"Performance Monitoring for Efficiency" presents an ongoing commissioning process to ensure buildings stay energy efficient over time.
Tom Anderson's and Emily Cross' presentation at the 2012 Better Buildings by Design Conference uses the Burlington International Airport as a case study.
Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Performance Monitoring for Efficiency
1. Performance Monitoring for Efficiency
THOMAS ANDERSON, CCP
EMILY CROSS, MASc, PEng, CEM
Burlington, Vermont
cx‐associates.com
tom@cx associates.com
tom@cx‐associates.com
emily@cx‐associates.com
2. Efficiency Vermont is a Registered Provider with The American
Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES). Credit(s)
earned on completion of this program will be reported to AIA/CES for
AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and
b C tifi t fC l ti f b th b d
non-AIA members are available upon request.
This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional
education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed
or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any
material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using,
distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
Questions related to specific materials methods and services will be
materials, methods,
addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
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3. Learning Objectives
Understand why performance monitoring is necessary
Learn how to apply real time performance monitoring economically and
effectively
Know which basic performance metrics to include on every project
Understand the best approaches to long term performance data archiving
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5. Performance Monitoring
Performance Monitoring
• Part of the ongoing commissioning process for
Part of the ongoing commissioning process for
buildings and building systems
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6. What is Commissioning?
What is Commissioning?
• Comprehensive QA process for buildings and
Comprehensive QA process for buildings and
building systems
Soup to Nuts
– Design Review
– Equipment and Instrumentation Validation
– Functional Performance Testing
– Continuous Commissioning
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7. What is Commissioning?
What is Commissioning?
• Comprehensive QA process for buildings and
Comprehensive QA process for buildings and
building systems
Soup to Nuts
– Design Review
– Equipment and Instrumentation Validation
– Functional Performance Testing
– Continuous Commissioning
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8. What is Commissioning?
What is Commissioning?
• Comprehensive QA process for buildings and
Comprehensive QA process for buildings and
building systems
Soup to Nuts
– Design Review
– Equipment and Instrumentation Validation
– Functional Performance Testing
– Continuous Commissioning
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9. What is Commissioning?
What is Commissioning?
• Comprehensive QA process for buildings and
Comprehensive QA process for buildings and
building systems
Soup to Nuts
– Design Review
– Equipment and Instrumentation Validation
– Functional Performance Testing
– Performance Monitoring
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10. Case Study: BIA Cx
Case Study: BIA Cx
Burlington International Airport
Chiller Plant Upgrade AHU/Boiler Upgrade
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11. Case Study: BIA Cx
Case Study: BIA Cx
Burlington International Airport
Burlington International Airport
Chiller Plant Upgrade
pg
Frictionless (Magnetic Bearing) Centrifugal Chiller
Two Fan Induced Draft Cross flow Cooling Tower
BTU Meters with Insertion Turbine Flow Meters
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12. Case Study: BIA Cx
Case Study: BIA Cx
Burlington International Airport
Burlington International Airport
HVAC Upgrade
Rooftop/VAVs (2)
R ft /VAV (2)
Condensing Boilers (2)
Existing Ductwork
Existing Ductwork
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13. Design Review
Design Review
Chiller Plant
• The control diagram at this time lacks the
capability for facility operators monitor how
much power the pumps and the chiller
consume…we suggest that pump and chiller
t th t d hill
KW values be imported into the DDC control
system and displayed on the DDC
system and displayed on the DDC
graphics…display of chiller kW, tonnage, and a
kW per Ton performance metrics.
kW per Ton performance metrics.
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14. Design Review
Design Review
Chiller Plant
• The piping diagram calls for glass “stick” type
The piping diagram calls for glass stick type
piping thermometers. These stick type piping
thermometers are very difficult to read in the
thermometers are very difficult to read in the
field. We suggest the use of round dial type
piping thermometers. These are far easier to
piping thermometers. These are far easier to
read in the field and will benefit facility
operating staff.
operating staff.
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15. Design Review
Design Review
HVAC Systems
• Cross connects Cold/Hot duct cross connection: The new VAV boxes
are shown connected to either the existing hot or cold duct mains…To
mitigate main duct pressure losses, could the separate hot and cold
duct mains be cross connected to equalize air flow?
d i b d li i fl ?
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16. Equipment Checkout: Leaks
Equipment Checkout: Leaks
• Air Leaks: loss of conditioned air
wasted fan energy
– Existing ducts: seams joints corners not sealed
Existing ducts: seams, joints, corners, not sealed
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17. Equipment Checkout: Leaks
Equipment Checkout: Leaks
• Air Leaks: loss of conditioned air
wasted fan energy
– New equipment: damaged closure mechanisms and
gaskets, as installed
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25. Equipment Checkout: Air Quality
Equipment Checkout: Air Quality
• Standing water not permitted per ASHRAE 62.1
• CHW pipe insulation remained to be installed, no drain
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27. Instrumentation: Gauges and Sensors
Instrumentation: Gauges and Sensors
• Pete’s plugs for validation of piping sensors and gauges
• Round vs Stick thermometers are easier to read
Round vs. Stick thermometers are easier to read
specified installed
• Calibrate/compare against NIST certified test instruments
• Location of thermostats and control system sensors
– Avoid interference from direct sun or equipment exhaust
Avoid interference from direct sun or equipment exhaust
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29. Instrumentation: DDC Program Validation
Instrumentation: DDC Program Validation
• Sensor scaling errors
Sensor scaling errors
– 0 to 5 V or 0 to 10 V?
– Chill
Chiller percent load displayed found to be one
t l d di l d f dt b
third of actual per BTU meters
• Ph i l h k
Physical checks
– Outside air dampers found in a position other
than commanded by the DDC system
– Too much outside air being brought in (expensive)
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31. Functional Performance Testing: HVAC
Functional Performance Testing: HVAC
• Software programmed with an
Software programmed with an
economizer mode lockout when the
outdoor air temperature drops below
td i t t d b l
40F.
• Outside Air Control: configured for
damper position rather than flow.
damper position rather than flow.
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35. Building Energy Tracking
Building Energy Tracking
• How does my building compare to peer
How does my building compare to peer
building?
• Am I using what is expected?
• Has anything changed?
Has anything changed?
• Am I improving over time?
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36. System Energy Tracking
System Energy Tracking
• Are systems behaving as they should?
• How efficient are my systems?
• Today’s performance vs 3 years ago?
Today s performance vs. 3 years ago?
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37. System Energy Tracking
System Energy Tracking
• Building energy efficiency depreciates 2%
to 3% a year
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38. System Energy Tracking
System Energy Tracking
Expectations for building operators:
• Manage systems efficiently
• But we do not provide efficiency
ut we do not provide efficiency
feedback in our designs
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40. What To Measure
What To Measure
• Building Service
Building Service
‐ Electrical
‐ Fuel
• Central Plants
‐ Heating
‐ Cooling
‐ Refrigeration
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41. Other Sub Groups
Other Sub Groups
• Key Lighting Circuits
Key Lighting Circuits
‐ Exterior Lighting
‐ Key Lighting Zones
• Computer Rooms
p
• Central Air Handlers
• Central Pumps
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47. Electromagnetic Meter
• Critical water flow applications
Critical water flow applications
• Open loop
• “Dirty Water”
‐ Gray Water
Gray Water
‐ Sea Water
‐ Process Liquids
d
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49. Power Monitoring
• Key Electrical Sub‐circuits
Key Electrical Sub‐circuits
‐ Exterior Lighting / Interior Lighting
• Key large equipment
‐ Chillers
‐ Large Compressors, etc…
•Pi
Primary Electrical Service – P ibl
El t i l S i Possibly
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56. Unit Conversion
• Electrical:
‐ kWH/YR x 3.41 kBTU/kWH
• Fossil Fuel:
‐ Fuel Units/YR x BTU Per Unit/ 1,000
Fuel Units/YR x TU Per Unit/ ,000
• Units Delivered to Building (not source
Energy)
Energ )
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63. BTU Meters: Water
• Temperature
‐ +/‐ 0.1°F Accuracy Goal
‐ Insertion Temperature Probe
‐ ≈ with +/‐ 0.1°F Accuracy
‐ ≈ RTD Type: Not Thermister
‐ Must Have Insertion Test Ports!
Must Have Insertion Test Ports!
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64. Power Meters
• Goal: +/‐ 0 1 kW (True kW)
Goal: +/‐ 0.1 kW (True kW)
• 3 Phase: Sum of 3 legs
• Precision field meter required
‐ +/‐ $2 000 meter cost
+/ $2,000 meter cost
• Stable operation required
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66. Data Acquisition
• Capture Related Data
Capture Related Data
• Outside Air Temperature (All)
• Cooling Plants
‐ OA Enthalpy
OA Enthalpy
‐ CHWS Temperature
‐ Condenser Water Temperature
d
‐ To Chiller
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67. Correlate Related Data
• Heating: BTUH vs Average Hourly OA Temp
Heating: BTUH vs. Average Hourly OA Temp
• Fans: kW/kCFM/HR vs. Average Hourly OA
Temp
• Cooling Plant
‐ kW/Ton vs. Average Hourly Enthalpy
‐ kW/Ton vs. Average Hourly Condenser Temp
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69. Data Management
• Too Much Data to Store
Too Much Data to Store
• Develop Average Data
‐ For Permanent Storage
• Dump detailed data after +/‐ 90
Dump detailed data after +/ 90
days or so
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70. Further Resources
“The Building Performance Tracking
The Building Performance Tracking
Handbook,” California Commissioning
Collaborative – cacx.org
C ll b ti
ASHRAE Guideline 22‐2008 –
“Instrumentation for Monitoring Central
Instrumentation for Monitoring Central
Chilled‐Water Plant Efficiency”
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71. Further Resources
CBECS – Commercial Building Energy
CBECS – Commercial Building Energy
Consumption Survey
Benchmarking Building Energy Performance
Benchmarking Building Energy Performance
Oak Ridge National Laboratory –
eber.ed.ornl
eber ed ornl
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72. Questions?
Thomas Anderson
Thomas Anderson Emily Cross
Emily Cross
tom@cx‐associates.com emily@cx‐associates.com
802.861.2715 x11
802 861 2715 11 802.861.2715 x14
802 861 2715 14
Visit our blog at: http://buildingenergy.cx‐associates.com/
110 Main Street
110 Main Street
Studio 1B
Burlington, VT 05401
802.861.2715
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