonly known as the Ozone layer.  Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) - similarly formed from NOx and VOCs.
  • 15. Persistent organic pollutants  Organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes. Because of this, they have been observed to persist in the environment, to be capable of long- range transport, bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue, biomagnify in food chains, and to have potentially significant impacts on human health and the environment.
  • 16. Anthropogenic or man made sources of pollution  Stationary sources - smoke stacks of power plants, manufacturing facilities (factories) and waste incinerators, as well as furnaces and other types of fuel-burning heating devices. In developing and poor countries, traditional biomass burning is the major source of air pollutants; traditional biomass includes wood, crop waste and dung.[10][11]  Mobile sources - motor vehicles, marine vessels, and aircraft.
  • 17. Anthropogenic sources  Controlled burn is a technique sometimes used in forest management, farming, prairie restoration or greenhouse gas abatement.  Fumes from paint, hair spray, varnish, aerosol sprays and other solvents.  Waste deposition in landfills, which generate methane.  Military resources, such as nuclear weapons, toxic gases, germ warfare and rocketry
  • 19. Natural sources  Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little or no vegetation  Methane, emitted by the digestion of food by animals, for example cattle  Radon gas from radioactive decay within the Earth's crust.  Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires  Vegetation, in some regions, emits environmentally significant amounts of Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on warmer days.  Volcanic activity, which produces sulfur, chlorine, and ash particulates
  • 20. Indoor air quality  Radon (Rn) gas, a carcinogen, is exuded from the Earth in certain locations and trapped inside houses.  Building materials including carpeting and plywood emit formaldehyde (H2CO) gas.  Paint and solvents give off volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as they dry.  Lead paint can degenerate into dust and be inhaled. Intentional air pollution is introduced with the use of air fresheners, incense, and other scented items.  Controlled wood fires in stoves and fireplaces can add significant amounts of smoke particulates into the air, inside and out.  Indoor pollution fatalities may be caused by using pesticides and other chemical sprays indoors without proper ventilation.
  • 21. Indoor air quality  Carbon monoxide poisoning and fatalities are often caused by faulty vents and chimneys, or by the burning of charcoal indoors or in a confined space, such as a tent. Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning can result even from poorly-adjusted pilot lights. Traps are built into all domestic plumbing to keep sewer gas and hydrogen sulfide, out of interiors.  Clothing emits tetrachloroethylene, or other dry cleaning fluids, for days after dry cleaning.  The use of asbestos in domestic environment can cause lung cancer and other diseases.
  • 22. Indoor air quality Pets produce dander, people produce dust from minute skin flakes and decomposed hair, dust mites in bedding, carpeting and furniture produce enzymes and micrometre-sized fecal droppings, inhabitants emit methane, air conditioning systems can incubate Legionnaires' disease and mold, and houseplants, soil and surrounding gardens can produce pollen, dust, and mold.
  • 24. Ambient air  Ambient air is basically the natural state of air in the outdoor environment, and is what humans and animals breathe. Plants and other organisms need it for survival, too. The exact composition of this sort of air can vary from place to place depending on fixed things like elevation, as well as more flexible things like pollution and smog. Its content and quality are directly affected by the day- to-day activities of humans. In turn, ambient air quality has a direct effect on both public health and the welfare of the Earth's ecosystems.
  • 25. Monitoring of air pollution  To support the Air Quality Health Index (AQHI), 6 common pollutants are monitored which includes:  ozone  fine particulate matter  nitrogen dioxide  sulphur dioxide  carbon monoxide  total reduced sulphur compounds
  • 26. Air pollution monitoring in India  Central Pollution Control Board is executing a nation-wide programme of ambient air quality monitoring known as National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) along with all the state pollution control boards. The network consists of three hundred and forty two (342) operating stations covering one hundred and twenty seven (127) cities/towns in twenty six (26) states and four (4) Union Territories of the country.
  • 27. Air pollution monitoring in India • Under N.A.M.P ., four air pollutants viz ., Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen as NO2, Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM / PM10) have been identified for regular monitoring at all the locations. The monitoring of meteorological parameters such as wind speed and wind direction, relative humidity (RH) and temperature were also integrated with the monitoring of air quality. • The monitoring of pollutants is carried out for 24 hours (4-hourly sampling for gaseous pollutants and 8-hourly sampling for particulate matter) with a frequency of twice a week, to have one hundred and four (104) observations in a year.
  • 28. Effects of air pollution on cardiovascular system  A 2007 review of evidence found ambient air pollution exposure is a risk factor correlating with increased total mortality from cardiovascular events.  Air pollution is also emerging as a risk factor for stroke, particularly in developing countries where pollutant levels are highest.] A 2007 study found that in women, air pollution is not associated with hemorrhagic but with ischemic stroke. Air pollution was also found to be associated with increased incidence and mortality from coronary stroke in a cohort study in 2011. Associations are believed to be causal and effects may be mediated by vasoconstriction, low-grade inflammation and atherosclerosis.
  • 29. Effects of air pollution on respiratory system A study conducted in 1960-1961 in the wake of the Great Smog of 1952 compared 293 London residents with 477 residents of Gloucester, Peterborough, and Norwich, three towns with low reported death rates from chronic bronchitis. Studies have shown that in urban areas patients suffer mucus hypersecretion, lower levels of lung function, and more self-diagnosis of chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
  • 30. Effects of air pollution on cancer  Living close to busy traffic appears to be associated with elevated risks of these three outcomes --- increase in lung cancer deaths, cardiovascular deaths, and overall non-accidental deaths. The reviewers also found suggestive evidence that exposure to SO2 increases mortality from lung cancer. Another investigation showed that higher activity level increases deposition fraction of aerosol particles in human lung and recommended avoiding heavy activities like running in outdoor space at polluted areas.
  • 31. Effects of air pollution on central nervous system  In a June 2014 study conducted by researchers at the University of Rochester Medical Center, it was discovered that early exposure to air pollution causes the same damaging changes in the brain as autism and schizophrenia. The study also shows that air pollution also affected short-term memory, learning ability, and impulsivity.  In 2015, experimental studies reported the detection of significant episodic (situational) cognitive impairment from impurities in indoor air breathed by test subjects who were not informed about changes in the air quality.
  • 32. Economic and social aspects of air pollution  Destruction of plant and animal life  Corrosion of metals  Damage to buildings  Costing of cleaning and maintenance and repairs and aesthetic nuisance.  Also reduces visibility in town.  Soil and damage clothings.
  • 33. Control measures for gaseous pollutants  Combustion: This technique is applied when the pollutants are organic gases or vapours. The organic air pollutants are subjected to 'flame combustion or catalytic combustion' when they are converted to less harmful product carbon dioxide and a harmless product water.  Absorption: In this method, the polluted air containing gaseous pollutants is passed through a scrubber containing a suitable liquid absorbent. The liquid absorbs the harmful gaseous pollutants present in air.  Adsorption: In this method, the polluted air is passed through porous solid adsorbents kept in suitable containers. The gaseous pollutants are adsorbed at the surface of the porous solid and clean air passes through.
  • 34. Control measures for particulate emissions  Mechanical Devices: It works on the basis of following: - Gravity: In this process, the particulate settle down by the action of gravitational force and get removed. - Sudden change in the direction of air flow: It brings about separation of particles due to greater momentum.  2. Fabric Filters: The particulate matter is passed through a porous medium made of woven or filled fabrics. The particulate present in the polluted air are filtered and gets collected in the fabric filters ,while the gases are discharged. The process of controlling air pollution by using fabric filters is called 'bag filtration'.
  • 35. Control measures for particulate emissions  3. Wet Scrubbers: They are used to trap SO2,NH3 and metal fumes by passing the fumes through water.  4. Electrostatic Precipitators: When the polluted air containing particulate pollutants is passed through an electrostatic precipitator, it induces electric charge on the particles and then the aerosol particles get precipitated on the electrodes.
  • 37. Air (prevention and control of pollution) act 1981  The objective of this Act is to provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution, for the establishment, with a view to carrying out the aforesaid purposes, of Boards, for conferring on and assigning to such Boards powers and functions relating thereto and for matters connected therewith.
  • 39. What is noise?  Noise is a variety of sound. It means any unwanted sound. Sounds, particularly loud ones, that disturb people or make it difficult to hear wanted sounds, are noise.  For example, conversations of other people may be called noise by people not involved in any of them; any unwanted sound such as neighbours playing loud music, portable mechanical saws, road traffic sounds, or a distant aircraft in quiet countryside, etc.
  • 40. Classification of noise  External noise- noise whose sources are external.  Classified into 3 types- - Atmospheric noises - Extraterrestrial noises - Industrial or man made noises  Internal noise- which get generated within the receiver or communication system.  Classified into 4 categories- - Thermal noise or white noise or Johnson noise. - Shot noise - Transit time noise - Miscellaneous internal noises
  • 41. Noise evaluation indices and basis for criteria  To properly evaluate noise exposure, both the type and level of the noise must be characterized.  The type of noise is characterised by its frequency spectrum and its variation as a function of time.  The level is characterised by a particular type of measurement which is dependent on the purpose of the measurement (either to evaluate exposure or to determine the optimum approach for noise control.)
  • 42. Sources of noise  The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines and transportation systems, motor vehicles, aircraft, and trains.  Outdoor noise is summarized by the word environmental noise.  Poor urban planning may give rise to noise pollution, since side-by-side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential areas. Traffic is a source of noise pollution.
  • 43. Health effects of noise pollution- auditory effects  Hearing loss: The elevated sound levels cause trauma to cochlear structure in the inner ear, which gives rise to irreversible hearing loss.  Age-related (presbycusis): Though older males exposed to significant occupational noise demonstrate significantly reduced hearing sensitivity compared to non- exposed peers, differences in hearing sensitivity decrease with time and the two groups are indistinguishable by age 79. Over time, the detection of high-pitched sound frequencies becomes more difficult. This affects speech perception. Women exposed to occupational noise do not differ from their peers in hearing sensitivity, although they do hear better than their non-exposed male counterparts.
  • 45. Health effects of noise pollution  Cardiovascular effects: there is a weak correlation between long-term noise exposure above 67-70 dB and hypertension.  More recent studies have suggested that noise levels of 50 dB(A) at night may also increase the risk of myocardial infarction by chronically elevating cortisol production.  Fairly typical roadway noise levels are sufficient to constrict arterial blood flow and lead to elevated blood pressure.  This may result because annoyance from the sound causes elevated adrenaline levels triggering a narrowing of the blood vessels (vasoconstriction).
  • 46. Health effects of sound pollution  Stress: Research commissioned by Rockwool, a UK insulation manufacturer, reveals in the UK one third (33%) of victims of domestic disturbances claim loud parties have left them unable to sleep or made them stressed in the last two years.  The annoyance associated with sound may need to be considered in regard to health effects. For example, noise from airports or sudden Impulse noises are typically perceived as more bothersome than noise from traffic of equal volume.  Annoyance effects of noise are minimally affected by demographics, but fear of the noise source and sensitivity to noise both strongly affect the 'annoyance' of a noise. Even sound levels as low as 40 dB(A) (about as loud as a refrigerator or library can generate noise complaints and the lower threshold for noise producing sleep disturbance is 45 dB or lower.
  • 48. Child development and noise  There is a correlation between low-birthweight and high sound levels, and also high rates of birth defects in places where expectant mothers are exposed to elevated sound levels, such as typical airport environs.  Specific birth abnormalities included harelip, cleft palate, and defects in the spine.  Later developmental effects occur as vasoconstriction in the mother reduces blood flow and therefore oxygen and nutrition to the fetus.  Low birth weights and noise were also associated with lower levels of certain hormones in the mother. These hormones are thought to affect fetal growth and to be good indicators of protein product.
  • 49. Cognitive development and noise  When young children are regularly exposed to levels of noise that interfere with speech, they may develop speech or reading difficulties, because auditory processing functions are compromised.  In a study conducted by Cornell University in 1993, children exposed to noise in learning environments experienced trouble with word discrimination, as well as various cognitive developmental delays.  High noise levels have also been known to damage the physical health of small children. Children from noisy residences often have a heart rate that is significantly higher (by 2 beats/min on average) than those of children from quieter homes.
  • 51. Effect of noise on wildlife  An impact of noise on wild animal life is the reduction of usable habitat that noisy areas may cause, which in the case of endangered species may be part of the path to extinction.  Noise pollution may have caused the death of certain species of whales that beached themselves after being exposed to the loud sound of military sonar.  Noise also makes species communicate more loudly, which is called Lombard vocal response. If creatures do not "speak" loudly enough, their voice will be masked by anthropogenic sounds. When one species begins speaking more loudly, it will mask other species' voice, causing the whole ecosystem eventually to speak more loudly.
  • 52. Effect of noise on wildlife  Marine invertebrates, such as crabs (Carcinus maenas), have also been shown to be impacted by ship noise. Larger crabs were noted to be impacted more by the sounds than smaller crabs. Repeated exposure to the sounds did lead to acclimatization.  European robins living in urban environments are more likely to sing at night in places with high levels of noise pollution during the day, suggesting that they sing at night because it is quieter, and their message can propagate through the environment more clearly. The same study showed that daytime noise was a stronger predictor of nocturnal singing than night-time light pollution, to which the phenomenon often is attributed.
  • 53. Noise mitigation  Roadway noise can be reduced by the use of noise barriers, limitation of vehicle speeds, alteration of roadway surface texture, limitation of heavy vehicles, use of traffic controls that smooth vehicle flow to reduce braking and acceleration, and tire design. Costs of building-in mitigation can be modest, provided these solutions are sought in the planning stage of a roadway project. The sound tube in Melbourne, Australia is designed to reduce roadway noise without detracting from the area's aesthetics
  • 54. Noise mitigation  Aircraft noise can be reduced by using quieter jet engines. Altering flight paths and time of day runway has benefitted residents near airports.  Industrial noise has been addressed since the 1930s via redesign of industrial equipment, shock mounted assemblies and physical barriers in the workplace. In recent years, programs and initiatives have arisen in an effort to combat occupational noise exposures. These programs promote the purchase of quieter tools and equipment and encourage manufacturers to design quieter equipment.
  • 55. Noise regulation- legal status  Noise pollution is a major problem in India.  The government of India has rules & regulations against firecrackers and loudspeakers, but enforcement is extremely lax.  Awaaz (sound) Foundation is an Indian NGO working to control noise pollution from various sources through advocacy, public interest litigation, awareness, and educational campaigns since 2003.
  • 56. Awaaz foundation Awaaz Foundation is a charitable trust and non-governmental organisation in Mumbai, India, which builds awareness, carries out advocacy, and is involved in educational projects to protect the environment and prevent environmental pollution. The beneficiaries of the Foundation are the citizens of India at large.