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Chapter 4
 Operating Systems and File
        Management
Computer Concepts 2012
4 Chapter Contents
     Section A: Operating System Basics
     Section B: Today’s Operating Systems
     Section C: File Basics
     Section D: File Management
     Section E: Backup Security




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management   2
4 FastPoll True/False Questions
        Answer A for True and B for False
     040100 An operating system manages a computer’s
      resources such as the processor, RAM, and storage space.
     040200 Multithreading provides process and memory
      management services that allow two or more tasks, jobs, or
      programs to run simultaneously.
     040300 GUI stands for ―graphic usability icons.‖
     040400 A bootstrap program is a popular type of application
      software.
     040500 During a computing session, the operating system is
      executed from RAM.


Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management                3
4 FastPoll True/False Questions
        Answer A for True and B for False
     040600 The Windows kernel is the same as the Mac OS
      kernel.
     040700 Macs featured a graphical user interface before
      PCs.
     040800 Boot Camp is a dual boot utility for Macs.
     040900 Mac files have a data fork and a resource fork.
     041000 Fedora, Ubuntu, and SUSE are Linux distributions.
     041100 A disk partition is basically a folder.




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management                 4
4 FastPoll True/False Questions
        Answer A for True and B for False
     041200 A file specification is also called a path.
     041300 Windows Explorer is a file management utility.
     041400 Disks are formatted into tracks and sectors.
     041500 Time Machine is synchronization software used for
      backup on Macs.
     041600 To repopulate a new hard disk from an incremental
      backup, you have to first restore a full backup.
     041700 A boot disk contains a complete copy of your
      computer’s hard disk as it existed when the computer was
      new.


Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management                 5
4
                                                   SECTION   A
        Operating System Basics
     Operating System Activities
     User Interfaces
     The Boot Process




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management             6
4 Question
    042100 A computer handles many tasks
     simultaneously. Which one of the following refers to
     the processor’s ability to handle multiple tasks,
     rather than the operating system’s ability to do so?
      – A. Multi-core
      – B. Multitasking
      – C. Multithreading
      – D. Multiprocessing


Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management            7
4 Operating System Activities
     An operating system is a type of system software that acts
      as the master controller for all activities that take place within
      a computer system




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management                       8
4 Operating System Activities




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management   9
4 Operating System Activities
     Multitasking provides process and memory management
      services that allow two or more tasks, jobs, or programs to
      run simultaneously
     Within a single program, multithreading allows multiple
      parts, or threads, to run simultaneously
     An operating system’s multiprocessing capability supports a
      division of labor among all the processing units




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management                10
4 Operating System Activities
     Operating System Categories
      – Single-user operating system
      – Multiuser operating system
      – Server operating system
      – Desktop operating system




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management   11
4 User Interfaces
     The combination of hardware and software that helps people
      and computers communicate with each other




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management               12
4 User Interfaces
     Menus, submenus, and dialog boxes




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management   13
4 The Boot Process
     During the boot process, the operating system kernel is
      loaded into RAM
       – The kernel provides essential operating system services
     Your computer’s small bootstrap program is built into special
      ROM circuitry housed in the computer’s system unit




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management                  14
4 The Boot Process




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management   15
4
                                                   SECTION   B
        Today’s Operating Systems
     Microsoft Windows
     Mac OS
     UNIX and Linux
     DOS
     Handheld Operating Systems




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management             16
4 Question
     042200 Today’s popular operating systems include Windows, Mac
      OS, Linux, Android, and Google Chrome. Each has strengths and
      weaknesses that are important to understand. Which of the
      following statements is correct?
       – A. Google Chrome is built on the Windows kernel, so it is ideal
          for netbooks because it has good resistance to malware.
       – B. If you don’t like the user interface for Windows but want to
          run the vast variety of Windows software, you can install Linux.
       – C. Linux and Mac OS have a reputation for being more stable
          than Windows.
       – D. Windows includes software called Boot Camp that allows
          PCs to boot into different operating systems, such as Mac OS,
          Linux, Chrome, and Android.
Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management                        17
4 Microsoft Windows




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management   18
4 Mac OS




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management   19
4 Mac OS




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management   20
4 Mac OS
     Popular virtual machine software such as VMware and
      Parallels Desktop can run on most computers with Intel
      microprocessors, including Intel Macs, PCs, and generic
      Linux computers




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management                21
4 UNIX and Linux
     The UNIX operating system was developed in 1969 at
      AT&T’s Bell Labs
       – Dependable in multiuser environments
     Linux is an operating system distributed along with its source
      code under the terms of a GPL (General Public License)
       – A Linux distribution is a download that contains the Linux
         kernel, system utilities, applications, and an installation
         routine




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management                  22
4 UNIX and Linux




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management   23
4 DOS
     Disk Operating System
     First operating system that many used




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management   24
4 Handheld Operating Systems




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management   25
4
                                                   SECTION   C
        File Basics
     File Names and Extensions
     File Directories and Folders
     File Formats




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management             26
4 Question
    042300 Suppose a friend sends you a file called
     Twain.dll. From the file name, what can you
     deduce?
      – A. That it is a word processing document,
        probably about Mark Twain.
      – B. That you should be able to open it using
        Microsoft Word.
      – C. That the file extension makes it a virus.
      – D. That it is a support program file, perhaps part
        of the device driver for your scanner.
Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management             27
4 File Names and Extensions
     You must adhere to file-naming conventions when saving
      files
       – Maximum length
       – Prohibited characters
       – No reserved words
       – Case sensitivity
     File extensions are usually
      related to the file format
       – Native file format



Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management               28
4 File Directories and Folders
     To designate a file’s location, you must first specify the
      device where the file is stored
       – The main hard disk usually is referred to as drive C
     A disk partition is a section of hard disk drive that is treated
      as a separate storage unit
       – Partitions can be assigned drive letters
       – Partitions are not the same as folders




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management                         29
4 File Directories and Folders
     An operating system maintains a directory for each storage
      disk,CD, DVD, BD, or USB flash drive
       – Root directory
       – Subdirectory
          • Depicted as folders
     A computer’s file location is defined by a file specification, or
      path




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management                      30
4 File Formats
     A file format refers to the organization and layout of data that
      is stored in a file
     The format of a file usually includes a header, data, and
      possibly an end-of-file marker
       – A file header is a section of data at the beginning of a file
          that contains information about a file
     A file extension does not really define the format of a file




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management                     31
4 File Formats
     A software application can open files that exist in its native
      file format, plus several additional file formats




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management                       32
4 File Formats




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management   33
4
                                                   SECTION   D
        File Management
     Application-based File Management
     File Management Utilities
     File Management Metaphors
     Windows Explorer
     File Management Tips
     Physical File Storage




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management             34
4 Question
     042400 Before donating your computer to a charitable
      organization, you can make sure your personal data cannot
      be accessed from the hard disk by:
       – A. Deleting any files that contain personal data.
       – B. Deleting files containing personal data and then
         emptying the Recycle Bin or Trash.
       – C. Deleting all the files and folders on your computer’s
         hard disk.
       – D. Deleting all files and folders and then using file
         shredder software.


Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management                    35
4 Application-Based File
        Management
     Applications typically provide a way to open files and save
      them in a specific folder on a storage device




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management                    36
4 Application-Based File
        Management




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management   37
4 File Management Utilities
     File management
      utilities show you the
      files stored on your
      disks and help you work
      with them




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management   38
4 File Management Metaphors
     Storage metaphors help you visualize and mentally organize
      the files on your disks
       – Logical storage models




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management               39
4 Windows Explorer




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management   40
4 Windows Explorer
     Windows Explorer allows you to
      manipulate files and folders in the
      following ways:
       – Rename
       – Copy
       – Move
       – Delete
     Windows offers a set of preconfigured
      personal folders, such as My Documents
      and My Music, for storing your personal
      data files

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management   41
4 File Management Tips
     Use descriptive names
     Maintain file extensions
     Group similar files
     Organize your folders from the top down
     Consider using default folders
     Use Public folders for files you want to share
     Do not mix data files and program files




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management       42
4 File Management Tips
     Don’t store files in the root directory
     Access files from the hard disk
     Follow copyright rules
     Delete or archive files you no longer need
     Be aware of storage locations
     Back up




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management   43
4 Physical File Storage
     The physical storage model describes what happens on the
      disks and in the circuits
       – Storage media must be formatted before it can store files
          • Formatting utilities divide the disk into tracks and
            sectors




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management                 44
4 Physical File Storage




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management   45
4 Physical File Storage
     The file system keeps track
      of the names and locations
      of files
       – NTFS
            • Master File Table
              (MFT)




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management   46
4 Physical File Storage
     Deleting a file changes the status of that file’s clusters to
      empty and removes the file name from the index file
       – The file’s data is still there
       – File shredder software overwrites ―empty‖ sectors with
         random 1s and 0s
     Files in the Windows Recycle Bin and similar utilities can be
      undeleted




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management                  47
4 Physical File Storage
     Fragmented files are stored in noncontiguous clusters and
      decrease performance
     Defragmentation utilities rearrange files so that they are
      stored in contiguous clusters




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management                   48
4
                                                   SECTION   E
        Backup Security
     Backup Basics
     File Copies and Synchronization
     System Synchronization
     File and System Backup
     Bare-metal Restore and Virtual Machines




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management             49
4 Question
     042500 Copying important data files from your computer’s
      hard disk to an optical disk or flash drive is a simple way to
      back up data. It is not a total backup solution, however. Why
      not?
       – A. You cannot restore these files to a new hard disk
         without the activation codes.
       – B. The backup is bootable, but it won’t start your
         computer if the hard disk fails.
       – C. You have not backed up your programs or your
         personal settings.
       – D. You have not backed up the restore points needed to
         reconfigure the Windows Registry for a new hard disk.
Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management                   50
4 Backup Basics
     A backup stores the files needed to recover data that’s been
      wiped out by operator error, viruses, or hardware failures




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management                 51
4 Backup Basics
     Your backup schedule depends on how much data you can
      afford to lose
     You should run an up-to-date virus check as the first step in
      your backup routine
     The backup device you select depends on the value of your
      data, your current equipment, and your budget




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management                      52
4 Backup Basics




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management   53
4 File Copies and
        Synchronization
     Unique files are difficult to reproduce
     Manually copying and pasting requires you to select the files
      and destination device each time
     File synchronization software ensures that files in two or
      more locations contain the same data
       – Originated with PDA
     To restore from a data file backup, you simply copy files from
      your backup to your hard disk




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management                  54
4 File Copies and
        Synchronization




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management   55
4 System Synchronization
     Backs up all files and system software on your computer
       – Time Machine
     The number of backups depends on the capacity of your
      backup drive, and the frequency at which you make changes




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management              56
4 File and System Backup




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management   57
4 File and System Backup
     A full backup makes a fresh copy of every file in the folders
      you’ve specified for the backup
     A differential backup makes a backup of only those files that
      were added or changed since your last full backup session
     An incremental backup makes a backup of the files that were
      added or changed since the last backup—not necessarily
      the files that changed from the last full backup
     Most experts recommend that you keep more than one set
      of backups




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management                 58
4 System Backup




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management   59
4 Bare-Metal Restore and Virtual
        Machines
     Restoring a Windows computer usually entails several steps
     A bare-metal restore restores the computer in a single step
     A disk image is a bit-by-bit copy of the data from all sectors
      of a disk




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management                   60
4 Bare-Metal Restore and Virtual
        Machines
     Mac users can depend on Time Machine
     Windows users can take the following steps:
      – File backups
      – Restore points
      – Recovery disks
      – System backup




Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management    61
4 What Do You Think?
     043100 Should a computer virus distribution sentence carry the
      same penalty as manslaughter?
       – A. Yes           B. No            C. Not sure
     043200 Should it be a crime to steal a copy of computer data
      while leaving the original data in place and unaltered?
       – A. Yes           B. No            C. Not sure
     043300 Should hackers be sent to jail if they cannot pay
      restitution to companies and individuals who lost money as the
      result of a prank?
       – A. Yes           B. No            C. Not sure
     043400 Do you think that a hacker would make a good consultant
      on computer security?
       – A. Yes           B. No            C. Not sure
Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management                   62
Chapter 4 Complete

Computer Concepts 2012

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Chapter 04

  • 1. Chapter 4 Operating Systems and File Management Computer Concepts 2012
  • 2. 4 Chapter Contents  Section A: Operating System Basics  Section B: Today’s Operating Systems  Section C: File Basics  Section D: File Management  Section E: Backup Security Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 2
  • 3. 4 FastPoll True/False Questions Answer A for True and B for False  040100 An operating system manages a computer’s resources such as the processor, RAM, and storage space.  040200 Multithreading provides process and memory management services that allow two or more tasks, jobs, or programs to run simultaneously.  040300 GUI stands for ―graphic usability icons.‖  040400 A bootstrap program is a popular type of application software.  040500 During a computing session, the operating system is executed from RAM. Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 3
  • 4. 4 FastPoll True/False Questions Answer A for True and B for False  040600 The Windows kernel is the same as the Mac OS kernel.  040700 Macs featured a graphical user interface before PCs.  040800 Boot Camp is a dual boot utility for Macs.  040900 Mac files have a data fork and a resource fork.  041000 Fedora, Ubuntu, and SUSE are Linux distributions.  041100 A disk partition is basically a folder. Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 4
  • 5. 4 FastPoll True/False Questions Answer A for True and B for False  041200 A file specification is also called a path.  041300 Windows Explorer is a file management utility.  041400 Disks are formatted into tracks and sectors.  041500 Time Machine is synchronization software used for backup on Macs.  041600 To repopulate a new hard disk from an incremental backup, you have to first restore a full backup.  041700 A boot disk contains a complete copy of your computer’s hard disk as it existed when the computer was new. Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 5
  • 6. 4 SECTION A Operating System Basics  Operating System Activities  User Interfaces  The Boot Process Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 6
  • 7. 4 Question 042100 A computer handles many tasks simultaneously. Which one of the following refers to the processor’s ability to handle multiple tasks, rather than the operating system’s ability to do so? – A. Multi-core – B. Multitasking – C. Multithreading – D. Multiprocessing Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 7
  • 8. 4 Operating System Activities  An operating system is a type of system software that acts as the master controller for all activities that take place within a computer system Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 8
  • 9. 4 Operating System Activities Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 9
  • 10. 4 Operating System Activities  Multitasking provides process and memory management services that allow two or more tasks, jobs, or programs to run simultaneously  Within a single program, multithreading allows multiple parts, or threads, to run simultaneously  An operating system’s multiprocessing capability supports a division of labor among all the processing units Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 10
  • 11. 4 Operating System Activities  Operating System Categories – Single-user operating system – Multiuser operating system – Server operating system – Desktop operating system Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 11
  • 12. 4 User Interfaces  The combination of hardware and software that helps people and computers communicate with each other Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 12
  • 13. 4 User Interfaces  Menus, submenus, and dialog boxes Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 13
  • 14. 4 The Boot Process  During the boot process, the operating system kernel is loaded into RAM – The kernel provides essential operating system services  Your computer’s small bootstrap program is built into special ROM circuitry housed in the computer’s system unit Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 14
  • 15. 4 The Boot Process Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 15
  • 16. 4 SECTION B Today’s Operating Systems  Microsoft Windows  Mac OS  UNIX and Linux  DOS  Handheld Operating Systems Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 16
  • 17. 4 Question  042200 Today’s popular operating systems include Windows, Mac OS, Linux, Android, and Google Chrome. Each has strengths and weaknesses that are important to understand. Which of the following statements is correct? – A. Google Chrome is built on the Windows kernel, so it is ideal for netbooks because it has good resistance to malware. – B. If you don’t like the user interface for Windows but want to run the vast variety of Windows software, you can install Linux. – C. Linux and Mac OS have a reputation for being more stable than Windows. – D. Windows includes software called Boot Camp that allows PCs to boot into different operating systems, such as Mac OS, Linux, Chrome, and Android. Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 17
  • 18. 4 Microsoft Windows Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 18
  • 19. 4 Mac OS Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 19
  • 20. 4 Mac OS Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 20
  • 21. 4 Mac OS  Popular virtual machine software such as VMware and Parallels Desktop can run on most computers with Intel microprocessors, including Intel Macs, PCs, and generic Linux computers Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 21
  • 22. 4 UNIX and Linux  The UNIX operating system was developed in 1969 at AT&T’s Bell Labs – Dependable in multiuser environments  Linux is an operating system distributed along with its source code under the terms of a GPL (General Public License) – A Linux distribution is a download that contains the Linux kernel, system utilities, applications, and an installation routine Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 22
  • 23. 4 UNIX and Linux Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 23
  • 24. 4 DOS  Disk Operating System  First operating system that many used Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 24
  • 25. 4 Handheld Operating Systems Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 25
  • 26. 4 SECTION C File Basics  File Names and Extensions  File Directories and Folders  File Formats Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 26
  • 27. 4 Question 042300 Suppose a friend sends you a file called Twain.dll. From the file name, what can you deduce? – A. That it is a word processing document, probably about Mark Twain. – B. That you should be able to open it using Microsoft Word. – C. That the file extension makes it a virus. – D. That it is a support program file, perhaps part of the device driver for your scanner. Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 27
  • 28. 4 File Names and Extensions  You must adhere to file-naming conventions when saving files – Maximum length – Prohibited characters – No reserved words – Case sensitivity  File extensions are usually related to the file format – Native file format Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 28
  • 29. 4 File Directories and Folders  To designate a file’s location, you must first specify the device where the file is stored – The main hard disk usually is referred to as drive C  A disk partition is a section of hard disk drive that is treated as a separate storage unit – Partitions can be assigned drive letters – Partitions are not the same as folders Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 29
  • 30. 4 File Directories and Folders  An operating system maintains a directory for each storage disk,CD, DVD, BD, or USB flash drive – Root directory – Subdirectory • Depicted as folders  A computer’s file location is defined by a file specification, or path Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 30
  • 31. 4 File Formats  A file format refers to the organization and layout of data that is stored in a file  The format of a file usually includes a header, data, and possibly an end-of-file marker – A file header is a section of data at the beginning of a file that contains information about a file  A file extension does not really define the format of a file Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 31
  • 32. 4 File Formats  A software application can open files that exist in its native file format, plus several additional file formats Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 32
  • 33. 4 File Formats Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 33
  • 34. 4 SECTION D File Management  Application-based File Management  File Management Utilities  File Management Metaphors  Windows Explorer  File Management Tips  Physical File Storage Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 34
  • 35. 4 Question  042400 Before donating your computer to a charitable organization, you can make sure your personal data cannot be accessed from the hard disk by: – A. Deleting any files that contain personal data. – B. Deleting files containing personal data and then emptying the Recycle Bin or Trash. – C. Deleting all the files and folders on your computer’s hard disk. – D. Deleting all files and folders and then using file shredder software. Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 35
  • 36. 4 Application-Based File Management  Applications typically provide a way to open files and save them in a specific folder on a storage device Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 36
  • 37. 4 Application-Based File Management Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 37
  • 38. 4 File Management Utilities  File management utilities show you the files stored on your disks and help you work with them Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 38
  • 39. 4 File Management Metaphors  Storage metaphors help you visualize and mentally organize the files on your disks – Logical storage models Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 39
  • 40. 4 Windows Explorer Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 40
  • 41. 4 Windows Explorer  Windows Explorer allows you to manipulate files and folders in the following ways: – Rename – Copy – Move – Delete  Windows offers a set of preconfigured personal folders, such as My Documents and My Music, for storing your personal data files Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 41
  • 42. 4 File Management Tips  Use descriptive names  Maintain file extensions  Group similar files  Organize your folders from the top down  Consider using default folders  Use Public folders for files you want to share  Do not mix data files and program files Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 42
  • 43. 4 File Management Tips  Don’t store files in the root directory  Access files from the hard disk  Follow copyright rules  Delete or archive files you no longer need  Be aware of storage locations  Back up Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 43
  • 44. 4 Physical File Storage  The physical storage model describes what happens on the disks and in the circuits – Storage media must be formatted before it can store files • Formatting utilities divide the disk into tracks and sectors Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 44
  • 45. 4 Physical File Storage Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 45
  • 46. 4 Physical File Storage  The file system keeps track of the names and locations of files – NTFS • Master File Table (MFT) Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 46
  • 47. 4 Physical File Storage  Deleting a file changes the status of that file’s clusters to empty and removes the file name from the index file – The file’s data is still there – File shredder software overwrites ―empty‖ sectors with random 1s and 0s  Files in the Windows Recycle Bin and similar utilities can be undeleted Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 47
  • 48. 4 Physical File Storage  Fragmented files are stored in noncontiguous clusters and decrease performance  Defragmentation utilities rearrange files so that they are stored in contiguous clusters Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 48
  • 49. 4 SECTION E Backup Security  Backup Basics  File Copies and Synchronization  System Synchronization  File and System Backup  Bare-metal Restore and Virtual Machines Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 49
  • 50. 4 Question  042500 Copying important data files from your computer’s hard disk to an optical disk or flash drive is a simple way to back up data. It is not a total backup solution, however. Why not? – A. You cannot restore these files to a new hard disk without the activation codes. – B. The backup is bootable, but it won’t start your computer if the hard disk fails. – C. You have not backed up your programs or your personal settings. – D. You have not backed up the restore points needed to reconfigure the Windows Registry for a new hard disk. Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 50
  • 51. 4 Backup Basics  A backup stores the files needed to recover data that’s been wiped out by operator error, viruses, or hardware failures Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 51
  • 52. 4 Backup Basics  Your backup schedule depends on how much data you can afford to lose  You should run an up-to-date virus check as the first step in your backup routine  The backup device you select depends on the value of your data, your current equipment, and your budget Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 52
  • 53. 4 Backup Basics Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 53
  • 54. 4 File Copies and Synchronization  Unique files are difficult to reproduce  Manually copying and pasting requires you to select the files and destination device each time  File synchronization software ensures that files in two or more locations contain the same data – Originated with PDA  To restore from a data file backup, you simply copy files from your backup to your hard disk Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 54
  • 55. 4 File Copies and Synchronization Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 55
  • 56. 4 System Synchronization  Backs up all files and system software on your computer – Time Machine  The number of backups depends on the capacity of your backup drive, and the frequency at which you make changes Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 56
  • 57. 4 File and System Backup Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 57
  • 58. 4 File and System Backup  A full backup makes a fresh copy of every file in the folders you’ve specified for the backup  A differential backup makes a backup of only those files that were added or changed since your last full backup session  An incremental backup makes a backup of the files that were added or changed since the last backup—not necessarily the files that changed from the last full backup  Most experts recommend that you keep more than one set of backups Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 58
  • 59. 4 System Backup Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 59
  • 60. 4 Bare-Metal Restore and Virtual Machines  Restoring a Windows computer usually entails several steps  A bare-metal restore restores the computer in a single step  A disk image is a bit-by-bit copy of the data from all sectors of a disk Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 60
  • 61. 4 Bare-Metal Restore and Virtual Machines  Mac users can depend on Time Machine  Windows users can take the following steps: – File backups – Restore points – Recovery disks – System backup Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 61
  • 62. 4 What Do You Think?  043100 Should a computer virus distribution sentence carry the same penalty as manslaughter? – A. Yes B. No C. Not sure  043200 Should it be a crime to steal a copy of computer data while leaving the original data in place and unaltered? – A. Yes B. No C. Not sure  043300 Should hackers be sent to jail if they cannot pay restitution to companies and individuals who lost money as the result of a prank? – A. Yes B. No C. Not sure  043400 Do you think that a hacker would make a good consultant on computer security? – A. Yes B. No C. Not sure Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 62

Notas del editor

  1. Figure 4-25
  2. Figure 4-26
  3. Figure 4-31
  4. Figure 4-49