2. Table Content
NO. SECTION Pages
1.0 INTRODUCTION OF GROUP MEMBERS DETAIL AND LOCATION
(NAE)
1-2
2.0 SITE AND SAFETY (SJL) 3-10
3.0 EXTERNAL WORK (FA) 11-16
4.0 FOUNDATION (LKJ) 17-20
5.0 SUPERSTUCTURE (CCW) 21
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN (CCW) 22-24
5.2 SLAB (LYC) 25-28
5.3 WALL (LYC) 29-33
5.4 STAIRCASE (NAE) 34-37
6.0 DOORS AND WINDOWS (GYN) 38-42
7.0 ROOF (PKWY) 43-45
8.0 SUMMARY (NAE) 46
8.1 REFERENCES (GYN) 47-48
3. INTRODUCTION
The site that we went to undergo our studies is located in Semenyih which is a small town in Selangor, about 8 km southeast
of Kajang along the Kajang-Seremban road.
Our group consist of eight members:
Loh Khai Jhung
Siew John Loong
Chong Chui Wern
Farah Akmal
Azalia Eliany
Lee Yen Chei
Patricia Kong
Goh Yen Nee
We went to the Story Terrace house in Kesuma Lakes, Beranang and the lorry factory site in Semenyih for the site analysis.
IntroductionBy Nor Azalia Eliany 1
4. LOCATION
Storey Terrace house in Kesuma Lakes, Beranag is a residential township located just off Jalan Semenyih in Semenyih. The
township is located near to Bandar Rinching, Taman Pelangi Semenyih, Taman Rinching Indah and Kampung Rinching Tengah.
Span over 1,357 acres land, Bandar Tasik Kesuma is planned to become a self-contained township with over 900 acres of
residential component and 457 acres of commercial properties. The township is also completed with recreational facilities. There
are several types of residences. Another site that we visited is a lorry factory which located in Semenyih as well and near to the
storey terrace house in Kesuma Lakes.
Site 1 Site 2
Building Type Storey Houses Lorry Factory
Location Kesuma Lakes, Beranag Semenyih
Stage of Construction Finishing Stage (Exterior and Interior touch up) Framing Stage (Installing windows and doors)
Data Obtained -Foundation construction photos
-Columns and beam construction photos
-Wall construction photos
-Roof construction photos
-Windows and door installations photos
-Sewage construction photos
-External touching up photos
-Windows’ frame installation
-Doors’ frame installation
-Steel columns and its functions
-Staking of bricks
-Tiles installation
IntroductionBy Nor Azalia Eliany 2
5. 2.0 Site and Safety
Our chosen site is the Storey Terrace House in Kesuma Lakes, Beranang and the lorry factory site in Semenyih. In a site, there are
lots of safety protocols and regulations to be followed in order to reduce accidents from happening. Before entering a site, visitor or
workers are required to wear some equipments in order to protect themselves from construction site incidents like falling object.
Falling Object
Precaution against falling is still improvable. The site does not
provide proper equipment for the workers to go up and down
from the building.
Site & SafetyBy Siew John Loong 3
6. Fire Prevention Hygiene
Electricity
Untidy site can lead to
accident and unhygienic
condition
- Fire extinguisher is not
provided.
-The site is not ready in the
event of fire.
-Random connection of the wires are found and they are
not covered.
-The floors are floating with water and it is dangerous.
Site & SafetyBy Siew John Loong 4
7. Material Handling Problem
Working At Height
.
The materials are not arranged well on the site and they are
just put randomly on it.
Workers are not wearing any safety equipment like safety
helmet or harness belt while working on the site
Site & SafetyBy Siew John Loong 5
8. PLANTS AND MACHINERY
Concrete Mixer
Wheelbarrow
A few concrete mixers can be seen on the site. They are the
devices that combines concrete, aggregate such as sand and
gravel and water to form concrete.
The worker uses the wheelbarrow to transfer things from one to
another.
Site & SafetyBy Siew John Loong 6
9. Loader
Excavators
The loader is used to handle and transport bulk materials
such as rocks and sands.
The excavators are used to excavate the ground and the
worker uses it to dig a big trencher.
Site & SafetyBy Siew John Loong 7
10. Electricity Generator Task Forklift
Material hoisting machine
-It is a device that converts
mechanical energy to
electrical energy for use in
an external circuit.
Equipment that relate to the movement, storage, control, and
protection of materials, goods and products throughout the
process of manufacturing , distribution, consumption and
disposal.
-It is used to move or carry
heavy loads from one place
to another.
Site & SafetyBy Siew John Loong 8
11. Mobile Cranes
Concrete Casting Vibrator
Ready Mixed Concrete Barrier
The worker uses
the crane to hoist
and place
materials of the
buildings.
The worker uses
the concrete
casting vibrator on
the floor to balance
the amount of
concrete part.
Ready mix concrete is
concrete that is manufactured
in factory and then delivered
to a work site by truck
mounted in-transit mixers. his
results in a precise mixtures
to be developed and
implemented on construction
sites. The workers use the
barrier to store the concrete
and pour it to the slab.
Site & SafetyBy Siew John Loong 9
12. Plate Vibratory Compactor
It is an engine-powered, walk behind machines that impact vibratory
compaction effort to lose materials and asphalt via a bottom-mounted
steel plate that might vary in area from 1.5 to 3 square feet. An
eccentric drive mechanism propels the compactor forward, and if the
compactor is 'reversible', the mechanism also propels the machine in
the opposite direction.
Site & SafetyBy Siew John Loong 10
13. 3.0 EXTERNAL WORK
It is a service provided around building to provide
convenience to the occupiers of the building.
SITE LAYOUT
It is prepared by the contractor before the work on site
commences as part of their mobilisation activities.
The site layout has to include the location of cranes, site offices,
welfare facilities, off-loading and storage areas, sub-contractor facilities,
car parking, entrances, temporary roads, separate pedestrian access,
signage, temporary services and etc.
Advantages of a well-planned site layout:-
To gives a good impression to the general public.
Improve the productivity.
To help in directing plant and materials deliveries.
To reflect on the efficiency of the site management by reducing
waste and eliminating unnecessary movement of plants and
materials.
When planning the site layout, we should consider the site activities,
efficiency, movement, control, accommodation for staff and storage of
materials.
External Work By Farah Akmal 11
14. FENCING/ HOARDING
It is a temporary wooden fence around a building or structure
under construction, repair or at the demolition site to secure the site,
prevent noise and dust nuisance to adjoining properties. It forms
boundaries between lands of different occupiers.
Functions of fencing
Security.
Excluding the view of the building construction surrounding from
outside.
Limits the accessibility to the building to the specified or accepted
entrance.
To forms boundaries between lands of different occupiers.
To keep out trespass or intruder to the site construction.
Type of fencing used:
Temporary fencing hoarding
SIGNS AND NOTICES
External Work By Farah Akmal 12
15. Signs and notices are essential elements in building construction
as it assists in directing the people or workers to the plants and
materials site. It also acts as a warning to the public and employees.
Functioned as:-
Notice of commencement of building construction or other
construction work.
To warn the people of all the dangerous activities taking place in
the site construction.
To help maintain a good public relations.
To shows the people and organization involve in this project.
To act as warnings to the public and the employees.
As part of a full security provided on the site
Types of Signs
Mandatory Sign
Warning signs
Danger signs
All mandatory signs can be identified by a blue
circle with white picture within.
Warning signs can be identified by a yellow
background.
Danger sign incorporate the word ‘danger’
in white letters on a red oval shape against a
black background.
External Work By Farah Akmal 13
16. DRAINAGE
The natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from
an area.
Type of Drainage used in the construction site
Channel drainage, which intercepts water along the entire run of
the channel and it, is manufactured from concrete, steel, polymer or
composites.
Function of drainage
To collect surface water
and or ground water and
direct it away.
To protect the
substructure from erosion,
sodden, and losing its load-
bearing capacity and
stability.Type of surface
drain used in the
construction
Half Round Drain
Usually built in resident area and low level ground area.
PROGRESS WORK DONE FOR DRAINAGE WORKS
Excavation and base concrete for the
drain.
Laying works of drain brick wall.
BRC mesh laying to drain the base.
Plastering the drain wall.
External Work By Farah Akmal 14
17. Fixing works for formwork for entrance
slab.
Laying works of glaze ware drain.
Completed
drain.
MANHOLE
It’s a tube which connects underground utilities to the surface which
is large enough to accommodate the body of utility workers. It can be
found connected to water and sewer systems, along with electrical and
fibrotic cabling. In all cases, manholes are located at primary junctions,
and sometimes at intervals along the utility line, to allow workers easy
access to potential problems.
Manhole is located when there is:-
Change in drainage pipe direction
Junction
Change in ground levels
Change of drainage pipe size
Long pipeline
External Work By Farah Akmal 15
18. It is covered with a top that is flush to the ground called manhole
cover. Manhole cover comes in many shapes which is square, round
shape, ‘T’ shape and ‘L’ shape.
Purpose of having manhole:-
Inspections, cleaning and removing of the obstruction are carried
out in the sewer line.
It allows sewers to be attached, or alternating the direction or the
alignment of the sewers.
It can be used to facilitate the laying of sewer line in convenient
lengths.
External Work By Farah Akmal 16
19. FOUNDATION
Foundation (also known as Base work) is the lowest and the most basic form and work to make an
architectural structure possible to be built.
Procedures of Constructing Foundation
Setting out for footing
Marking of the spot of
the footing /
foundation
To show also the
area and space
required to construct
the foundation
Use a wooden stick
to mark the edge of
the area
Removing the soil of
the selected spot
Using excavator to
remove the soil
Excavation of pit for footing
Proper compaction to base footing
Compact and
strengthen the soil of
the base of the
footing using
compactor
Put up formwork of
the footing
Make sure every
planes is supported
with enough strength
Adjustments to the
form cannot be made
after the concrete is
poured because
concrete is very
heavy
Fixing works of footing formwork and bars
BRACES
CLEATS
SHEATHINGSTUDS
METAL BAR
METAL BAR
FOR
COLUMNS
4.0 FOUNDATION
Foundation (also known as Base work) is the lowest and the most basic form and work to make an architectural structure possible to be built. Before the
construction of foundation, detailed soil investigation is carry out to determine the type of foundation needed to construct in order to be able to support the
structure. Organization and analysis of all available information about the structure to be supported and the subsurface condition is also taken into
consideration. Optimal foundation solution transfers the structural load to the ground in a way that minimizes costs over the life of the structure without
sacrificing safety or performance.
Foundation By Loh Khai Jhung 17
20. Concrete casting into footing
Cast in concrete
Bucket-casting
method to transfer
the concrete into the
formwork
Use concrete vibrator
to vibrate to concrete
so it flows evenly
throughout the whole
form
Let cure the concrete
and remove formwork
Dismantle of formwork for footing
Slump Test
Measures the
consistency of the
concrete in that
specific batch
Check the
consistency of freshly
made concrete
CURED
FOOTING
METAL BAR
FOR
COLUMNS
Foundation By Loh Khai Jhung 18
21. Additional Information on Foundation
Construction
Excavation:
Types Description
Common
Excavation
The excavation of all materials that can be excavated, transported, and
unloaded by the use of heavy ripping equipment.
Rock
Excavation
The excavation of all hard, compacted or cemented materials that
requires blasting or the use of ripping and excavating equipment larger
than defined for common excavation.
Compaction:
Soil before compaction Soil after compaction
-Large space between soil particles which
leads to more flow and easily movable
particle
-Loose soil leads to poor load support
-Less space between soil particles which
makes the matter more solid and smooth
on the surface
-Compacted soil improves load support
Formwork:
Components Uses
Sheathings The vertical planes that form the shapes of the concrete poured into
the formwork.
Cleats The supporting elements on the top side which holds the opposite
sheathings together when the heavy concreted is casting in and
prevent tilting or the sheathings .
Studs The supporting elements on the side of the Sheathings which maintain
the straightness of the sheathings when concrete is casting in.
Braces The additional supporting elements which hold the sheathing vertically
in place by connecting the sheathings to the ground to withstand the
weight of he concrete.
Stakes The cleats-like component which hold the formwork to the ground,
making them stand firmly in place.
Wires Thin strings that hold opposing sheathings together by connecting the
opposing cleats together.
Foundation By Loh Khai Jhung 19
22. Concrete Curing:
Curing plays an important role on strength development and durability of concrete.
Curing takes place immediately after concrete placing and finishing, and involves
maintenance of desired moisture and temperature conditions, both at depth and near
the surface, for extended periods of time. Properly cured concrete has an adequate
amount of moisture for continued hydration and development of strength, volume
stability, resistance to freezing and thawing, and abrasion and scaling resistance.
Factor affecting the curing process of concrete:
- Mixture proportions
- Size and shape of concrete member
- Ambient weather conditions
- Future exposure conditions
Slump Test:
The slump test result is a slump of the behavior of a compacted inverted cone of
concrete under the action of gravity. It measures the consistency or the wetness of
concrete. The test is carried out using a mold known as a slump cone.
Procedure of Slump Test:
1) The cone is placed on a hard non-absorbent surface
2) This cone is filled with fresh concrete in three stages, each time it is tamped
using a rod of standard dimensions
3) Concrete is struck off flush to the top of the mold
4) The mold is carefully lifted vertically upwards
5) Concrete subsides
6) The result is then taken down
(Different uses of concrete should have different results from this test)
Foundation By Loh Khai Jhung 20
23. 5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
A superstructure is an upward extension of an existing structure above a baseline.
This term is applied to various kinds of physical structures such as buildings, bridges,
or ships.
Super-structure is that part of the structure which is above ground level, and which
serves the purpose of its intended use.
Superstructure of a building consist of:
Staircase
Beam
s
Column
s
Slabs
Wal
l
Superstructure By Chong Chui Wern 21
24. 5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN
Columns
A column or pillar in architecture is a vertical structural element that transmits, through
compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below.
Construction site:
First, tie up rings around and into vertical steel bars, according to shape and design.
Nextly, fix the form work according to required size with vertical steel bars.
Then, pour reinforced concrete in form work according to design and size using
bucket-casting method.
Steel
Bars
Rings
Wooden
formwork
Bucket with concrete.
Superstructure By Chong Chui Wern 22
25. Lastly, remove the form work and do proper curing.
Additional information: Wooden formwork is used as it can be constructed at a lower
initial cost than steel because of higher availability and lower production costs.It
requires no special tools nor high level construction experience. It is also easier to
handle due to its lighter weight.
Beam
A beam is a horizontal structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily
by resisting bending.
Building of the ground floor beams.
The building uses cast in-situ to build the first floor beam. These will be supported by
walls or columns and the construction of a beam will require formwork. Once formwork
has been erected, reinforcing steel is fixed, making the necessary connection to the
reinforcement in the supporting elements. The side formwork is then fixed. The
concrete is then cast. Curing takes place after that.
Building of roof beams.
Scaffolding is used as
support for the cast
di-situ beams.
Superstructure By Chong Chui Wern 23
26. Cutting of concrete
Additional Information:
Curing is the process where the concrete is protected from loss of moisture and kept
within a reasonable temperature range. This process results in increased strength and
decreased permeability. Curing is also a key player in reducing cracks, which severely
impacts durability of concrete.
Before Curing After Curing
Superstructure By Chong Chui Wern 24
27. Advantages:
1. Durability
2. Possess adequate stiffness
3. Termite resistance
4. Damp resistance
5. High speed of construction
6. Fire resistance
Disadvantages:
1. Not east to rectify on defects
2. Cannot be satisfactorily repaired
by patch work.
3. Weak heat insulation
4. Weak sound insulation
5.2 Floor
- Floor slab: A flat piece of concrete, typically used as a
walking surface, but may also serve as a load bearing
device as in slab homes. Concrete slab floors come in
many forms and can be used to provide great thermal
comfort and lifestyle advantages.
- Slabs can be on-ground, suspended, or a mix of both.
They can be insulated, both underneath and on the edges.
According to our site, there are two types of slabs are being used.
Concrete floor
SuperstructureBy Lee Yen Chei 25
Ground floor
( which is constructed in non- suspended floor)
- Constructed using concrete
Why Concrete is used instead of timber?
- Timber is not used to prevent decay
28. Hard-core (broken bricks, stone or
concrete)
- To fill in small pockets that have
been formed during over site
excavation in order to provide firm
base.
Crusher run floor slab proper compaction
Step 1:
Clear the
construction area
Step 2:
Remove top soil/
unsuitable material
( 225mm)
Step 3:
Compact and level
the soil
Step 4:
Place hardcore
and compact it
Step 5:
Place damp proof
membrane
Step 6:
Prepare formwork
Step 7:
Prepare lean
concrete
Step 8:
Place reinforcing
bar
Step 9:
Pour concrete
Step 10:
Cure concrete slab
CONSTRUCTION OF GROUND FLOOR SLAB
Reinforcing bar is placed to
increase strength
Concrete is poured and cured in
the slab form. The curing process
may require several days
depending on the concrete mix
and the air temperature.
Concrete floor slab water curing
Anti- termite treatment is applied on the
prepared, compacted hardcore
SuperstructureBy Lee Yen Chei 26
29. Advantages:
1. Easy handling as it’s light weight
2. Easy to disassemble
3. Damaged parts can be replaced
4. Very flexible
5. Easy to produce and easily
available
Disadvantages:
1. Limited re-use
2. If timber is dry, will absorb
moisture from wet concrete
3. Time consuming for large
structure
4. Required high quality labour
force
Formwork which has been accurately built is
assembled on the ground to prepare for
construction
The concrete is poured into the ready formwork.
The workers are undergo a process of Screeding
Why Timber formwork is used?
The construction for ground floor slab
is completed
1. The worker is levelling the concrete with a
straight edge using a back and forth motion
while moving across the surface.
Screeding: process removes excess concrete and brings the
top surface of concrete to a proper grade.
SuperstructureBy Lee Yen Chei 27
30. Construction of Upper Floor Slab
The method of upper floor construction is cast in situ.
The concrete is lifted up by the crane.
Suspended slabs are slabs that are not in direct
contact with the ground. They form roofs or floors
above ground level.
Suspended slabs are grouped into two types:
one way slabs
-supported on two sides
two way slabs
- supported on all four sides.
SuperstructureBy Lee Yen Chei 28
Wiring system is fixed before the
application of concrete slab
One way slabs
usually rectangular where the length is
two or more times the width. These
slabs are considered to be supported
along the two long sides only even if
there is a small amount of support on
the narrow ends. The width of the slab
is also the short span.
Two way slabs
are approximately square where the
length is less than double the width and
the slab is supported equally on all four
sides. The pressure spans equally
across the width and length of the
concrete slab.
The workers are building a temporary
formwork for the upper floor concrete slab The upper floor slab is completed
31. Types of wall
5.3 Wall
Building walls purposes are to support roofs, floors and ceilings,
enclose a space as part of the building envelope, along with a
roof to give buildings form, and to provide shelter and security.
In addition, the wall may house various types of utilities such
as electrical wiring or plumbing.
Solid Wall
Load- bearing wall
masonry wall, constructed of either
brick, or blocks of stone, or concrete
laid in mortar with blocks laid to
overlap in bonding or as monolith
(one solid interrupted material such
as concrete which poured wet and
hardened)
Frame Wall
Non-load
bearing wall
Constructed from a frame of small
section of timber, concrete or metal
joined together provide strength over
both faces where thin panels are fixed
with some material
Load bearing wall
Non- load bearing wall
Non- load bearing wall is the wall that does not support other load
except its own. This wall is constructed on building which has frames
such as columns and concrete beams. The wall thickness is
sufficient only half a brick and normally constructed with stretcher
bond.
Load bearing wall is constructed to support the load other
than its own. The wall will support all loads before
transferring to the foundation. This wall uses reinforcement
steel bars or is combined with columns to strengthen its
position.
SuperstructureBy Lee Yen Chei 29
32. Load Bearing wall & Non-load bearing wall Site B
Site A
Our site B consists of two floors. The lower wall supports the floor
and wall above. The upper wall is non-load bearing since the weight
of the roof truss is totally borne at the trusses’ bearing points on the
outer walls.
For our site A, The top floor of the building is an open area, it does not
has a supporting roof. So the wall of the building built is non load
bearing wall. It does not need to support other load except its own.
Load bearing wall
Non- load bearing wall
Non- load bearing wall Non- load bearing wall
Concrete
beam
Concrete
columns
SuperstructureBy Lee Yen Chei 30
33. Site B is a semi- detached bungalow. There are two types of walls. Standard Brick details
Masonry Wall
- The wall is built by clay bricks
- Openings are spanned with lintels
for installations of doors and windows
Party wall
- Is a dividing partition between two adjoining buildings
(or units) that is shared by the tenants of each residence
- Acts as fire wall, slow down the spread of fire
To the neighbouring house
Masonry
wall
Party
wall
Why Clay Brick is used?
Reason:
1. Thermal and Acostic insulation
2. Low maintenance cost
3. Fire resistance
4. Flexible in application
f
Every brick is separated by beds and
joints of mortar. The horizontal
section of mortars are called beds
and vertical sections joints. The
purpose of beds and joints is to allow
the slight variation in dimension of
each brick and to accommodate
slight structural movement of
building.
Bed
Joint
SuperstructureBy Lee Yen Chei 31
34. Construction of brick wall Exterior Finishes
Old gunny sack to keep the
footing covered so that it sets
well.
Hook a line so that the layer of
bricks lines with the top of the
bricks
A brick wall is completed and
ready for finishing
Cement plaster finishes
- Plastering will be the process need to be
done after masonry work.
- is a mixture of adhesive cement, sand
and water
- give extra protection against penetration
of moisture for outer wall
White paint
- Exterior look of the building
- Acts as protective layer
SuperstructureBy Lee Yen Chei 32
35. Interior Finishes Bond Used
Before After
SuperstructureBy Lee Yen Chei 33
White Cement
The worker is applying the white
cement on the finished tiles.
Reason:
- This is because the tiles
used on wall are light in
colour.
- The gaps between the tiles
turn white
- When there
Thin layer of Mortar
- Fills crack in masonry or brickwork
- Tiling trowel is used to spread
mortar around the surface
Wall Tiling
- Tiles are installed along
straight edge to ensure
that tiles would not be
crooked.
Flemish bond Running bond
Quality of Work
Marking is used in order to provide a better quality of work
- A smooth and flat surface ( plastering)
36. 5.4 STAIRCASE
INTRODUCTION
Stairs are essential building blocks of any two-story construction projects. Stairs are constructed of three main things:
stringers, treads, and risers. Stringers are the diagonal 2x12s that carry the weight of the people walking up the stairs.
Treads are the top baseboards onto which you step, and risers are placed perpendicularly under each tread.
COMPONENTS OF A STAIRS FUNCTIONITY OF THE STAIRS
-stairs been using for people climb it to another level of
the building. Instead of using elevator, people use
staircase to go to upper level of the building. It is also for
emergency exit. People can’t use the elevator during
emergency like fire alarm is ringing; they need to use the
stairs to exit from the building.
Superstructureby Nor Azalia Eliany 34
37. THREAD AND RISER RELATIONSHIP
1. All risers in the same flight must be equal.2. All treads
in the same flight must be equal.
3. For residences, the maximum height of a riser shall be
eight inches. (F.H.A. permits 8¼ inches.)
4. For residences, the minimum tread run shall be nine
inches exclusive of nosing.
5. The stair ratio: The height of a riser plus the width of a
tread shall equal not less than 17 inches nor more than
18 inches.
Minimum R + T = 17”
Maximum R +T = 18”
Below is an example on how to calculate it.
Superstructureby Nor Azalia Eliany 35
38. BASIC STAIR ANATOMY
There are three main components in a typical staircase:
stringers, treads and risers. Stringers, typically cut from 2
x 12s, are the sloped boards that support the other
components and carry the weight of people walking on
the stairs.
Staircase that we saw in the site
Superstructureby Nor Azalia Eliany 36
39. STAIRCASE TYPES HALF LANDING
The stairs that been using for our site is half landing. Half
landing is a platform in a stairway, where the stairs
change direction halfway between the floors of a building
Superstructureby Nor Azalia Eliany 37
40. 6.0 Doors & Windows
Doors
Door or can been said as a doorway is a movable structure that play an important role in blocking off, and allow access to, an
entrance to or within an enclosed space. There are many different kinds of doors that have specific names, various types of
mechanism and materials depending on their purpose.
Type of Door Operation On Site Type of Door Frame Used On Site
Sliding Door
-large glass windows opening in a
structure that provide a door access from
a room to the outdoors which tends to
bring natural lights to the house
-tend to bring natural light into homes that
considered as an eco-friendly to the house
Hinged Door
-Doors can be hinged so that the axis of
rotation is not in the plane of the door to
reduce the space required on the side to
which the door opens
-commonly chosen to use in mostly houses
and rooms
Timber Door Frame
-natural appearance with an
excellent insulating properties
-renewable raw materials
-do not get rusted and less
maintenance
Steel Door Frame
-available in a variety of
styles, colours and wonderful
finishes
-easy to install
-very reliable and resistant to
various common problems
Open
Close
Open
Close
Doors & Windows By Goh Yen Nee 38
41. Construction Method of Door
1) Identify the position of brickwork should be
done at and the location for door frame to be
placed before installation proceeds. Check
the sill area to make sure its plumb or level.
Door Frame is lifted up
and levelled
Used to cover the edge of
the frame from getting
dented and damaged
when delivery to the site
when delivery to the site
when delivery to the site
2) Hold and
support the door
frame by using
wood nailed so
that it stands
stabilize before
the wall was built
in order.
Front wood hooked to
hold the another wood at
the back
Nailed wood to another
wood to avoid from frame
damaging
3) Wall installation begins with laying the brick
into the rebate behind the back of the door
frame.
Brickworks placed at the door
frame
4) Placing the mortar cement into each layer of gap between the
bricks and the frame so that the door frame could be rigid and
become an integral part of structure. Please ensure that the door
frame is plumbed.
Layer of
mortar
cement
between
bricks
Doors & Windows By Goh Yen Nee 39
42. 5) Door leaf is installed to the door frame. Next, the jamb is nailed at the
leg then to the header of door frame. To be ensure that the opening of
door frame is enough for jamb to flip over.
Reinforced
concrete cement
lintel placed at the
top of the door
frame to support
the weight of the
bricks.
6) After that, we have to install the door hardware such as the hinge to
the jamb, door strike and lastly the lockset to the door leaf and door
frame for safety purpose.
Door Hinge Door Strike Lockset
7) The door is completely installed and
finished
Doors & Windows By Goh Yen Nee 40
43. Window
Windows are known as an opening in a wall, door, or roof that allows the passage of light and, if not closed, air and sound. They
are usually glazed or covered in some other transparent or translucent material such as tinted glass. Many glazed windows may be
opened, to allow ventilation, or closed, to exclude inclement weather. They are held in place by various types of frames. There are
also lots of different types of mechanism window but this depends to their needs and purposes.
Type of Window Operation On Site Type of Window Frame Used On Site
Top Hung Window
-the hinge is placed on the
top of the frame, thereby
allowing the bottom to
swing out
-
Casement Window
- window with a hinged sash
that swings in or out like a
door comprising
Aluminium Window Frame
-easy to maintain and are
sometimes less expensive than
other frame options
-light, strong and durable
Doors & Windows By Goh Yen Nee 41
44. Construction Method of Window Frame
The method that we know about installing the aluminium
window frame from the site is straight install the main frame
with lug system to the wall. Therefore, there is no sub frame
needed in this process.
Mortar cement to hold
the aluminium window
frame become rigid at
the bricks wall
Black tape is used to cover the aluminium
window frame for protection from getting
corroded by the cement.
1) Measure the
dimension of
the rough
opening.
2) The rough opening
of window is cleaned
and wet.
3) The frame is
positioned by metal
straps with mortar
cement placed to make
sure the frame is fixed
at the wall.
4) The straps are prepared
to be anchored and make
sure the alignment of the
frame is in position. Then,
process of plastering can
be started.
Additional Information:
Material for window is green or black tinted glass glazing
which can prevent from heating and seeing through it.
Doors & Windows By Goh Yen Nee 42
45. 7.0 ROOF
INTRODUCTION
Roof is an exterior structure that provides shed to the body of a building. By having a roof, the building is able to withstand and protects the
inhabitants from weather conditions (sunlight, rain, thunderstorm, wind, etc) and animals.
ROOF TYPES COMPONENTS OF A ROOF
FUNCTIONALITY OF ROOF
A roof has a basic function of withstanding atmospheric pollution, frost
and other harmful condition
It is able to prevent fire spreading from one building to another
Heat lost and excessive solar heat gain can be reduced during hot
weathers with the presence of various sheathing and underlayment in
the roof
RoofBy Patricia Kong 43
46. CONSTRUCTION OF ROOF
OPEN GABLE ROOF
1. Scaffolding or in other words a temporary propping 2. The trussed rafter roofs method is used in order to support the
is set up in order to support the framework of the roof. walls from spreading out when extra force is exerted on the roof.
3. A layer of plywood sheathing and roofing felt are laid on the rafters.
This is to act as an insulator for the building. After that, the metal roof panels are then laid on.
RoofBy Patricia Kong 44
47. SHED ROOF
1. The framework of the roof is set up and is supported by a temporary propping.
2. The trussed rafter roofs are then set up be it with a metal rafter or wood and notch a slot which is also known as a bird mouth at the point where the rafters meet the
wall. This is so that the rafter is able to sit firmly onto the wall.
3. Sheathing is then added and it is optional to place roof shingles or roof planks onto the sheath.
RoofBy Patricia Kong 45
48. Summary
We visited two sites in total. Both are located in Semenyih. One is terrace houses in Kesuma Lakes,
and the other one is a lorry factory. By visiting those two sites we were able to explore and understand the
actual construction sites and how it works. We are more exposed to the basic principle and procedures of
the construction process. From pre-construction procedure, excavation processes, superstructure
constructions, utilities installations to the touching-up processes external works and roofing. We also
learned about how important it is to know about the construction of a building. For us who are taking
architecture course, we were able to know about the material which is suitable and efficient to be used for
the building environment. We were also exposed more to the construction technology and the extensive
detail of the construction. Our group consist of eight members divided our work equally to do this report.
This experience is something that we cannot get from the lecture class.
SummaryBy Nor Azalia Eliany 46
49. References
1) http://www.tcd.ie/civileng/Staff/Brian.Caulfield/3A1/3A1%20Lecture%2011.pdf
2) http://unesco-
nigeriatve.org/download/instructional_materials/nd%20building%20technology/Semesters/Semester%204/BLD%20204%20Building%
20Construction%20III%20Combined.pdf
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4) http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-manhole.htm
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http://civilblog.org/2015/02/18/what-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-concrete-flooring/
10) "Slab." Slab. Web. 23 May 2015. . http://www.slideshare.net/mtrego9441/slab
11) "How to Build a Slab-on-grade." Ecohome. Web. 23 May 2015. .< http://www.ecohome.net/guide/slab-grade-technical-guide>
12) "Concrete Slab Floors." Admin_666. Web. 17 May 2015. . http://www.yourhome.gov.au/materials/concrete-slab-floors
13) "Concrete Slabs." Ground Slabs. Web. 12 May 2015. .< https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/buildright/content/home.htm>
14) Building a brick wall step by step. (n.d.). Retrieved May 21, 2015, from http://www.logibrik.co.za/building-a-brick-wall-step-by-step.php
15) Advantages of Clay Brick | Newsletter | Claybricks & Tiles Sdn. Bhd. (n.d.). Retrieved May 22, 2015, from
http://www.claybricks.com/newsletter/newsletter-5/advantages-of-brick.html
16) Sule, A. (2013, August 26). How to Build a Brick Wall. Retrieved May 23, 2015, from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/how-to-build-a-brick-
wall.html
17) Wall finishes and wall patterns. (2013, October 21). Retrieved May 23, 2015, from http://www.slideshare.net/ELFIndia/wall-finishes-and-
wall-patterns
18) Walls. (n.d.). Retrieved May 23, 2015, from http://www.home-building-answers.com/walls.html
19) http://www.steeldoor.org/installation.php
20) http://www.cooldec.com.my/doorwindow.html
21) http://www.slideshare.net/minhbuisi/method-aluminum-door-window
22) http://us.allegion.com/products/doors_frames/solutions/Pages/details2.aspx?InfoID=28
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References 47
