Fabulous Ferns - Notes1. 1/6/2013
Out of the Wilds and Into Your Garden
Fabulous Ferns
C.M. Vadheim and T. Drake
CSUDH & Madrona Marsh Preserve
Madrona Marsh Preserve
Gardening with Western L.A. County Native Plants February 5 & 8, 2011
Project SOUND – 2011 (our 7th year)
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
What do you picture when you think of ferns?
http://www.cityprojectca.org/blog/archives/835
Fern Dell at Griffith Park
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The move from water to land was difficult – even
Ferns go back a long ways…> 360 MYA though conditions were a lot more tropical
(humid/watery) back then
Need:
a rigid structural system
for support
anchors to the ground
(plants) or ways to move
around
a vascular system to
transport water and
nutrients
http://taggart.glg.msu.edu/isb200/cswamp.jpg
Ferns had their heyday in the Carboniferous Period (360- All this takes a long time and
300 MYA) - 100 MY before the dinosaurs the ability to change – a lot
http://www.kgg.org.uk/alethopteris4.jpg © Project SOUND © Project SOUND
http://cmex.ihmc.us/VikingCD/Puzzle/Advance2.GIF
Ferns were among the first plants with a
vascular system & lignin support system
They also evolved a more sophisticated
means of reproduction – alteration of
generations (e.g. ‘sex’)
http://media.photobucket.com/image/plant%20evolution%20tree/kofh/Genesis/plantkingdom.jpg © Project SOUND © Project SOUND
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All higher organisms So ferns – like all other higher
(including ferns & humans) plants – do have sex
have alternation of
generations
In sexual reproduction, only ½ of a
parent’s chromosomes are passed
on to the egg/sperm/spore (they
are the (n) generation)
When fertilization occurs the new
embryo (and the resulting adult)
have the full complement of
chromosomes (2n generation)
Sexual reproduction allows a
species to recombine genetic
traits
© Project SOUND
It’s just not quite as efficient - and it requires water © Project SOUND
Ferns now make up only a fraction of the
How ferns and amphibians are alike living plants – in part due to less efficient sex
If there's no water, there's no fertilization and no fern... This is a
real problem for ferns, in the same way that amphibians (frogs,
salamanders, etc.) have the problem that to reproduce they must
return to water.
In both cases, that of the fern and that of the amphibians, this
necessity for having water during sexual reproduction is a
reflection of the organism-types primitive nature.
Both ferns and amphibians evolved early in the history of land life
on Earth, and both kinds of organism never did overcome their need
to have water handy before they could reproduce. In contrast,
later-day reptiles (and humans) and later-day flowering plants can
indeed enjoy sexual reproduction without having water handy.
http://crescentok.com/staff/jaskew/ISR/botzo/plants.gif
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What are the ferns? (summary)
The American Fern Society
Ferns are vascular plants differing from
mosses by having true leaves. Over 100 years old – established in 1892
They differ from seed plants > 900 members worldwide (one of the largest
(gymnosperms and angiosperms) in their international fern clubs in the world.
mode of reproduction—lacking flowers
and seeds. Objective: fostering interest in ferns and fern allies.
Like all other vascular plants, they have Wide range of publications & activities – good way to
a life cycle referred to as alternation of
learn more about wild ferns from experts and meet
generations, characterized by a diploid
sporophytic and a haploid gametophytic other people with a similar passion for ferns.
phase.
Web site - http://www.amerfernsoc.org/ is
Unlike the gymnosperms and designed to expand on this exchange of information
angiosperms, the ferns' gametophyte is with amateurs and professionals around the world.
a free-living organism.
http://www.perspective.com/nature/plantae/ferns.html © Project SOUND © Project SOUND
Taxonomy of the Ferns – in a state of change The living fern-allies can be divided into four
classes: Psilotopsida:
?Only living member Psilotum (whisk ferns)
Probably the most primitive vascular plant
still in existence - may be directly related
to the first vascular plants on land.
Lycopodiopsida:
Represented by the Selaginellia
(Spikemosses), Lycopodium (clubmosses),
and the Isoetes (Quillworts).
Equisetopsida:
Represented today by only one genus,
Equisetum (Horsetails).
http://www.amerfernsoc.org/
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The living fern-allies can be divided into Selected Families/Genera used in gardens
four classes: Family Adiantaceae
Genus Adiantum (Maidenhair Ferns)
Genus Cheilanthes (Lipferns)
Polypodiopsida (Pteropsida) Family Blechnaceae
Genus Woodwardia (Chain-ferns)
The true ferns Family Dennstaedtiaceae
Genus Dennstaedtia (Hay-scented fern)
By far the most numerous of
Genus Pteridium (Bracken)
all of the fern-allies.
Family Dryopteridaceae
Nine sub-classes (Families), Genus Cystopteris (Fragile Fern)
about 250-300 genera and Genus Dryopteris (Wood Ferns)
Genus Matteuccia (Ostrich Fern)
over 12,000 different species
Genus Onoclea (Sensitive Fern)
alive today.
Genus Polystichum (Sword Ferns)
Genus Woodsia (Woodsias)
Family Polypodiaceae
Genus Polypodium (Polypodies)
Family Thelypteridaceae
Genus Thelypteris (Beech Fern)
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
Selected Families/Genera used in gardens The Sword Ferns - genus Polystichum
Family Dryopteridaceae – Woodfern Family
Genus Cystopteris (Fragile Fern)
Genus Dryopteris (Wood Ferns)
Genus Matteuccia (Ostrich Fern)
Genus Onoclea (Sensitive Fern)
Genus Polystichum (Sword Ferns)
Genus Woodsia (Woodsias) http://hardyfernlibrary.com/ferns/listSpecies.cfm?Auto=60
Western Sword Fern
135-160 species worldwide – mostly temperate regions
Usually live in moist places
Have typical fern structure/anatomy
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Parts of a typical fern * Western Sword Fern – Polystichum munitum
http://www.davidlnelson.md/Cazadero/Ferns.htm
Leaf = frond
Midrib of leaf = rachis
Petiole = stalk, stipe
Leaflets = pinna
Stem/stalk (rootstalk) = rhizome (like rhizome of higher plants)
Roots = roots
http://www.nwplants.com/business/catalog/pol_mun.html
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
* Western Sword Fern – Polystichum munitum Fern pinna may be divided
Western N. America, primarily coastal
states, from AK to Baja
into pinnules or lobes
In CA, almost always below 2500 ft.
Favored habitat: the understory of moist
1 times pinnate – simple
coniferous forests at low elevations – [Sword Fern]
locally, San Gabriel mtns.
2 times pinnate – more
It grows best in a well-drained acidic soil
complex [Wood Fern]
of rich humus and small stones.
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200004619
3 or 4 times pinnate –
complex (look lacy)
[Maidenhair & Lipfern]
http://www.backyardnature.net/n/x/sword-fn.htm
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystichum_munitum
http://bss.sfsu.edu/holzman/courses/Fall00Projects/swordfern.html
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Western Sword Fern – corresponds to A sorus (pl. sori) - a cluster of sporangia
most people’s notion of a fern The fern sorus (structures producing/containing spores)
Form yellow/brownish mass on the edge or
Size: underside of a fertile frond.
3-6 ft tall
spreading to 3-6 ft wide In some species, sori are protected by a
scale or film of tissue called the indusium,
Growth form: which forms an umbrella-like cover.
Upright growth habit As the sporongia mature, the indusium
Height depends on light – taller in shrivels. The sporangia then burst and
dense shade release the spores.
Evergreen leaves in clumps of 100
or so – moderate spread rate The shape, arrangement, and location of
the sori are often valuable clues in the
Long-lived
identification of fern taxa.
Foliage: May be circular or linear.
Arranged in rows or randomly
Medium to dark green
Location may be marginal or set away from
Single pinnate ( 1 times pinnate) the margin on the frond lamina.
with alternating pinna
Fronds unroll, forming fiddleheads
© 2008 Matt Below © Project SOUND © Project SOUND
http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/pcmb/osu_pcmb/pcmb_lab_resources/images/pcmb300/cfern2/reproduction3.jpg
Reproduction by spores Sword Ferns are Soils:
Texture: well-drained loams are
Ex: Sword Ferns forest floor plants best
pH: acidic (4.0 – 7.0)
Likes lots of humus
Sword fern sori occur on the undersides
of normal-sized pinnae more generally Light:
distributed along the frond. Part shade to quite dark full
shade
Each round sorus is composed of dozens
http://www.backyardnature.net/n/x/sword-fn.htm of spherical items. Those are not spores, Water:
but rather stalked, baglike sporangia filled
Winter: plenty
with several spores.
Summer: moist soils – Zone 3
When the sporangia are ripe they burst,
release the spores, and the wind carries Fertilizer:
the spores to new locations ½ strength fertilizer fine
Organic mulch – leaf litter is
If environmental conditions are just right,
optimal
they germinate to form fern prothalli, from
which eventually new ferns will emerge. Other: difficult in very hot
gardens
© 2008 Matt Below
© 2008 Keir Morse © Project SOUND © Project SOUND
http://www.answers.com/topic/dudleya
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Sword Ferns – woodsy Sword Ferns -
Brightens very shady places Victorian
Under dense evergreens (pines, etc)
At back or shaded beds – nice
In a decorative pot
background color In a wall or fern grotto
On wet, mossy banks In a rocky fernery
http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/PNQkvKYUhfgwxJ9NW0YE_A
Gerald and Buff Corsi © California Academy of Sciences
http://www.paghat.com/swordfern.html
http://www.rainyside.com/features/plant_gallery/nativeplants/Polystichum_munitum.html
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/polystichum-munitum
Family Dryopteridaceae (Woodfern Family) Coastal Wood Fern – Dryopteris arguta
Genus Dryopteris (Wood Ferns)
Wood ferns, male ferns, and buckler
ferns
~250 species; temperate Northern
Hemisphere (highest species
diversity in eastern Asia).
Hybridization common within this
group; many species formed by
hybridization.
J. William Thompson Dryopteris species are used as food
plants by the larvae of some
Lepidoptera species.
J.S. Peterson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
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Coastal Wood Fern – Dryopteris arguta Coastal Wood Fern is adaptable
Most commonly near coast & in coastal Coastal forests, WA state In the Santa Monica Mtns
ravines from British Columbia to central
CA – tho’ south to Baja, Sierra foothills
Locally on Catalina & San Clemente Isl,
Santa Monica & San Gabriel Mtns.
N. slopes/shady creeks: oak woodland,
chaparral, coastal sage scrub up to 5000’ © Ed Alverson
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500589
© 2004 Brent Miller
http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/dryopteris-arguta
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?19,27,28 http://www.researchlearningcenter.org/bloom/species/Dryopteris_arguta.htm
Coastal Wood Fern: a medium-size fern Sori are showy
Size:
2-3 ft tall (largest in rainforests)
Sporulates: usually late
2-3 ft wide
spring/early summer in S. CA
Growth form:
Sori:
Moderately spreading clump
Rounded – look like a bagel
Fronds usually upright/fairly straight prior to maturity
Charles Webber © California Academy of Sciences
Foliage: Located in 2 parallel rows
midway between midvein
http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/dryopteris-arguta
Medium to dark green; prom. scales
http://plants.montara.com/ListPages/FamPages/Dryopterida.html
and margin of the segment
2 times pinnate - moderately complex
structure Spores:
Foliage soft - not stiff
Quite variable – some types appear Vegetative reproduction:
ruffled or lacy (leaflets turned at an
angle Via rhizomes
Drought-deciduous (S. CA Oak Moderate spreading
http://hardyfernlibrary.com/f
erns/listSpecies.cfm?Auto=
Woodlands)
3
© Project SOUND © 2003 Keir Morse © Project SOUND
http://www.answers.com/topic/dudleya
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Soils:
Sword Ferns: adaptable Texture: most Wood Ferns - lovely
pH: slightly acidic (4.0-7.0) – under
evergreens/oaks would be fine Ferns always look nice in large
containers
Light: Great for shady slopes/banks –
Part-shade to full shade even growing in retaining walls
This is truly a forest under-story Give a woodsy or old-fashioned
fern; good even under dense (Victorian) look to any garden
trees In food/medicinal garden
Water:
Winter: like plenty
Summer: quite adaptable
Zone 2-3 or 3 – will stay green
Zone 1-2 or 2 – drought
deciduous
Fertilizer: ½ strength or none
Mark W. Skinner @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
Other: likes a good leaf mulch layer © 2003 Michael Charters
© Project SOUND http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=88976
© Project SOUND
Human uses of ferns Take your cues from
Mother Nature
As source of fiber
North slope, in shade of oaks,
For mats, bedding evergreens, Bay, even Toyon
For religious/spiritual With elderberries, snowberries,
purposes © 2004 Brent Miller yarrow, goldenrods
As food: young fronds –
usually cooked (note: some
http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=88976
mutagenic/carcinogenic
compounds
As a source of medicines:
http://www.baynatives.com/plants/Dryopteris-arguta/
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Giant Chain Fern – Woodwardia fimbriata
Genus Woodwardia – the Chain Ferns
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233501358
Large ferns of temperate climates
in the family Blechnaceae
W. Carl Taylor @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
Giant Chain Fern – Woodwardia fimbriata Remarkable
consistent looking
Primarily found in CA Floristic
Province (W. of Sierras) except the
Great central Valley)
Occasional (?relict) populations
elsewhere from WA to Baja
Locally in Santa Monica and San http://www.researchlearningcenter.com/bloom/species/Woodwardia_fimbriata.htm
Gabriel Mtns. Santa Monica Mountains
Many plant communities but mostly in
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as
px?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233501358
redwood, mixed conifer & mixed
conifer-hardwood forests < 5000 ft
Always where moisture is present,
such as stream banks or springs
Introduced into cultivation in http://www.theodorepayne.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Woodwardia_fimbriata
California by Theodore Payne.
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?11,14,15
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The name says it all…Giant Chain Fern Sori give the plant its
Size: common name
4-8 ft tall (usually 4-6 ft)
4-5 ft wide
Sori mature: late spring
Growth form: summer
Upright to vase-shaped
clump Sori:
Moderate spread rate Elongated
In double ‘chains’ along the
Foliage: pinna midrib
Medium to dark green – Visible from both surfaces
evergreen of pinna
Petioles brown at base
Twice-pinnate leaves – large
and somewhat coarse-looking
Fronds unfurl as fiddleneck
Rhizomes: stout © J. William Thompson
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
http://www.coestatepark.com/woodwardia_fimbriata_c
oe.htm
Woodwardia : well-suited to some gardens Giant Chair Fern: a garden favorite
Soils:
From California Native Plants,
Texture: most
Theodore Payne's 1941 catalog:
pH: acidic (4.0-7.0) – ? amend
Light: "The most useful of the native
Part-shade to full shade ferns, having long graceful
Good for dappled shade or N-facing fronds of a vivid shade of light
exposures green, often 4 to 5 feet in length.
Creates a wonderful effect on a
Water: shady bank or under trees, and
Young plants: moist very striking when planted
Winter: supplement in drought against a wall or building in a
winters shady spot. Very hardy and
Summer: Zone 3 in part-shade; easy to grow. Gallon cans, 50c;
tolerates Zone 2 or 2-3 in shade 5 gallon cans, $1.50."
Chain Ferns like an organic Fertilizer: ½ OK
mulch – like in their forest
homes © Project SOUND © Project SOUND
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As an attractive pot plant Victorian ‘Pteridomania’
Under pines and other evergreen
trees – evokes the feeling of a
woodland Pteridomania or Fern-
In other shady places – near Fever was a craze for
ponds or water features ferns. Victorian
decorative arts
As a big, dramatic accent plant presented the fern
In Jurassic Park motif in pottery, glass,
metal, textiles, wood,
printed paper, and
http://forums.gardenweb.com/forums/load/crypto/msg112238042369.html
sculpture, with ferns
"appearing on
everything from
christening presents to
gravestones and
memorials."
http://www.georgeglazer.com/prints/nathist/botanical/fern.html
© Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's College © Project SOUND © Project SOUND
Victorian ‘Pteridomania’ (Fern Mania)
The interest in ferns began in
To learn more
the late 1830s when the British
countryside attracted increasing
numbers of amateur and
professional botanists (male and
female).
People of many different social
backgrounds sought out the
species and varieties described
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridomania
in the fern identification books
to press the fronds in albums or
to collect fern plants to grow in
their gardens or homes.
Some ferns were, unfortunately,
collected out of existence
Wardian Case © Project SOUND © Project SOUND
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Caring for the larger Many people think that all ferns require lots
ferns of water…..
Location is key to success: pay
particular attention to light
and water requirements
Well-placed ferns are pretty
easy
http://noseeds.blogspot.com/2010/05/woodwardia-fimbriata.html
Cut off oldest (dead or nearly
so) fronds at time new ones
are emerging
No need to cut all fronds back
to the ground in winter – an old http://www.researchlearningcenter.org/bloom/species/Dryopteris_arguta.htm
technique that’s better
forgotten
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=88976
Family Adiantaceae (Pteridaceae)
Common Maidenhair Fern – Adiantum capillus-veneris
Creeping or erect rhizomes
Mostly terrestrial or epipetric (growing on rock)
Fronds usually compound; linear sori - typically on the margins -
protected by a false indusium formed from the reflexed margin
of the leaf.
Adiantoid ferns;
Adiantum, the maidenhair ferns
Cheilanthoid ferns;
Argyrochosma
Aspidotis the lace ferns
Astrolepis
Cheilanthes, the lip ferns
Notholaena, the cloak ferns
Pellaea, the cliff brakes
Pteridoid ferns;
Pteris, the brakes © 2009 Dr. Amadej Trnkoczy
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
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The Maidenhair Ferns ~ 200 species of ferns in the family
Pteridaceae (though some researchers place it
Common Maidenhair Fern – Adiantum capillus-veneris genus Adiantum in its own family, Adiantaceae)
Name comes from Greek, meaning "not
Grows in warmer-winter wetting", referring to the fronds' ability to
shed water without becoming wet.
places throughout much of
The highest species diversity is in the Andes
the Americas, Eurasia &
in South America. Fairly high diversity also
Africa occurs in eastern Asia, with nearly 40 species
in China.
In CA, many disjoint areas Distinctive in appearance, with dark, often
including Catalina Island black stipes and rachises, and bright green,
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200003518 often delicately-cut leaf tissue.
?? Native or naturalized The sori are borne submarginally, and are
covered by reflexed flaps of leaf tissue which
In CA, uncommon (or locally resemble indusia.
common). Shaded, rocky or Generally prefer humus-rich, moist, well-
moist banks, exposed sites drained sites. Many species are especially
known for growing on rock walls around
or not USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA NRCS © 2001 Larry Blakely
waterfalls and water seepage areas.
Many species common in horticultural
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?Adiantum+capillus-veneris
© Project SOUND trade for a long time © Project SOUND
Common Maidenhair – sweet & delicate Sora are unusual
Size:
1-2 ft tall (may be < 1 ft) Sori marginal.
1-3 ft wide
Growth form: There is a flap of tissue known
Open, mounded habit as an indusium covering the
Slow-growing – remains clumped sporangia (where spores are
located).
Evergreen or summer dormant
Foliage: Indusia-like membranaceous
Light/bright green flaps, formed from the
Dark rachis many-branched reflexed margins of the frond,
Pinnae small, very wide (fan- cover the sora
shaped to round)
Margins incised - ruffled-look
Refined and delicate
appearance
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiantum_capillus-veneris
© Project SOUND http://hardyfernlibrary.com/ferns/listSpecies.cfm?Auto=156 © Project SOUND
© 2009 Dr. Amadej Trnkoczy
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Easy to grow in the Soils: Maidenhair Fern:
Texture: most – fine in sandy pot plant & more
right place
pH: any local (4.0-8.0)
Near a pond or other water
Light: feature
Part-shade to full shade – As a groundcover under
dappled shade favored trees
No full sun, but bright shade is As a pretty, evergreen
great © 2009 Dr. Amadej Trnkoczy accent plant
Water: Pretty texture & color in
Winter: adequate shady mixed beds
Summer: best with regular
water (2-3 or 3); Zone 2 is fine
but will likely die back
Fertilizer: ½ strenght up to once
a month – particularly if grown in
container
© 2004 James M. Andre
Other: likes leaf mulch © 2009 Julie Kierstead Nelson
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
http://www.jaycjayc.com/adiantum-capillus-veneris-maidenhairfern/
Cultivar ‘Banksianum’ Maidenhair (and other) ferns as medicine
Attractive color Maidenhair fern has a long history of
medicinal use – still used today
Larger pinnae
A tea/syrup used for coughs, throat
Very ruffled appearance afflictions and bronchitis.
– super showy
Externally, it is used as a poultice on snake
http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantdisplay.asp?plant_id=629 Available at the Grow bites, bee stings etc.
Native (RSABG) nursery
in Westwood & In Brazilian herbal medicine today, frond/
leaf are employed for hair loss, coughs,
Theodore Payne
bronchitis, laryngitis/throat dryness, and
Foundation http://www.milagroherbs.com/images/hairsupportpills to improve appetite and digestion,
stimulate renal function, regulate
.jpg
To learn more about plant menstruation, and facilitate childbirth.
compound come to ‘Talking
Plants; next Sat. (2/12 – Has both anti-bacterial & anti-viral
10:00 a.m.) (selective) properties
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Coville’s Lipfern – Cheilanthes covillei
Coville’s Lipfern – Cheilanthes covillei
Southwestern U.S.
into Baja
Locally in Santa
Monica & San Gabriel
Mtns
Rocky slopes, cliffs,
and ledges, 1500'-
9000‘
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flor
a_id=1&taxon_id=233500349
Chaparral, yellow pine
forest, pinyon-juniper
woodland, deserts
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?92,106,109
The Lipferns – genus Coville’s Lipfern – rather unique
Cheilanthes
Size:
~ 150 species – about 1/2 ~ 1 ft tall
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500349
in Mexico & SW U.S. ~ 1 ft wide
Growth form:
10 species endemic to CA
Upright fronds from a short
Small ferns of dry places rhizome
Drought-deciduous
Have hairs of scales on Foliage:
frond underside – Medium green
adaptation to hot, dry Up to 4-pinnate – so, very sub-
conditions divided
Have a bumpy, cobbled appearance
Very drought tolerant – – quite unusual & decorative
curl up and go dormant
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
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