slides to go with LAZ CL4 module 1 listening Contemporary Italian History

1. CL4/LAZ: Language and Culture for Business Module 1: Italian Culture and Business Prof. Peter Cullen www.cl4englishlistening.wordpress.com

2. Introduction to Language, Culture and Business in Italy Why language, culture and business? International communication Modes in the English case: EFL ESL CLIL Since WWII the Italian economy has become increasingly involved in a US dominated global economy. But – English is not only for the English! Wall Street

3. Introduction to Language, Culture and Business in Italy Millions of non-native speakers use English frequently. It is a lingua franca – or global language It facilitates global interaction in politics, economics and culture BUT – communication is CULTURAL!!! Business MUST understand culturally contextualised MEANING!!!

4. Introduction to Language, Culture and Business in Italy For example: A contract means different things in different places – In the US – formal product to govern a relationship In Italy, formal recognition of a continuing relationship In Iraq – it is the formal recognition of the beginning of a relationship

5. Introduction to Language, Culture and Business in Italy How can we understand cultural contexts in business? 1° - WHAT IS LANGUAGE? 2° - WHAT IS CULTURE? 3° - WHAT IS BUSINESS? All of these are PROCESSES that form part of human behaviour.

6. What is Language? The language process uses a code to communicate a message from a producer to a receiver – but: Each variable depends on its relationship to the other variables for understanding to happen. Producer code message communication receiver understanding Feedback loop at each stage

7. Introduction to Language, Culture and Business in Italy Culture operates with a similar process. It includes language, but also: Physical relationships with the internal and external environments (mind – body, nature – nurture) based on the sensory perception Psychological perception, processing, memory and physical activation

9. What is the role of culture in society? People are socially dependent. Social dependency requires communication of some form to: Establish behaviour – NORMS Reinforce accepted or functional behaviour Learn boundaries of acceptance/refusal The learning feedback loop makes culture active: It is the ways in which a society establishes, reinforces, and limits its behaviours within the group.

10. What is the role of culture in the economy? The concepts and actions that we define as “economic” are bound by culture. What are some concepts of “economy” and “business”?

11. What is the role of culture in the economy? Concepts: Production cost exchange Distribution price trade/exchange Consumption return value All of these concepts involve the learning feedback loop. Some of them directly involve a relationship to the physical world. Some of them are abstractions created for the purpose of understanding the physical world.

12. What is the role of culture in the economy? Value: The establishment of value is abstract, fluxuating, and dependent on the cultural feedback loop. It combines primary necessity with utility (abstract) Today, we use money to establish value. Luca Fantacci – money is: a means of exchange a measure of value a reserve of value All dependent on the cultural feedback loop.

13. What is the role of culture in society? TIME: a dependent variable The concept of time measures the rate of change. It is a tool. Tools are objects invented by man to interact with the internal and external environment. i.e. Memory/activity requires time production, distribution, consumption require time The approach to time is fundamental in economics

14. What is the role of culture in the economy? “ Time is money” – an american concept This is not true in real terms, but the metaphor guides american business practices. Can American concepts of time, expressed and learned in their business practices, be applied in other parts of the world – such as Italy? Why? Why not? How? Why is this an important question for Italians?

15. What is the role of culture in the economy? Answers to these questions are fundamental to success in business. Finding functional answers requires cultural contextualisations of relationships. contractual, informal, communications consumption, service... History can help find explanations of culturally specific behaviour in different regions. i.e. America is not Italy – why?

16. Abu-Lughud’s 13° Century World System

23. Soil Characteristics in Italy

25. U.S. Bureau of the Census

27. Grain Harvest in the Marches (1950’s)

28. Threshing Grain (1940’s)

29. Water Powered Flour Mill

30. Baking Equipment (1950’s)

31. The Cattle Market (1939)

32. A Land-owner on His Horse

33. Womens’ Work?

34. Mens’ Work? (transhumance)

35. Field Accomodations for Migrant Labourers in Northern Lazio

36. Pressing Wine

37. Italy Compared to World Manufacturing Output

38. European Infrastructure and Demography 1870

39. Italy at Unification, 1866-1870

41. Colonial Empires 1850-1945

43. Urban Landscape in 1900: Salt and Tabacco Monopolies, The Bar

46. The Italian Campaign in the North 1915 - 1917

47. The Italian Campaign at the End of the War - 1918

48. Imperial Interests in North Africa - WWI

65. The Geography of the Allied Advance in WWII

66. The Gothic Line 1944

68. Export Growth 1820-1992 1602 17,784 2350 612 3853 2090 1071 494 1992 128 210 225 97 126 149 35 100 1950 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1913 24 3 13 - 39 31 18 31 1870 3 - 1 - 7 4 4 3 1820 Export Volume Index (1913 = 100) World Japan USA Russia Italy France Germany UK Territory

70. European Per Capita GDP Growth: 1820-1992

71. Industrial Production of Central/Northern Italy 1440-1990 (x 1 million)

72. Price-Production Index 1440-1990

73. Per-capita Production 1440-1990

78. Population of Italy 1771-1991 (x1000)

83. Expansion of Turin - Roman Period to 1971

85. Land Use in Italy 1972

86. Distribution of Labour 1961-1981

88. Population of Italy 1972

89. Italian Rail Network 2007

90. Regional Industrial Production 1972

92. Global Distribution of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises per 1000 People

93. World Transnational Parent Company Presence 1993-2005

94. Scale of Multinational Corporations a -1990 - 2005, b -Q3 2006 a b

95. FIAT: The Agnelli Empire (reported 2006) Dicembre G. Agnelli and Co. IFI IFIL FIAT Group “ Cascaded Companies A shares B shares 31.2% of votes 53% of votes* 65% of votes 30.3% of votes 3% of votes *% of extraordinary meeting votes – they hold all votes otherwise

109. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

110. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

111. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

112. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

113. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

114. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

115. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

116. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

117. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

118. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

119. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

120. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

121. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

122. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

123. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

124. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

125. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

126. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

127. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

128. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

129. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

130. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

131. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

132. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

133. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

134. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

135. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

136. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

137. Italy at the Crossroads: Challenges in the 21° Century

139. Global CO2 Increase 1950-1999 NOAA

144. Intensive Crop Agriculture 1999

145. Per Capita Water Use (2000 – cubic metres/year)

150. The Ex-Granary of Urbino 2007

151. Urbino: Population Expansion to the Suburbs 1985-2007

152. Urbino: Problems of Industry in the Appennine Foothills

153. Urbino: Problems of Urban Infrastructure

154. Urbino: Mixed Suburban and Industrual Areas – The Valleys

155. Urbino: Problems of Urban Infrastructure – Walled Towns and Parking