1.
indirect interactions

2.
net interactions are not just sum of positive and negatives
advance to practical understanding

3.
indirection interactions
are changes in outcome
when presence of third species
changes strength or
direction of interaction

4.
challenge to test

5.
Apparent competition
Indirect facilitation
Exploitative competition and facilitation
Associational resistance
Trophic cascades
Shared defense

6.
Web of Science Search
Google Scholar
Scopus
490

7.
hypotheses

8.
apparent competition &
indirect facilitation in
grasslands and forests
more complexity
less stress

9.
trophic levels

10.
number of target species

11.
single target species with indirect interactions inferred
75% of studies used less than 5 target species

12.
research gap: plant pollinator interactions the least studied

13.
research gap: biocontrols & release of invaders

14.
implications: indirection interactions
(i) promote stability
(ii) generate intransitive networks
(iii) produce higher complexity

15.
more benign = more complex chains of interactions
more stress = more indirect effects with a lower energetic cost
ecosystem-level implications:

16.
trophic cascades

17.
vibrant data for social good