How to implement auxiliary verbs in HPSG.

1. AUXILIARY V ERBS
BASIC A NALYSIS OF AUXILIARY V ERBS IN HPSG
Maria Cieschinger, Anton Flügge, Hannes Schulz, Claudia
Thiessen
University of Osnabrück, Department of Cognitive Science
Feb 1st , 2005
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 1 / 19

2. O UTLINE
1 F EATURES OF AUXILIARIES
2 AUXILIARIES IN HPSG
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 2 / 19

3. W HY ARE AUXILIARIES I NTERESTING ?
Most extensively analyzed, because:
In all languages (→ Universal Grammar)
Closed word class
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 3 / 19

4. W HAT ARE AUXILIARIES ?
Express notions of H ELPING WORDS
Time (will) Be, do, have
Necessity (must) M ODALS
Possibility (could) Can, could, may, might, must,
shall, should, will, would
Obligation (should)
Permission (may)
...
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 4 / 19

5. F EATURES OF AUXILIARIES
E XAMPLE : AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality M ORE E XAMPLES
Determination of form of Kim could have attended. . .
following verb
Kim could attend. . .
Precedence of non-aux verb
Kim attends. . .
Possibility of coocurrence
(fixed order) * Kim could have being. . .
No iteration of auxiliaries of * Kim could have been attend. . .
given type
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 5 / 19

6. F EATURES OF AUXILIARIES
E XAMPLE : AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality M ORE E XAMPLES
Determination of form of Kim could have attended. . .
following verb
Kim could attend_. . .
Precedence of non-aux verb
Kim attends. . .
Possibility of coocurrence
(fixed order) * Kim could have being. . .
No iteration of auxiliaries of * Kim could have been attend. . .
given type
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 5 / 19

7. F EATURES OF AUXILIARIES
E XAMPLE : AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality M ORE E XAMPLES
Determination of form of * Kim attending . . . could have.
following verb
* Kim could attending . . . been.
Precedence of non-aux verb
Possibility of coocurrence
(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries of
given type
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 5 / 19

8. F EATURES OF AUXILIARIES
E XAMPLE : AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality M ORE E XAMPLES
Determination of form of * Kim have could been. . .
following verb
* Kim been have could. . .
Precedence of non-aux verb
* Kim could been have. . .
Possibility of coocurrence
(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries of
given type
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 5 / 19

9. F EATURES OF AUXILIARIES
E XAMPLE : AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality M ORE E XAMPLES
Determination of form of * Kim could would have been. . .
following verb
* Kim could have had been. . .
Precedence of non-aux verb
* Kim could have been being. . .
Possibility of coocurrence
(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries of
given type
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 5 / 19

10. C HOMSKY ’ S CFG
CFG-RULE E XAMPLE
S → NP AUX VP; AUX → (M)(PERF)(PROG)
S
NP AUX VP
Kim M PERF PROG attending the reception
could have been
Problem: No account for determination of form of following verb and
not compatible with HPSG structures.
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 6 / 19

11. F EATURES OF AUXILIARIES
E XAMPLE : AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality M ORE E XAMPLES
Determination of form of Kim could have attended. . .
following verb
Kim could attend. . .
Precedence of non-aux verb
Kim attends. . .
Possibility of coocurrence
(fixed order) * Kim could have being. . .
No iteration of auxiliaries of * Kim could have been attend. . .
given type
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 7 / 19

12. O PTIONALITY
verb-lxm
 
srv-lxm
srv-lxm    
 

ARG-ST SPR 1 
 1,
  

COMPS
ic-srv-lxm auxv-lxm  
auxv-lxm
 
 
SYN HEAD AUX +
But what about the following verbs form?
* Kim could have attending
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 8 / 19

13. O PTIONALITY
verb-lxm
 
srv-lxm
srv-lxm    
 

ARG-ST SPR 1 
 1,
  

COMPS
ic-srv-lxm auxv-lxm  
auxv-lxm
 
 
SYN HEAD AUX +
But what about the following verbs form?
* Kim could have attending
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 8 / 19

14. F EATURES OF AUXILIARIES
E XAMPLE : AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality M ORE E XAMPLES
Determination of form of Kim could have attended. . .
following verb
Kim could attend_. . .
Precedence of non-aux verb
Kim attends. . .
Possibility of coocurrence
(fixed order) * Kim could have being. . .
No iteration of auxiliaries of * Kim could have been attend. . .
given type
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 9 / 19

15. D ETERMINATION OF F ORM OF F OLLOWING V ERB
Specification of complement VP in the lexical entry:
2 3
auxv-lxm auxv-lxm
2 3
6SYN [HEAD [FORM fin]] 7 6 2 2 3 3 7
6
6
7 6
6 verb 7
7
2 2 3 7
33 7 6HEAD 6AUX + 7
6 2 6 6 6 7 7 7
6
6 * 6 verb 7
7 7
6
6SYN 6 4 5
7
7
7
7
6 7+
6SYN 6HEAD 6INF - AGR 0
6 77 7
7 6 6 7 7
6 6 7 7
6ARG-ST X,
6 6 4 4 57 7
5 7 6 4 5 7
FORM base 7 7
* 6 7 + 6 7
VAL [SPR <[AGR 0 ]>]
6 6 6 7
6 4 5 7
can, 6 7 6 7
6 SEM [INDEX s2 ] 7 * 6
6 2 2 3 7
3 7 +
HEAD [PRED +]
6 7
be, 6
6 7 6 7
INDEX s1
6 2 3 7 * 6 quot; 7 7
# +
6 7 6 6SYN 6 7 7
SPR <3> 7 7
6 6 7
3,
6 6 2 3 7 7 6ARG-ST 6 4VAL 7
5 7
6 * RELN can + 7 6 7 7
COMPS <>
6 7 6
6SEM
6 6 7 7 6 6 7 7
7
4SIT s1 5 5
6 6RESTR 6 7 7 7 6 4 5 7
SEM [INDEX s]
4 4 5 6 7
ARG s2
6 7
6 7
6 2 3 7
2 3
6
6 MODE prop 7
7
auxv-lxm 4SEM
6 6
4INDEX s
7
5
7
5
RESTR <>
6 2 2 quot; #3 7
3
6 7
6SYN 4HEAD verb
6 * +7
6 7
5 7
6ARG-ST
6
X,
6
6 FORM psp 7 7
7 7
E XAMPLE
* 6 4 5 7+
6 7
6 SEM [INDEX s2 ] 7
have, 6
6
7
7
INDEX s1 Kim could have been attending the
6 2 3 7
6 7
6 6 2 3 7 7
* RELN have +
reception.
6 6 7 7
6SEM
6 6 7 7
7
4SIT s1 5 5
6 6RESTR 6 7 7 7
4 4 5
ARG s2
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 10 / 19

16. F EATURES OF AUXILIARIES
E XAMPLE : AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality M ORE E XAMPLES
Determination of form of * Kim attending . . . could have.
following verb
* Kim could attending . . . been.
Precedence of non-aux verb
Possibility of coocurrence
(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries of
given type
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 11 / 19

17. P RECEDENCE OF N ON -AUX V ERB
Why do auxiliary verbs always precede the non-auxiliary verb?
Verbs do not take AUX as complements
AUX are no modifiers
AUX do take verbs as complements
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 12 / 19

18. F EATURES OF AUXILIARIES
E XAMPLE : AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality M ORE E XAMPLES
Determination of form of * Kim have could been. . .
following verb
* Kim been have could. . .
Precedence of non-aux verb
* Kim could been have. . .
Possibility of coocurrence
(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries of
given type
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 13 / 19

19. P OSSIBILITY OF C OOCURRENCE IN F IXED O RDER
E XAMPLE SENTENCE
Kim could have been attending the reception.
2 3
auxv-lxm
6SYN [HEAD [FORM fin]]
6 7
7
6 2 2 33 7
6 2 3 7
6
6 verb 7
6 * 6 6
6SYN 6HEAD 6INF 77+7
777 7
6 4 - 557 7
6ARG-ST X,6
6 4 7 7
* 6
6 6 FORM base 7 7+
4 5 7
can, 6
6 7
6 SEM [INDEX s2 ] 7
7
6 2 3 7
6 7
6
6 INDEX s1 7
7
6 6 2 7
3 7 7
6 6 * RELN can +7 7
6SEM 6
6 7 7
6
6 6RESTR 4SIT
6
s1 5
7 7 7
7
4 4 5 5
ARG s2
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 14 / 19

20. P OSSIBILITY OF C OOCURRENCE IN F IXED O RDER
E XAMPLE SENTENCE
Kim could have been attending the reception.
2 3
auxv-lxm
6 2 7
6 2
quot; #33 7
6SYN 4HEAD verb
6 * +7
6 57 7
6 7
6ARG-ST X,6
6 FORM psp 7 7
7 7
6 4 5 7+
* 6
6 SEM [INDEX s2 ] 7
have, 6
6 7
2 3 7
INDEX s1
6 7
6 7
6 6 7 7
6 2 3 7 7
6 6 * RELN have +7 7
6SEM 6
6 7 7
6
6 6RESTR 4SIT
6
s1 5
7 7 7
7
4 5
ARG s2
4 5
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 14 / 19

21. P OSSIBILITY OF C OOCURRENCE IN F IXED O RDER
E XAMPLE SENTENCE
Kim could have been attending the reception.
2 3
auxv-lxm
6 2 2 3 3 7
6
6 verb 7
7
6 7
6HEAD 4AUX + 5
6 6 7 7
6 7 7
6SYN 6 7 7
6
6
6
4 AGR 0 7
5
7
7
6 7
6
6 VAL [SPR <[AGR 0 ]>] 7
7
* 6 2 2 3 7+
3 7
6
6 HEAD [PRED +] 7
be, 6 * 6 6 quot; #77+7
6
6 6SYN 6 SPR < 3 > 77 7
7
6ARG-ST 3,
6 4VAL 57 7
COMPS <>
6 6 7 7
6 6 7 7
6 4 5 7
6
6 SEM [INDEX s] 7
7
6 2 3 7
6 7
6
6 MODE prop 7
7
6SEM 4INDEX s 5
6 7 7
4 5
RESTR <>
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 14 / 19

22. P OSSIBILITY OF C OOCURRENCE IN F IXED O RDER
E XAMPLE SENTENCE
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 14 / 19

23. F EATURES OF AUXILIARIES
E XAMPLE : AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality M ORE E XAMPLES
Determination of form of * Kim could would have been. . .
following verb
* Kim could have had been. . .
Precedence of non-aux verb
* Kim could have been being. . .
Possibility of coocurrence
(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries of
given type
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 15 / 19

24. N O I TERATION
E XAMPLE
S[fin]
Kim VP[fin]
Iteration is not possible:
form of following verb
VP[base]
quot; #
given FORM fin
AUX +
following form always
different from current VP[psp]
quot; #
FORM base
could AUX +
one
VP[prp]
quot; #
FORM psp
have AUX +
attending the office
been
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 16 / 19

25. S UMMARY
Features of auxiliaries can be represented in HPSG.
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 17 / 19

26. N O I TERATION
E XAMPLE
S[fin]
Kim VP[fin]
VP[base]
quot; #
FORM fin
AUX +
VP[psp]
quot; #
FORM base
could AUX +

27. N O I TERATION
VP[base]
quot; #
FORM fin
AUX +
VP[psp]
quot; #
FORM base
could AUX +
VP[prp]
quot; #
FORM psp
have AUX +
attending the office
been

28. D ETERMINATION OF F ORM OF F OLLOWING V ERB
Specification of complement VP in the lex
2
auxv-lxm au
2 3
6SYN [HEAD [FORM fin]] 7 6
6
6 7 6
6 2 2 3 7
3 7 6
6 2 3
6
6 verb 7 6
6SY
* 6
6SYN 6HEAD 6INF 77 7
7+
-
6 6 77 7 6
4 57 7 6
6ARG-ST X,
6 6 4 5 7 6
FORM base 7 7
* 6 7 + 6
6 6 6
6 4 5 7
can, 6 7 6
6
6 SEM [INDEX s2 ] 7
7
* 6
6
be, 6
6 7 6
INDEX s1
6 2 3 7
6 7 6
6 7 6
6 6 2
* RELN can +
3 7 7 6AR
6 7 6
6SEM
6 6 7
7 7 7 6
4SIT s1 5 5
6 6RESTR 6 7 7 6
4 4 5 6
ARG s2
6
6
6
6
2 3 6
auxv-lxm 6SE
4
6 2 2 quot; 3
#3 7
6 7
6SYN 4HEAD verb
6 * +7
6 57 7

29. 6 6 7 7 6
6 4 5 7
D ETERMINATION OF F ORM OF F OLLOWING V ERB
6 7 6
6 7 * 6
6 7 6
be, 6
6 7 6
INDEX s1
6 2 3 7
6 7 6
6 7 6
6 6 2
* RELN can +
3 7 7 6AR
6 7 6
6SEM
6 6 7 7 6
7
6RESTR SIT s1 5 7
6 6 7 7 6
4 4 4 5 5 6
ARG s2
6
6
6
6
2 3 6
auxv-lxm 6SE
4
6 2 2 quot; #3 7
3
6 7
6SYN 4HEAD verb
6 * +7
6 7
5 7
6ARG-ST
6
X,
6
6 FORM psp 7 77 7
E
6 4 5 7
* 6
6 SEM [INDEX s2 ]
7
7
+
XAM
have, 6
6 7
7
INDEX s1 Kim c
6 2 3 7
6 7
6 6 2 3 7 7
* RELN have +
recep
6 6 7 7
6SEM
6 6 7 7
7
4SIT s1 5 7
6 6RESTR 6 7 7
4 4 5 5
ARG s2

30. D ETERMINATION OF F ORM OF F OLLOWING V ERB
2 3
auxv-lxm
3
7 6 2 2 3 3 7
7 6
6 verb 7
7
3 7
3
6HEAD 6AUX + 7
3 7 6 6 6 7 7 7
7 6 7 7
7 7
7+ 6SYN 6 4 5 7 7
AGR 0
77 7
7 7 6 6 7 7
57
5 7 6 6 7 7
7 + 6 4 5 7
6 7
VAL [SPR <[AGR 0 ]>]
7 7 6 7
5 7 6 7
7
7 * 6 2 2 3 7
3 7+
6
HEAD [PRED +]
7
be, 6
7 6 7
7 * 6 quot; #7 7
7+
7 6 6SYN 6 7 7
7
7
6
6ARG-ST 3,
6 6
4VAL SPR <3> 7 7
7
5 7
6 7 7
7
7
6
6 6 COMPS <> 7 7
7 6 4 5 7
SEM [INDEX s]
5 6 7
6 7
6 7
6 2 3 7
3
6
6 MODE prop 7
7
6SEM
4INDEX s
6 7 7
4 5 5
3 7 RESTR <>
3
7
+7
7
5 7
7 7
7 7