It's no secret that environmental degradation has been shown to have damaged people's health, often fatally, in many specific cases. Now, however, world-leading research at the University of Adelaide has linked the two on a staggering global scale. Using data from over 100 countries, Professor Corey Bradshaw has examined the relationships between key indicators of human health and environmental quality and discovered a clear correlation, with dire implications. As only one example, his findings indicate just a 10% overall reduction in water quality would raise infant deaths by many millions per year. It's vital information for people and planet. And in this important presentation Professor Bradshaw will reveal the full story.

1. A World of Hurt Professor Corey J. A. Bradshaw The Environment Institute & South Australian Research & Development Institute Global death count of environmental degradation © WWF

2. the Anthropocene mass extinction event extinction synergies ecosystem services fine-scale evidence: environment-health global-scale evidence: sick environment = sick people © WWF

4. 16600 protozoa

5. 75000-300000helminth parasites

6. 1.5million fungi

7. 320000 plants

8. 4-6 million arthropods

9. > 6500 amphibians

10. > 30000 fishes

11. 10000 birds

14. highest in boreal biome (60 %)

15. humid tropics next (Brazil, Indonesia, Malaysia)

16. dry tropics next highest (Australia, Brazil, Argentina)

17. N.A. greatest proportional lost by continent

18. Nationally, Brazil, Canada, Indonesia, DR CongoHansen et al. 2010 PNAS doi:10.1073/pnas.0912668107 Barson et al. 2000 Land Cover Change in Australia, Bur RurSci © A. Prokopec

20. 30 % of all known amphibians

21. 12 % of all known birds

22. 35 % of conifers & cycads

23. 17 % of sharks

24. 27 % of reef-building coralsthreatened with extinction

25. Sodhi et al. 2008 PLoS One 3:e1636

26. Sodhi, Brook & Bradshaw 2007 Tropical Conservation Biology Wiley-Blackwell log % forest remaining (km-2) log human population density (km-2)

27. © C. Sekerçioglu

28. Halpern et al. 2008 Science 319:948-952

29. invasive species and starfish outbreaks bleaching deforestation, soil erosion, sediment & nutrient loading destructive fishing practices overfishing

30. Field et al. 2009 Fish & Fisheries 10:323-328

31. Evil quartet habitat destruction over-exploitation introduced species extinction cascades Diamond 1984 Extinctions Chicago University Press

32. Brook et al. 2008 Trends Ecol Evol25:453-460

33. Evil quintet Evil sextet habitat destruction over-exploitation introduced species extinction cascades climate change synergies Brook et al. 2008 Trends Ecol Evol25:453-460

34. justification to maintain healthy ecosystems is intangible because it seems unrelated to personal well-being © Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

36. land-based ecosystem loss €545 billion by 2010

37. > €14 trillion/year lost by 2050Cost of Policy Inaction (COPI): The case of not meeting the 2010 biodiversity target. European Commission

39. 320 million people displaced

40. total reported damages > US$1151 billion Bradshaw et al. 2007 Glob Change Biol13:2379-2395

42. malaria

43. leptospirosis

44. dysentery

45. cholera

46. hepatitis

47. typhusincreased host habitat availability & displacement of humans to areas where inadequate sanitation and temporary high-density living promote disease Ohl & Tapsell 2000 Br Med J 321:1167-1168; Ivers & Ryan 2006 Curr Op Infect Dis19:408-414

48. Does a sick environment make sick people? © http://tropicaltoxic.blogspot.com

50. habitat conversion/CO2 emissions - transmission of infectious zoonoses across forest-agriculture boundaries fertilisers - nitrate intake & cancer - water contamination - water acidification - toxic algae blooms - cholera outbreaks -  mosquito disease vectors air & water quality - toxins/pollutants - pathogens - particulates Butler 2004 Health and Forests Earthscanpp 13-33 Peoples et al. 2004 Agriculture and the Nitrogen Cycle Island Presspp 53-69 McMichael et al. 2008 Br Med J 336:191-194; Smith et al. 2000 Proc NatlAcadSci USA 97:13286-13293; Pope et al. 2009 N Engl J Med 360:376-386; Finlayson-Pitts & Pitts 1997 Science 276:1045-1051; Pope et al.2004 Circulation 109:71-77 © N.D. Kim, Strange Matter www.lab-initio.com

51. City Development Index www.unchs.org Ecological Footprint www.footprintnetwork.org Environmental Performance Index epi.yale.edu Environmental Sustainability Index sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu Genuine Savings Index worldbank.org Human Development Index hdr.undp.org Living Planet Index www.panda.org Well-Being Index www.well-beingindex.com Environmental Impact Rank Böhringer & Joachim 2007 Ecol Econ 63:1-8

52. Environmental Performance Index epi.yale.edu

53. http://epi.yale.edu

55. “I anticipate that the anti-science crowd will be screeching and howling with indignation when they read this one.” “This is such BS, China is WAY worse then the U.S.” “This researcher is a waste ...” “This article is crap.” “Can we really depend on some study when the Chinese could have funded this or maybe some group who was angry at the US and Brazil for whatever? I highly doubt the accuracy of the findings. Looks like the Treehuggers are at it again.” “Shame on you Australia !!! I guess your dying great Barrior[sic] reef is America's fault too!!!!” “here we go again. I'm so frickin' sick of these watermelons (green on the outside, red (communist) on the inside) treehuggers. The only f*^king green I care about is made of paper and folds.” Bradshaw et al. 2010 PLoS One 5:e10440

56. DATA Human health: World Health Organization Global Burden of Disease database Environment: - Environmental Combination Index (adapted from Yale Env Performance Index) - Proportional Environmental Impact rank (Bradshaw et al. 2010 PLoS One 5:e10440) - natural habitat conversion proportion (Global Land Cover 2000 dataset) - air/water quality (Yale Environmental Performance Index) - NPK fertiliser use/area arable land (FAOSTAT database) - CO2 emissions (Climate Analysis Indicators tool) Control: - human population size (United Nations Common Database) - purchasing-power parity-adjusted GNI (World Resources Institute) - health expenditure (WHO Statistical Information System)

58. Infant Mortality (male) – 2004 mortality per 1000 live births

59. Life Expectancy at birth (male) – 2004

60. Diarrhoea deaths among children < 5 years (2000)

61. Malaria deaths among children < 5 years (2000)

62. Deaths due to Cardiovascular Disease (2002 age-standardised per 10,000)

64. 10 %  ECI   mINFM 7.0/1000 live births  mLE 1.9 years http://epi.yale.edu

65. S b PROPORTIONALENVIRONMENTAL INDEX RANK e P Bradshaw et al. 2010 PLoS One 5:e10440

66. Bradshaw et al. 2010 PLoS One 5:e10440

67. S b ALL DISEASE e P

68. ALL DISEASE

69. S b INFECTIOUS DISEASE e P

70. INFECTIOUS DISEASE

71. S b NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASE e P

72. NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASE

73. 10 %  water quality   infant mortality 3.4/1000 live births  > 946,000 extra infant deaths/year§   1.6 years life expectancy 10 %  air quality   2.0 cancer deaths/100,000  > 132,900 extra cancer deaths/year§ 10 %  pcCO2 emissions  infant mortality 0.4/1000 live births  > 11,700 extra infant deaths/year§ §assuming 21.2 births/1000 population & human population 6.5 billion

74. countries > median pcGNI countries < median population density

75. habitat is degraded  disease spreads, but country improves economically  healthcare improves  better state of health habitat is degraded  spread of zoonotic disease/pollutants/pathogens  state of health declines country is poor/population is high  drives habitat degradation; country is poor  also drives poor healthcare  state of health declines © WWF

76. Bradshaw et al. 2010 PLoS One 5:e10440

77. habitat is degraded  disease spreads, but country improves economically  healthcare improves  better state of health habitat is degraded  spread of zoonotic disease/pollutants/pathogens  state of health declines country is poor/population is high  drives habitat degradation; country is poor  also drives poor healthcare  state of health declines © WWF

78. © Moronail.net

80. losing essential ecosystem services

81. despite enormous variation & leakage, clear environment-human health signal among countries

82. more than just water/air pollution, but likely strongest direct mechanisms

83. different mechanisms operating on different disease pathways

84. > 60 % of EIDs caused by zoonotic pathogens, of which > 70% derive from wildlife

85. Increasing fragmentation & penetration by humans risks  probabilities of novel disease emergence and spread© WWF

87. for upcoming presentations and podcasts visit: www.adelaide.edu.au/researchtuesdays for related topics visit: ConservationBytes.com

92. Bradshaw et al. 2010 PLoS One 5:e10440

93. ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE environmental damage per capita prosperity Bradshaw et al. 2010 PLoS One 5:e10440

94. Bradshaw et al. 2010 PLoS One 5:e10440