Emerging Sustainable Technologies Overview

• Emerging Sustainable Technologies - Elodie Lecadre, Engie Research, Lead Scien4ﬁc Advisor
• CCU & Molecules - Jan Mertens , Engie Research, Chief Science Oﬃcer (En)
• Ra9onals behind CCUS and Direct Air Capture - Grégoire Leonard, Associate Professor,
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Liège
• CCU & heavy process industries - Jean-Yves Tilquin, Carmeuse, Group R&D Director & Vice-
President CO2 Value Europe

2
Introduction - TWEED
•  Networking between industrial or commercial companies and others actors
of sustainable energy sectors
•  Reactive and proactive approaches in order to stimulate new projects
•  Set-up technical support and management of projects
•  Promote networking by organizing specific events, general meetings,
workshops, bilateral meetings, face-to-face meetings, visits to companies,...
•  Develop synergies with other actors of sustainable energy sectors
(clusters,...)
•  Local and international promotion of members.
•  Carrying out industry, technical, market and economic studies on
sustainable energy sector
•  Participation in Regional/European/International projects
Cluster TWEED

Mission : Créer et animer des écosystèmes économiques pour catalyser, accélérer des
processus et des projets d’innovation de la transition environnementale dans les
domaines de GreenWin
G R E E N W I N
P ô l e d e c o m p é t i t i v i t é d e l ’ i n g é n i e r i e
c h i m i q u e , d e s m a t é r i a u x e t d e l a
c o n s t r u c t i o n d u r a b l e

FEUILLE DE ROUTE 2020-2025 - 11
THEMATIQUES
NEUTRALITÉ CARBONE
> Minéralisation du CO2 dans les déchets de démolition
> Carbon Capture & Use - par voie chimique
> Stockage de l’énergie (et smart grids)
CONSTRUCTION DURABLE
> Efficacité énergétique des bâtiments
> Construction modulaire
> Circularité dans la construction
> Économie de la fonctionnalité dans la construction
CHIMIE VERTE
> Chimie biosourcée
> Circularité des plastiques
VALORISATION DES RESSOURCES
> Substitution des sables dans les bétons
> Valorisation des sites en assainissement

TWEED : A vos agendas
Cluster TWEED
5

Cluster TWEED
6

Cluster TWEED
7

Cluster TWEED
8

Cluster TWEED
9

TWEED : Opportunité, Plan Relance
Cluster TWEED
10

Cluster TWEED
11

28/01/21
Cluster TWEED
12

Programme

•  10H30 : Accueil TWEED & GreenWin
•  10H40 : 11H10 : Emerging Sustainable Technologies - Elodie Lecadre , Engie
Research, Lead Scientific Advisor
•  11H10-11H40 : CCU & Molecules - Jan Mertens , Engie Research, Chief
Science Officer (En)
•  11H40 : Rationals behind CCUS and Direct Air Capture - Grégoire Leonard ,
Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Liège
•  12H00 : La transformation du CO2 comme option pour les industries
émettrices du CO2 - Jean-Yves Tilquin , Carmeuse, Group R&D Director &
Vice-President CO2 Value Europe
•  12H20 : Q&A et next steps
•  12H30 : End
Cluster TWEED
13

www.clustertweed.be
Cluster TWEED
Rue Natalis 2 • 4020 Liège • Belgique
Contacts :
Cédric Brüll • Directeur • cbrull@clustertweed.be
Paul Bricout • Gestionnaire de projets & responsable communication • pbricout@clustertweed.be
Renaud Dachouffe • Développement de projets • rdachouffe@clustertweed.be

An overview of the
Emerging Sustainable
Technologies document 2020
Cluster TWEED and Green Win, 2nd of February 2021
Elodie Le Cadre Loret, Jan Mertens, Jean-Pierre Keustermans, Monique Créach
Research
©
Adobe
Stock
/
Freepik

Emerging Sustainable Technologies
Present a selection of emerging
technologies that:
Impact energy today
Very likely will impact energy in future
May impact energy directly or indirectly even
though today they seem far away from our
current and ‘planned’ future activities…
Objective of this document
2
So where possible link is made with
our activities but not always
straightforward TODAY…
Energy
Today
Energy
In the
future
Emerging
technologies

3
©
Adobe
Stock
©
DNVL
Sustainable catalysts as
energy transition
enablers
Hydrothermal
gasification of biomass
and waste
Pyrogasification of
waste (Solid Recovered
Fuel)
Cybersecurity and
biomimicry
Green ammonia and
green fertilizer
Direct Air Capture for a
circular carbon
economy
Power-to-proteins
Multi-purpose offshore
platforms
Small Modular Nuclear
©
Paul
Box
Pumped Hydro
Compressed Air

Direct Air
Capture for a
circular carbon
economy
©
AdobeStock

SYSTEM
Fans are processing air
through large contactor arrays
PROCESS
Cyclic process: absorption on
materials and desorption by heat
MATERIALS
Contactor: solvent or
solid sorbent
CO2 capture from the air: myth or reality?
Technology wise, a reality
Carbon dioxide can be removed from ambient air through chemical processes based
on acid-base reactions. Direct Air Capture (DAC) is comparable to the respiratory
system or the photosynthesis.
Direct Air Capture for a circular carbon economy
SYSTEM
The system moves the
air to the process
Tree
PROCESS
The process releases captured
gases from the material
Photosynthesis
MATERIALS
Where the chemistry happens:
capacity and selectivity
Chlorophyll
Amine
based
Non-amine
Liquid adsorbent
and regeneration
at high T°C
(900°C)
Solid adsorbent
and regeneration
at low T°C
(80-100 °C)
5
Modified from Source [6]
Sources [6], [7]

200 m
6 m
Why capture from the air when there are so many
concentrated CO2 sources?
Advantages
DAC can capture the CO2 emitted by decentralized
sources (e.g. transport)
It can be decentralized towards sites that offer a
cheap source of renewable electricity and heat
Deployed closed to CO2 storage sites, DAC becomes a
Negative Emission Technology (NET)
Its modular construction means many of them can be
built which can drive down cost
Direct Air Capture for a circular carbon economy
Challenges
CO2 in the atmosphere is highly
diluted (~400 ppm):
Large energy footprint
Cost
Large land footprint
These challenges can be
overcome by:
Contactor development
Low carbon energy, such as
waste heat in the case of low
temperature DAC
DAC with storage can be a NET, next to bio-CCS, carbon soiling, reforestation
14 units
of these
Petra Nova – 1.4 Mt CO2/year
115 m tall, 20 m large absorber
Capture
the same
amount of
CO2 as this
6
Modified from Source [9] Sources [8], [9]

©
climeworks.com
Roadmap < 2015 2015- 2020 2025 2030
Prototype Pilot Demo Commercial
Tons/year 1 1000 10,000 > 1,000,000
Proof Material Technology Economics Profit & Impact
CO2 capture from the air: myth or reality?
Next 5-10 years a major milestone to go from myth to reality
The leading DAC technology developers are all striving for the first large scale demonstration where the economics and technology
performances will be proven in an integrated business model (Enhanced Oil Recovery,e-fuels). 2025 will be a major milestone for DAC.
Direct Air Capture for circular carbon economy
7
Source [7]

Sustainable
catalysts as
energy transition
enablers
©
AdobeStock

Its performance is driven by:
• Its composition (nature of the metal, enzyme…)
• Structure / morphology / microstructure
• Type and nature of support
• Immobilization method
Catalysis is a key enabling technology for energy transition
Sustainable catalysts as energy transition enablers
Metallic Ni supported on YSZ ceramic
Production of syngas by Solid Oxide
Electrolysis (SOEC) at High
Temperature
CO2 hydrogenation into
methanol
Metallic Cu catalyst
Thermocatalytic conversion
Comparison of activation energy with
(green) and without (red) a catalyst
H2O
H2 production from water
electrolysis
H2
O2
H2O
Pt/IrO2 catalyst
Water electrolysis
Biocatalytic conversion
9
Sources [28], [29], [30], [31]
A catalyst is specific for each final product, reaction conditions and type of process

Platinum group metal (PGM) catalysts dominate today’s
applications
10
CHALLENGES
Even at high production volumes, the PGM catalyst is expected to represent a significant part of the fuel cell cost.
The wide development of electrochemical processes, that bridge the molecule-based economy with a green electricity
production should avoid the intensive use of PGM materials. As such, a large scientific effort is devoted to the development of low-
PGM and PGM-free catalysts.
Developments of new catalytic materials with improved performance are focused on composition and microstructure.
2018 PEMFC Stack Cost Breakdown Platinum group metal
Illustration of the microstructure of a low PGM catalyst
Sources [32], [33]
Ru
Ruthenium
101.07
Rh
Rhodium
102.91
Pd
Palladium
106.42
Os
Osmium
190.23
Ir
Iridium
192.22
Pt
Platinum
195.08

Fe
Iron
55.845
Ni
Nickel
58.693
Cu
Copper
63.546
Ru
Ruthenium
101.07
Rh
Rhodium
102.91
Fossil fuel feedstock
Harsh reaction conditions
Low process flexibility
Low catalyst activity
Abundant and cheap materials
Renewable feedstock
Mild reaction conditions
Higher process flexibility
Higher catalyst activity
Rare and expensive materials
Renewable feedstock
Mild reaction conditions
High process flexibility
High catalyst activity
Non-transition metals
Conventional catalysts Alternative catalysts Tomorrow’s catalysts
H2
N2
NH3
+
300-600°C
150-250 bar
CH4
H2
CO
+
CH3OH
400-600°C
5-20 bar
H2
CO
+
H2
N2
NH3
+
<400°C
<20 bar
H2
CO2
CH4
+
125°C
2 bar
250-300°C
50-100 bar
Pd
Palladium
106.42
<250°C
<30 bar
H2
CO2
+ CH3OH
Li
Lithium
6.941
H2
N2
NH3
+
250°C
10 bar
K
Potassium
39.098
Cs
Cesium
132.91
Na
Sodium
22.989
…
11
Sources [34], [35]

Demonstration
Future catalyst will have to be based on earth-abundant
materials and will require to work at moderate pressure
and temperature ultimately
The biocatalytic approach could allow the convergence of both approaches
ADVANTAGES
Mimicking the reactions taking place in
living organisms, biocatalysis has many
attractive features in the context of
green and sustainable chemistry:
Mild reaction conditions: ambient
temperature and pressure
High flexibility
Efficient
Highly selective
Sustainable : biodegradable catalyst
(enzyme)
CHALLENGES
Recycling biocatalysts
Development of more stable
biocatalysts according to two different
approaches:
- Keep wild type organisms / enzymes and
select organisms that live
in extreme environments as these will
be naturally more stable.
- Engineer it using genetic tools
Formate dehydrogenase
with focus on the active
site of Mo for the CO2
reduction into formate
12
Source [36]
Demonstration
Over the last few years, an acceleration of ENGIE’s
involvement in pilot and demonstration has been witnessed
North-C-Methanol
Methanol
Thermocatalytic
hydrogenation
45000 t/y
Power-to-Methanol
Methanol
Thermocatalytic
hydrogenation
8000 t/y
Power-to-gas
Hycaunais
E- methane
Bioconversion
H2 electrolyser @ 1MWe

Power-to-proteins
©
AdobeStock

Commonly used microorganisms are hydrogenotrophs like Cupravidius necator, Rhodococcus opacus or Hydrogenobacter
thermophiles. These bacteria oxidize hydrogen in anaerobic conditions to power their metabolism and accumulate proteic
biomass at high rates (kg/m³.h scale)
Power-to-protein concept for food/feed production: a process that decompartmentalize energy, biology and agriculture sectors.
Power-to-proteins approach consists in the production of a
protein-rich material by bacterial cultures using electrolytic
H2 as energy source
Power-to-proteins
Haber Bosch
Nitrogen
Renewable
Energy
Carbon capture and
utilization from industrial
point sources
Reactive Nitrogen
Water
electrolysis
CO2
In-reactor microbial
based biomass
production
Human food as meat
replacement
Protein supplement for
livestock and
aquaculture
The cells are processed for separation
of the aqueous medium through
centrifugation/mechanical press/heat
drying and/or a combination of those.
H2
O2
14
Source [37]

Food for astronauts?
Power-to-proteins was actually initially
developed for that application by NASA and
still viewed as a long-distance space
exploration enabler
Parameter Animal based Vegetable based Microbial
Land footprint High and only
arable
Medium and only arable
Low and can be
barren
Water use High High Low
Greenhouse gases
footprint
High Medium Low
Production time Days to years,
non seasonal
Months, seasonal
Days, non
seasonal
Proteic efficiency Low Low High
Nutrients
environment
spillover
Large, linked to
vegetal feed
needs
Large, through N
emissions when
fertilisers are applied
Close to 0
Resilience towards
climate change Low due to ecosystems change
High as it is
decoupled from
the environment
Pesticide and
antibiotics use
Yes No
Sterile
environment
No No Yes
Comparison of animal, vegetable and bioconversion protein production pathways.
This no-brainer protein production pathway remains
to be demonstrated economically at scale and
socially accepted
CHALLENGES:
Foremost challenge is to make it renewable and economical as
hydrogen is the main cost
Social acceptance of eating a microbe or eating meat produced on
microbes.
Power-to-proteins
The
“Close loop”
carbon cycle
15
Sources [38], [39]

A dynamic portfolio of start-ups developing the subject at
different stages and with different focuses. Oil and gas as
well as electricity utilities are partnering
16
Power-to-proteins
In partnerships with
Start-ups

Similarities with the
informatics wave?
Actors in the field sometimes compare this
evolution to the computer and IT revolution
that occurred the past decades as both show
impressive growth and several similar
concepts
The steadily growing biotech economy is experiencing
an ever growing momentum pulled by key enabling
technologies to harness biology without wasting resources
17
Biotechnologies have been ever rising since a couple of decades through 3 main different
sectors: industrial, pharmaceutical and agricultural applications.
Stronger development is observed due to several factors:
Dropping DNA sequencing costs to access massive information
Artificial intelligence (especially machine learning) developments to manage the
massive amount of data
CRISPR/Cas9 development, a genetic editing tool to screen large number of precisely
edited mutants
Laboratory increasing automatization capacity
“Blank” chassis “Evolutionary” based
chassis
Constructed by modules (parts)
Behavior code based
Non self replicative Self coding and self
replicative
Possible contamination by external code
Similarities with IT exists but fundamental differences
©
Alexander
Heinel/Picture
Alliance/DPA
Nobel Price in
Chemistry
2020:
Emmanuelle
Charpentier
and Jennifer
Doudna.
Power-to-proteins
Sources [40], [41], [42]

Conclusions

Conclusions
23
Energy
Today
Energy
In the
future
2050
2030
Selected indicators to reach net-zero emissions by 2050 through technology
Source [3]

Let's collaborate to reach carbon neutrality!
Our Emerging Sustainable Technologies document 2020 is on-line
Feel free to contact us @
jan.mertens@engie.com / elodie.lecadre@engie.com
Research
https://www.engie.com/en/news/report-emerging-sustainable-
technologies

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hydrogen-production-into-deep-water-the-dolphyn-project-7780776/>
[63] Neptune Energy, 2020. DEME adds windfarm expertise to PosHYdon hydrogen pilot.
<https://www.neptuneenergy.com/media/press-releases/year/2020/deme-adds-windfarm-
expertise-neptunes-poshydon-hydrogen-pilot>
25

©
Adobe
Stock
/
Freepik
engie.com

RESTRICTED INTERNAL SECRET
Cluster Tweed presentation February 2021
Why the carbon neutral energy
transition will imply the use of lots
of carbon?
Jan Mertens
Chief Science Officer @ ENGIE
Visiting Professor @ Ugent
Thursday 2 February 2021

February 2021
Engie & Engie Research
3 pathways towards Carbon neutrality
• Increase energy efficiency and increase circularity where waste becomes a feedstock
• Electrify as much as possible (far beyond electric cars)
• The need for molecules: (green) hydrogen and synthetic hydrocarbons
Conclusion
1
2
3

February 2021
More than half of the emission reduction will have to come from technologies that are
today not mature: Innovation and R&D are crucial and need to speed up!
Fatih Birol, IEA September 2020: ‘CCUS, Batteries and H2 are today where PV was 10 years ago.
GOVERNMENT need to support their development now!’

February 2021
Biomass
gasification
Gaya
France Belgium
Solar-H2
panels
France
OPV for
Buildings
Heliatek
Global
Bifacial Solar
testing
Chile
Decentralized
Energy System
for Islands
Singapore
Floating Wind
turbine
High Altitude
Airborne Wind
Portugal Germany
Battery
Storage
Pilots are key for ENGIE and a large part of the research budget
France
Belgium
H2 co-
combustion in
gas turbine
H2 injection in
natural gas grid
France
High
temperature
SOEC/SOFC
France
Power to
methane
US
Supercritical
CO2 cycle
France
Solar cooling

3 pathways towards
Carbon neutrality

(i) Increase energy efficiency and increase
circularity where waste becomes a feedstock

A renewable fuel to
generate heat (hot water
or steam) and electricity
(CHP) on site
Biogas is purified to be injected into the gas grid for
industrial and domestic uses, such as heating or
cooking
Biogas
Digestate
Is used as natural fertilizer
Organic waste goes
through an anaerobic
fermentation process
which produces
digestate and biogas.
2. Anaerobic Digestion
Organic waste are collected and
transported to the methanization site
1. Collection
3. Upgrade
4. end-uses
Biomethane is
considered carbon-
neutral
CO2 from the atmosphere is
captured by organic waste used
to produce biomethane
Its combustion produces
biogenic C02 emissions
Compensation effect: almost
no impact on greenhouse gas
emissions.
1 RGGO = 1 MWh green
gas injected
©Engie BU GEM

(ii) Electrify as much as possible (far beyond
electric cars)

January 2021
Making sure all our electricity generation is green is crucial but is not sufficient as it
will only reduce our overall emissions by 38 %.
Industry, transport and building account for half of emissions today! (IEA, ETP 2020)

January 2021
We must not only build new clean aluminum, cement, iron and steel, chemical, … plants BUT
must address emissions from EXISTING infrastructure since many assets are still young!
CCUS and H2 will be required.

January 2021
Belgian’s federal planning bureau estimated that even in the deep electrification scenario
(electrify as much as possible also in industry), molecules and import of renewable Energy
remain important
88
(2018)
Import of renewable
energy remains
important and both
scenarios do not
diverge
(much) in terms of their
annual net import
position in 2050: 29.4
TWh in ‘Diversified
Energy Supply’ and 29.0
TWh in ‘Deep
Electrification’

(ii) Electrify as much as possible (far beyond
electric cars)
(iii) The need for molecules: (green) hydrogen and
synthetic hydrocarbons

GN
Pyrolysis H2
Cracking of methane under the effect
of heat separating H2 from solid carbon
SMR-CCS H2
Reforming of natural gas to
produce H2 associated with the
capture and storage of CO2.
Renewable H2
Electrolytic process breaking
down water into dioxygen and
hydrogen, using electricity
from green sourcing By product H2
Produced from other
industrial processes
H2 Storage
Nat Gas
Nat Gas
CO2
CO2
@Engie BU GEM

January 2021
How to transport or store 10kWh of energy?
≈ 13.3 L of H2
(20°C, 350 bar), gas
≈ 7.7 L of H2
(20°C, 700 bar), gas
≈ 4.2 L of H2
(-250°C, 1 bar), liquid
≈ 3.1 L of NH3
≈ 1.7 L of CH4
≈ 1.1 L of Diesel
≈ 27 L of battery electricity
* Mertens, J., R. Belmans and M. Webber, 2020. Why the carbon neutral transition will imply
the use of lots of carbon. C-Journal of Carbon research, 6 (39), 1-8

January 2021
How to transport renewable energy ?
Discrepancy between where people live

January 2021
How to transport renewable energy ?
Discrepancy between where people live and abundant solar resources

January 2021
It will be AND hydrogen AND methane AND methanol AND FT
fuels AND ….
Ram M., Galimova T., Bogdanov D., Fasihi M., Gulagi A., Breyer C., Micheli M., Crone K. (2020). Powerfuels in a Renewable Energy World - Global volumes, costs, and trading 2030 to 2050. LUT University
and Deutsche Energie-Agentur GmbH (dena). Lappeenranta, Berlin.

January 2021
R&D
Pilot
Demonstration
(2014 - …)
Thermocatalytic hydrogenation
H2 electrolyser (2 * 0.5 MWe)
H2 electrolyser (1 Nm3/h -15 bar)
Formic acid
DME
E-methane
E-methanol
Port of Antwerp
CCU Hub Ghent
H2 electrolyser @ 63 MWe
E-methanol
Hycaunais
Methycentre
E- methane
Engie ecosystem
BU-GEN, BU-H2, BU-MESCAT
STORENGY AXIMA
ENGIE Impact ENGIE Disruption
GRTgaz TRACTEBEL
ELENGY GEM
GRDF ENGIE Research
E-methane
Bioconversion
H2 electrolyser @ 1MWe
H2 electrolyser @ 250 kWe
Charleroi E-methane
Bioconversion
HyNetherlands
100 MW (2024/2025)

February 2021
• Energy efficiency and circular economy are first crucial steps towards carbon neutrality
• Electrification using renewable electricity of many processes (beyond electrical vehicles) is a good idea!
• Hydrogen is difficult to store and move → where possible, direct and local use
• Turning hydrogen into another molecule (e.g. synthetic hydrocarbon like methane, methanol, …) makes
transporting its energy possible and we have existing infrastructure to do so!
• CCU makes sense:
• So carbon will play an important role in the carbon neutral energy transition!

1
Rationals behind CCUS & DAC
Grégoire LEONARD
February 2, 2021

Outline
1. How big is the CO2 challenge?
2. Carbon Capture
3. Storage and/or re-use?
4. Perspectives
2

The energy transition is on-going…
www.carbontracker.org
It has to address 2 objectives in contradiction:
◼ Limit GHG emissions
◼ Meet the worldwide increasing energy demand!
3

Meeting the increasing demand is already a
challenge in itself!
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020.
4
5%
6.5%
4.3%
27%
24.2%
33%

CO2 Budget
IPCC, SR15 (2018).
1010
500
299
36
1850-1999
2000-2015
Carbon budget
1-year emissions
Budget by 2050 for having 80% chances to stay below 2°C
Note: Values in Gt CO2 eq
5

At european level…
The EU Green Deal
◼ Carbon neutrality by 2050
◼ - 55% CO2 by 2030
6

CCUS forecasts
◼ CCUS = Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage
7
IEA, 2020. https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-technology-perspectives-2020

CO2 capture
◼ It’s a question of fluid separation!
❑ Sources usually contain CO2, N2, H2O, H2, CH4, O2 …
❑ CO2 concentration varies between 0.04% and almost 100%
❑ Mature (exist for >50 years) & flexible, but cost only!
9

CO2 separation technologies
◼ Avoid fluid mixtures
◼ Absorption
❑ Physical
❑ Chemical
◼ Adsorption
◼ Membranes
◼ Cryogenic separation
◼ Others…
Threshold value ~15 vol-% in flue gas,
or 4 bar of P_CO2
10

CO2 capture thermodynamics
◼ Thermodynamic study on energy costs and penalties
12
Energy 103 (2016), 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.02.154

CO2 capture benchmark – Power sector
IEAGHG, 2019. Further assessment of emerging CO2 capture technologies
for the power sector and their potential to reduce costs 13

Focus: research at ULiège
◼ Modeling and optimization of processes
◼ Stability of chemical solvents
IC: -4%
Split flow: -4%
LVC: -14%
Léonard et al., 2014&2015. DOI:10.1021/ie5036572, DOI:
10.1016/j.compchemeng.2015.05.003 14
VOC emissions
CAPEX (corrosion)
OPEX: viscosity, altered properties…

15
PROCURA ETF: Decision support tool
The appropriate CO2 capturing method
Engineering Economics Environment
Absorption Adsorption Membrane Cryogenic Looping
Goal:
Criteria:
Technology:
TRL
Capture
rate
CO2 avoided
cost
CAPEX/
OPEX
LCA
Safely/
Acceptance
KPI:

Direct Air Capture (DAC)
◼ Negative CO2 emissions
❑ BECCS or DAC
K.S. Lackner, CNCE ASU, 2017.
16

Direct Air Capture
◼ Motivations
❑ Address non-concentrated CO2 emissions
❑ Close the carbon cycle of synthetic fuels
❑ Reduce the need for transporting CO2
◼ No Nimby effect, you can go wherever you want, incl.
close to use or storage sites
❑ Long-term considerations: remove C from the atmosphere
❑ Cost mostly due to sorbent regeneration, not from air
contacting
❑ Sorbent regeneration has similar cost whatever the CO2
concentration in the gas stream
www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1108765109
DOI: 10.1140/epjst/e2009-01150-3 17

Direct air capture
◼ ~ 410 ppm in the air
❑ Adsorption / Absorption
❑ Temperature-swing, moisture-swing
❑ Expected costs vary between 100 and 800 $/ton
Wang et al, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 6670–6675, 2011
engineering.asu.edu/cnce 18

Cost of CO2 capture
◼ Estimated cost for different industries
❑ Opex ~75% of the cost
Leeson et al, 2017, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.03.020
Abu-Zahra M., 2009. Carbon dioxide capture from flue gas. PhD
Thesis at the Technical University of Delft, The Netherlands
19

CO2 market
◼ European Emissions Trading System (ETS)
◼ CO2 price now reaches > 30 €/t!
https://ember-climate.org/data/carbon-price-viewer/
20

21
3. Storage and/or re-use of CO2 ?

Storage is state-of-the-art
◼ Potential for storage exceeds by far the needs
❑ 5000 – 25 000 GtCO2 vs. ~ 2000 GtCO2
❑ Pure storage: ~ 5 Mtpa
❑ Capture and EOR: ~ 30 Mtpa in 2016
◼ Storage costs ~7-30 USD/t, large infrastructure costs needed!
22
Global CCS Institute 2017
doi: 10.3389/fclim.2019.00009

Northern lights
◼ Norway, off-shore field, saline aquifer
◼ Up to 5 Mt CO2/y
https://northernlightsccs.eu/en
23

Porthos
◼ Rotterdam, off-shore depleted gas field
◼ 2.5 Mt CO2/y
24

Antwerp@C
◼ No storage capacity offshore of Belgium
❑ Antwerp@C studies the infrastructure for connection to Norway
and The Netherlands
❑ => Pipelines, intermediate storage, liquefaction unit…
25

CO2, waste or feedstock?
◼ Sequestration or re-use?
❑ Consider CO2 as a resource, not as waste
◼ CO2 re-use potential up to ~ 4 – 16 Gtpa
◼ So far, sources for CO2 are high-purity ones
❑ Industrial (Ethanol, Ammonia, Ethylene, Natural gas…)
❑ Natural (Dome)
26
40 000
120
44
80
244
Main uses of CO2 (Mtpa)
World emissions
Urea
EOR
Others
Global CCS Institute. Global Status of CCS 2016: Summary Report.
Koytsumpa et al, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2017.07.029

Main CO2 re-use pathways
◼ Direct use, no transformation
◼ Biological transformation
◼ Chemical transformation
❑ To lower energy state
◼ Carbonatation
❑ To higher energy state
◼ Fuels
◼ Chemicals
◼ …
=> At large scale, need to make sure that energy comes
from renewables!
27
Frenzel et al, 2014. Doi:10.3390/polym6020327

28
Federation of Researchers in Innovative
Technologies for CO2 Transformation
Perspective ULiège: FRITCO2T platform
www.chemeng.uliege.be/fritco2t

29
4. Conclusions and perspectives

State of technology CCUS
◼ Capture of CO2
❑ Mature but limited application yet
◼ Storage
❑ Commercially applied (mostly EOR)
◼ Re-use
❑ Maturity depends on technology, from TRL 1 to 9
◼ Big acceleration due to Paris COP21 agreement and environmental
urgency
❑ European Green Deal
30

Perspective
31
IEA, 2020. https://www.iea.org/reports/ccus-in-clean-energy-transitions

Perspective
◼ We live in a carbon-based society, with very good reasons for that !
◼ A CO2 neutral future is in sight with passionating (and huge)
challenges for engineers!
32
Martens et al., (2017) The Chemical Route to a CO2‐neutral world, ChemSusChem
Saeys (2015), De chemische weg naar een CO2-neutrale wereld, Standpunt KVAB

33
Thank you for your attention!
g.leonard@uliege.be
chemeng.uliege.be

CARBON CAPTURE
& UTILISATION (CCU)
CCU … a key option for heavy process
industries
Vice-Président
Jean-Yves
Tilquin
Group R&D Director

1.CCU … CVE ?
2.CCU vs CCS
mitigation potential and models
3.Challenges and solutions for the
process industry
4.The key role of Power to gas
AGENDA

4
CCU : capturing and transforming CO2 into a variety of
value-added products

The only EU association fully
dedicated to CCU…
We cover all the value chain…
CO2 Value Europe : Who are we ?
Big companies, SME, Start-ups, Clusters, Research Centers and Universities
6
EN AMONT
Raffineries,
distribution
infrastructure &
marchés des
produits CCU
EN AVAL
PRODUITS
TECHNOLOGIES
DE CONVERSION

7
CO2 VALUE EUROPE ….2013 – 2016 SCOT PROJECT

20
Multinational
Industry Leaders
Albioma, Carmeuse,
CRH, DEME, Drax, EEW,
Engie, HeidelbergCement,
Indaver, Keppel Seghers,
Lhoist, Mitsuibishi, PKN
Orlen, Saipem, Solvay,
Suez, Terega, Total,
Uniper, Veolia
20
5
25
Clusters
Axelera,
Euraenergie
e-PURE,
GreenWin,
Port of Antwerp
Research
Organisations
ACIB, CEA, DIFFER, EPFL,
Fraunhofer, ICIQ, IFP-EN, KIT, LEAP,
LEITAT, Nova Institute, NOVA.ID.FCT,
Sotacarbo, Swerim, Tecnalia, TNO,
U Bologna, UC Louvain, U Gent,
U Liège, U Mons,
U Sevilla, U Surrey,
VITO, VTT 8
Facts & Figures
✓ Founded: Nov 2017
(Greenwin Scot project
2014-2016)
✓ 70 members and
growing
✓ Seen by EU
authorities as
legitimate rep. of
CCU community
✓ Attracting interest from
all over the globe
✓ Creating a completely
new business, turning
CO2 into real products
Specialised SMEs
ACP, AirCapture, Atmostat,
Avantium, Carbon8, Carbon Clean
Solutions, Climeworks, CRI, Econic,
EnviroAmbient, Hydrogenics,
Hysytech, IC2R, IDENER,
Lanzatech, Nordic Blue Crude,
Orbix, Svante, Sunfire,
Zeton
CO2 Value Europe, la communauté des pionniers du CCU !

2. CCU vs CCS
mitigation potential
and models

10
CCU MODELS
Novel carbon capture and utilization technologies
Research and climate aspects
SAPEA Evidence Review Report No. 2 (2018)

11
Long Term Strategy Options
CCS
CCU
European Commission (2018). Supplementary information: In-depth analysis in support of the Commission Communication COM(2018)

12
CO2 capture and storage or reuse (2050)
European Commission (2018). Supplementary information: In-depth analysis in support of the Commission Communication COM(2018)

3. Challenges and solution
for the process industry

14
EU 28 Industrial direct emissions(2015)
and decarbonizing solutions
European Commission (2018). Supplementary information: In-depth analysis
in support of the Commission Communication COM(2018)

4. The key role of Power to gas?

16
Maximum potential of conversion of CO2(EU)
Novel carbon capture and utilization technologies
Research and climate aspects
SAPEA Evidence Review Report No. 2 (2018)

17
Why Power to Gas : energy storage

18
Why Power to Gas : existing infrastructure

19
Why Power to Gas : limited asset modification
EU Reference Scenario 2016 - Energy, transport and GHG emissions Trends to 2050

20
Why Power to Gas : limited asset modification

21
E-methane project in Wallonia

22
E-methane project in Wallonia

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