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FOUNDATION IN NATURAL AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT (FNBE)
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY [PSYC0103]:
INDIVIDUAL JOURNAL
NAME :
CHAM ZHENG CHEE
STUDENT ID:
0322317
GROUP/SESSION:
MONDAY, 10.00am-12.00pm
SUBMISSION DATE:
16th
NOVEMBER 2015
Journal Report 1: Social Facilitation
Social facilitation is when an individual’s well-learned performance is enhanced with
the presence of other. This simply means that someone is able to work better at something
that they are already good at doing when being watched by other people. The role of
social facilitation is vital in social situations, because it shows that people’s performance
are not solely affected by their abilities, but in addition, it is also affected by the
awareness of an individual being evaluated by observers surrounding them. Social
facilitation occurs when people are performing in the presence of others yet their
individual contributions can be identified.
Norman Triplett was the pioneer researcher on social facilitation in 1898. Triplett found
that cyclists had faster race times in the presence of other cyclists. It shows that the
competitive cyclists performed better during races than during solo rides. Triplett
theorized that the faster times were because the presence of others that made individuals
more competitive. Further research led Triplett to theorize that the presence of others
increases individuals' performances in other situations as well.
I was once a St John member in the St John Ambulance Malaysia (SJAM) for about 2
years. As a member of the SJAM, the most basic thing we must acquire is the knowledge
to safe people during crucial situations and emergencies. A few things that we cover in
the syllabus in St John is Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR), how to safe people
when their choking, the several techniques of transportation of a casualty, the basic ways
to clean a wound, the right way to use the tools in the first aid kit and so much more.
When I just started off my St John journey as a junior member, it was quite tough. I had
no confidence in whatever I’m doing especially the application of the knowledge I’ve
learned into my practical work. Everything was so new to me and its not easy to pick up
all these knowledge all at once and familiarize with it as soon as possible especially for a
slow learner like me. I had a really tough time executing my practical work, and also the
theory part as well.
In order to become a qualified St John member, especially for a junior member, you
Date: 12th November 2015
require to pass the test. It was terrifying for me. Thus, for the examination, I had to work
hard because I have the biggest fear of being evaluated by people, for this case, being
evaluated by professional seniors of the SJAM. I had to really had to improve myself and
perform my best.
During the examination, I gave everything I have, to really ace the test. The test ended
up average, as in I’ve achieved whatever I should have achieve, is just that the seniors has
a higher expectation, and they are good at doing what their doing. Thus, the seniors gave
advice on how to really perform better when doing a particular action, or dealing with the
tools or the casualty. I’ve learned a lot throughout the process.
At first, I was a bit frustrated with the fact that the seniors are being so strict and so
particular at everything, even though I’ve accomplished whatever I’m supposed to do. I
didn’t understand all of it. But when it was the time where I face real life situations, I
finally could understand my senior’s effort and also how it actually benefits me. Even
though I have only be exposed to St John for 2 years, but the things I’ve learned in that 2
years helped me a lot. There are some moments in life where my friends or family that
has sudden injuries, small cuts and other issues, I was able to provide help. Especially in
a crowd, where you’re the only one that acquire that knowledge, it feels good, at the same
time, I was able to perform better.
Once, I was doing a group work with my team members, and there were few other team
as well. The task we were doing requires a lot of cutting, and carelessly, one of my team
member cut his finger. The cut was quite deep and it was bleeding continuously. Luckily,
one of the people from the other team has a small first aid pack by her side. An individual
that was sitting beside the person that was injured wanted to help. That individual was
trying to help to clean the wound but he was doing it in an unhygienic way. I quickly
approached and stop the individual from whatever his doing. I took over his place and
borrowed my friend’s first aid pack and started cleaning the wound the right way for the
injured person followed by covering up the wound with a bandage. As I was doing my
job, I was also explaining to my friend how it should be done correctly in order to prevent
any further infections.
That moment, it felt great. Everyone didn’t had any knowledge about managing the
wound, except me. It felt great because I knew what I was doing, I was able to apply the
knowledge that I’ve learned from being a St John member, at the same time teaching my
friends the right way to manage this kind of case. Another thing that made me felt great
was actually the moment where people started to praise me for what I did. Even it was the
smallest little thing, and for the professional seniors and doctors, this might even meant
nothing to them, but for me it felt great, that little satisfaction of being able to perform
well on something that I’m familiar with. Knowing that people are looking at me
throughout the whole process, the atmosphere of being evaluated, it gave me a bit of
confidence and also wanting to perform well in a simple (well-learned) task.
Journal Report 2: Looking-Glass Self
Socialization shapes our self image, and how we view ourselves. Sociologist, Charles
Cooley use the social psychological concept, which is the looking-glass self in order to
describe this process. He theorized that the view of ourselves, come not only from our
direct contemplation of our personal qualities, but also our perceptions about how are we
being perceived by others.
Charles Cooley states that this process happens in three steps. First, we imagine how we
appeared to others, to our families, our friends, or just people on the streets. Second, we
imagine how they must have evaluate us based on their observation of us. Thus, do we
just come across being intelligent, funny, shy or maybe just awkward to people. Third, we
develop feelings about ourselves based on our impressions of their valuations and their
observations.
One critical aspect about this theory is that Charles Cooley believes that we are not
actually gaining influence by the opinions of others, but instead we’re influence by what
we imagine the opinions of other people to be. If we think the evaluation is favorable, our
self-concept is enhanced. But if we think the evaluation is unfavorable, our self-concept
is diminished. According to this theory, we might develop our self identity based on
correct and incorrect perceptions of how others see us.
I’ve always been a person who is very particular of my self image. Self image is not that
I’ve always look into a mirror, checking out my hair, my face, how my physical
appearance looks. Its nothing like that. The self image that I’m particular simply meant
my behaviors, my attitudes and my personality in dealing with everything in my everyday
life, like social interaction, or dealing with problems and so much more.
I don’t like certain attributes that I have, the way I talk, the tone I use, my actions, the
way I respond to people and some other things. I have always been working on all these
aspects I’ve mentioned. I’ve been trying to change and to improve myself in all these
aspects. This is not because I want to change myself to become someone else, changing
into someone that I, myself don’t even recognize, but its more like a self improvement for
Date: 12th November 2015
myself, a self development, a self management. I hope to eventually see myself grow in
terms of my mentality, becoming more mature. Thus, this explains why am I so particular
of my self image, the image that I’m showing to people.
Every morning, the moment I open my eyes, I’ll constantly remind myself that, ‘ Today
is a new day, behave properly, be nice to people..’, basically reminding myself about
things that I should take note of, make self improvement every single day. The reason
why a person is very particular of his own self image is because he cares a lot about how
he is being perceived by other people, and that person is me.
When I was a little boy, I feared of interacting with people, especially strangers.
Interacting with people has always been a difficult task for me because it feels like I’m
exposing my weaknesses to everyone whenever I start talking. When I’m given a task,
like ordering my own food in the hawker center by myself, it really scares me a lot. I had
no confidence with the way I talk, I just couldn’t do it. In order to solve this problem, my
parents sent me to a creative learning center called - Bilden. This center does a lot of
small creative work, crafts, small little projects for kids and teens. When every project is
coming to an end, there will always be a presentation of your work and there will always
be a sharing session, where you share your thoughts and feelings about this project.
I hated that place. It feels like hell being at that place. There were actually so much more
other than the presentations, but I could only focus on the fact that I can’t even interact
with an individual, and now being asked to talk in front of everyone, its just unbelievable
for me. I was mad at my parents, for sending me to this place. I was scared, I was
terrified, I wasn’t happy. Being a kid, I cared too much of how people look at me. Even if
I try my best to be the obedient kid, but when it comes to communication, I have zero
confidence. I remembered one of the presentation must be done in the form of act. That
particular project, the teachers invited all of our parents to attend, to see what we have
done all this while. As usual, I was scared, I was nervous. It was my turn, no matter how
much I hated it, I still have to do it. I had to memorize a few lines, and I practiced
multiple times before the day of presentation. When it was the moment to present, I
totally forgotten my lines, and all I could do was to stare at the crowd. Even though I
completely forgotten my lines, but the only thing I’ve remembered clearly was the
reaction from the audience. They were clapping and laughing at me at the same time. I
couldn’t stand it, I teared up on stage. It was the most embarrassing and horrifying
moment for me at that point of life. The claps, the laughter, it haunted me as a kid. It
destroyed me in a way that I couldn’t look into people’s eyes anymore after that incident.
Now that I’ve grown up, I finally understood what was the claps all about. The claps
from the crowd was actually a form of encouragement, it was to give me courage to
continue my act. But that time I was too young to understand that, I misinterpreted it, I
misunderstood it. I thought people perceived me as a useless kid which is incapable of
completing a simple task like presenting my work. There was one point in my life that I
told myself that I didn’t want to be that fearful little boy ever again, I want to change. I
started practicing and practicing and eventually being able to comfortably have
conversations with people, and slowly I was able to talk in front of a crowd, I was able to
conduct a presentation. Sometimes I got praised by people, talking about how fluent I
was able to speak during a presentation, it really enhances my self-concept. This massive
transformations gave myself a shock. Never in my dreams that I can be standing in front
of so many people and give a speech. The constant training from the center gave me an
opportunity to change and to slowly become better at something that I used to have zero
confidence at.
Sometimes, there are a lot of events in life that made me over think, thinking that people
might hate me, people might dislike me due to my certain actions and my personalities.
Its hard to go through every single day, facing all kinds of people with the fear of
imagining how other people might perceive you. In other words, what I’ll eventually
become is the self of how I look to others, and also how other people perceive the self
that I think I presented to the people.
Journal Report 3: Counterfactual Thinking
Counterfactual thinking are thoughts about what might have been. It is a process where
we imagine a different outcome for an event that already occurred. This is usually
associated with negative events. Thus, anytime we consider the past and think about not
how the past actually unfolded, but rather how it might have unfolded. A counterfactual
thought occurs when a person modifies a factual prior event and then assesses the
consequences of that change. A person may imagine how an outcome could have turned
out differently, if the antecedents that led to that event were different. Counterfactual
thinking, reexamining a path taken and a path not taken allows people to create a
coherent life story. This process drives people to be more analytic, creative, and capable
of solving problems. It can also at the same time used to improve or worsen your mood.
To illustrate, particularly after an unfortunate event, individuals sometimes consider
how their unpleasant situation could have been even graver. They recognize the
consequences could have been more undesirable, which is called a downward
counterfactual. These downward counterfactuals can, at least momentarily, improve
mood, because individuals feel fortunate in comparison. Alternatively, especially after an
unfortunate event, individuals sometimes consider how their difficult situations could
have been better. They had some action or event been changed, the consequences might
have been more favorable, and its called an upward counterfactual. Upward
counterfactuals might not, at least initially, improve mood, but they do uncover insights
or knowledge that can be used to enhance performance in the future.
Throughout my life, I have encountered many moments where I experienced
counterfactual thinking. One particular example is the decision to transfer school in the
middle of my high school years. I can still remember it was the end of my primary school
years, where all my friends were discussing on which high school to go to. A group of my
close friends are going to the same high school and they were all happy about it. As for
me, I was proceeding my high school life in a high school which is different from my
friends, and also far away from them in terms of distance.
Date: 12th November 2015
At first, I couldn’t accept the fact I’m leaving them, but I kept convincing myself that
this isn’t the end of the world. Maybe this is the chance where I get to meet new people,
and expand my social circle. I managed to convince myself and moved on with my high
school life without the company of my primary school friends. I was happy with the
whole new environment, these new people I’ve met, and everything was fine, until the
third year of high school.
Even though I was adapted to the high school I was studying in, the new environment
and the new people, where everything seems to be fine, but one issue occurred which is
my transportation. I couldn’t find any transporter to fetch me to and fro. The only
transportation I have was my parents. As the school was quite a distance from my house,
it requires me to wake up early every single day and go back late at night due to both of
my parents were working. This transportation issue has made not just my life, but my
parents life extremely exhausting.
The only way to solve the problem was transferring to a school that was nearer to our
house. I ended up back to the high school where my group of primary school friends were
at. It was sad for me to leave my current friends at high school. All I have in my head was
if only I’ve never chose to come to this high school, to have met them in my life, this
separation won’t even have existed. I was sad, but at the same time I thought this was the
only wise decision, to make my parent’s life easier. Despite all the sadness about the
separation, I had quickly moved on with my life, accepted the fact and was pretty excited
because I got a chance to reunite with my primary school friends.
It was the third year of my high school life, that changed drastically. Before the third
year started, I’ve even contacted my primary school friends and asked them to tour me
around the school when I’m back. We were all quite excited. But the moment I stepped in
my new high school, I didn’t know what was going on, I just couldn’t adapt to the
changes occurred among my primary school friends. I relied and expected too much on
my primary school friends. I forgotten that we’ve separated for 2 years already, and a lot
can happen in this 2 years. They’ve changed into someone that I’m not used to hanging
out with anymore. Everything was different. The environment, the people, I couldn’t get
used to the whole new experience. My primary school friends already have their own
group of friends. My existence doesn’t matter to them anymore.
I got a chance to really clear my thoughts and try to capture what was going on. I
eventually figured it out and no matter how uncomfortable how unpleasant the feeling
was, I had to move on with life. That 2 years gap between my relationship with my
primary school friends, has changed us as an individual. Throughout the process,
everyone has changed. It wasn’t just them, it was me that had changed too. This time, I
had the thought of giving up. I didn’t want to try, all that was happening in my head was
thinking the fact that if only I didn’t left my primary school friends, if only I went to the
same high school with them, if only I didn’t have that 2 years of separation with them,
everything will be the same. I couldn’t accept the fact that our relationship changes
dramatically into becoming almost strangers. After that, I’ve eventually thought it
through.
I disliked my high school life, and I wanted it to end so badly, so that I can start a new
life again in my university. The last 2 years in high school was hard for me. I am usually
alone with no company. I didn’t want to give it a try, I didn’t want to mix around. I made
the decision to persevere with my current condition for the last 2 years in high school,
which is being alone.
After I’ve ended my high school life, and moved on to my tertiary studies, I’ve met new
people and I have a new group of friends. I kept telling myself not to repeat the same
mistakes in high school, to treat my university life like a new life, start off fresh and
pushed myself to mix around with different kinds of people and initiate conversations
with the others. I’m glad that high school ended and currently living a happier life,
meeting a bunch of talented and incredible people. Life is indeed better now.
If I kept the downward counterfactual thinking to make myself feel better at that time, I
think I’ll never be able to change my attitude and my behaviors. I will still be living a dull
life, always lonely and a life filled with sadness. I think that the unpleasant feeling I got
from the upward counterfactual thinking actually helped me in the future. The upward
counterfactual thinking made me want a change in my life, and pushes me to initiate
actions to fulfill my goals, which is to start again, and meet new people. Counterfactual
thinking might make you feel all kinds of emotions, sadness, regrets, frustrations and
disappointment. But after all, it changes your behavior in the future, leading to a better
outcome in life.
Journal Report 5: Cognitive Dissonance
Attitudes shapes our behaviors. People strive for consistency in harmony between the
attitudes and behaviors. When we have contradictions in our attitudes and behaviors, this
could lead to cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance is the discomfort experience
when holding two or more conflicting cognition. This theory came from Leon Festinger
in 1950. This theory was based on something he noticed. It was a reaction people had
when confronted in certain situation. These situations in that people essentially did not
want to question, discuss, or talk about.
This cognition can be ideas, beliefs, values, or emotional reactions. And this feeling of
discomfort can lead to alterations in one of our attitudes, in one of our beliefs or even our
behaviors. The reason why we alter or change this cognition, because it acts like a
protection mechanism or a defensive mechanism to reduce the discomfort we feel
between the inconsistencies.
One of the example that I could recall is the time when my elder sister was about to
further her tertiary studies. My parents are just always full of contradictory whenever
discussing on a certain issue, especially topics like this. In my sister’s case, she loves
doing writing, she loves doing event management. She has always been very passionate
in writing poems, stories, and her ability and talent in writing had always been praised by
teachers in school. When she entered the university, she picked a course, which is the
American Degree Program (ADP). The reason why she chose that course was solely
because she wanted to transfer to the U.S to study. As silly as her reason behind this
decision is, she did pretty well in this course. But, throughout her course she had always
practice writing, kept being inspired and doing more creative work. Her love for writing
never stopped. She had more confidence in her work when her work is seen and praised
by many lecturers. It gave her enough confidence to finally knew what she wanted, which
is to become a journalist, or maybe even enter the education industry.
She also had joined an youth organization group called the AIESEC. It was a program
where students are exposed to several projects, doing volunteer work, getting to know
Date: 14th November 2015
more people, training their management skills and leadership skills. She did pretty well in
AIESEC, and she loves doing what she was doing. She started to have interest in event
management, and also doing volunteer work. She always wanted to do something to
contribute back to the society in the form of volunteer work. She was clear of what she
really wants in life, and whatever that can make her happy. But things don’t always go as
the way we want it to be. Here is the part where the interference comes in, which is the
involvement of my parents. As I’ve mentioned, my parents are always contradicting
themselves, with their thoughts and generally the things they say and does. In order to
fulfill my sister’s dream, it definitely needed my parent’s support too. My parents used to
always tell us that they will support us in our decision of which future career that we
would want to pursue in. They’ve even once said that as long as we’re happy and
passionate with what we’re doing, they’ll give us their greatest support. This is where all
the contradiction comes in. Even my parents said that they’ll support us, but when it
comes to the decision making, they seem to have second thoughts, unlimited questions,
and many more worries.
My sister wanted to become a journalist or involve in the education industry as her first
choice, and then being an event management as her second choice. But my parents don’t
seem to agree with her choices. They started giving all sorts of advice, asking my sister to
think wisely with the decision she made, questioning her passion towards the things she
loves, warning her the consequences of being in the particular industry and so much
more. Of course, there were advice, and at the same time, they must have some proposals,
or suggestions for my sister. They proposed some other career that they supposed, might
‘suit’ or are ‘better’ for my sister.
As both of my parents came from a property background, with my dad being a
developer, and my mum being a quantity surveyor, naturally they would love if we joined
the property industry too. They suggested my sister to be involved in property valuation.
They started giving my sister the whole idea of what property valuation was all about.
My sister didn’t like it, to be exact, she hated it. It wasn’t something she had any interest
in, it wasn’t something that she will even come across her mind, it wasn’t her at all.
Throughout the whole process before coming to the final decision, there was a lot of
conflict between my parents and sister. My sister was having a very hard time, to defend
herself, trying her best to convince my parents and also negotiating with my parents. My
sister was undergoing a really harsh situation, not getting the support from my parents.
She was frustrated, she was sad, she was disappointed. It came to a point where she really
didn’t know what to do anymore.
That moment was where cognitive dissonance comes in place, where she has two
conflicting cognition, which is to compromise with my parents, and doing something that
she know she wasn’t going to be satisfy with, or standing still with her own decision,
refuse to let my parent’s change her mind, but having so many conflicts with my parents
and not getting the support, the encouragement from them. It was a really tough time for
my sister, but she eventually decided to compromise regardless how unacceptable it was
for her, to allow herself do something that she don’t like. This part is where she made
alteration in terms of the decision that she made. She end up furthering her studies in
property valuation. It was a totally new environment for her, and my sister really tried her
best to let herself accept and adapt to whatever it was in this property industry.
My parents wasn’t open minded enough to accept and to support my sister in doing
whatever she was passionate about. Their mindset couldn’t be changed as they have their
set of thinking and opinions on the career that my sister initially wanted to pursue in. My
sister on the other hand started off persisting in her decisions, but she was struggling due
to all the conflict with my parents, and she had no choice but to only compromise, in
order to stop the conflicts.
People strive for harmony, in our thoughts and in our actions. As soon as our cognition,
attitudes and behaviors don’t align, that is when we have cognitive dissonance.
D
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Journal Report 4: The Halo Effect
The impression we create is affected by the way we look. We tend to think beautiful
people are more intelligent, popular, confidence, and better at everything from their jobs
to flying a plane. If we’re able to create a favorable impression, we can create advantages
for ourselves. We’re more likely to get what we want. It might be a job, popularity, or the
control we have over the people around us.
The halo effect is when an observer has an overall impression of a person, an object, or
a subject, that influences the observer’s feelings and thoughts about that character or
item. The halo effect is a specific form of a confirmation bias, where positive feelings in
an area causes a neutral traits to be viewed positively. The halo effect works in both
positive and negative directions. If the observer likes one aspect of something, they will
have a positive predisposition towards everything about it. If the observer dislikes one
aspect of something, they will have a negative predisposition towards everything about it.
This also speaks to the importance of a first impression. The halo effect can occur without
our active awareness.
I’ve met a couple of people throughout my life whereby the halo effect is shown clearly
in that individual. One of the incident that happened was seen in my university life. I
remembered it all started during the orientation week. At that point of time, I didn’t had
any friends from high school that came to this university, and I was basically going
through the orientation week alone, until this guy appeared and approached me. At first
glance, he dressed up properly, looking really smart and fresh. He came up and started a
conversation with me. We started off by introducing ourselves to each other. Surprisingly,
he was in the same course as I am, Foundation in Natural and Built Environment (FNBE).
After all the small little chit chats, the impression he gave me was quite good. He was a
nice person in general, in terms of how he talks, how he presents himself, and also based
on the things he shared like being in the debate team, being the chairperson of a club and
so much more. He was pretty much a talented and a nice person. The following days, we
hung out together. I was happy that I finally found a friend that can accompany me in my
Date: 13th November 2015
first year of university life. I was excited and everything turned out fine.
It was the time we had our very first presentation in our very first project. He shocked
everyone in the lecture theater with his amazing presentation skills. The moment he
speaks, he became the center of attention. He spoke fluently, he organized his thoughts,
and he was speaking with loud and clear voice. He basically looks professional and
everyone was amazed with his abilities. Even the lecturers was praising him for doing
such a great work. I wasn’t surprise, because it turned out exactly what I’ve expected.
Being able to witness him presenting with his amazing skills, it just proven everything
that I thought he would be.
Everyone started to hung out with him a lot. He became very popular in class, a guy that
everyone of us admired and look up too. Not just his presentation skills, but the work he
does, everything was fine and just perfect. Even though it was quite stressful having him
being by my side everyday, but he was a nice guy and it was fine for me. At that period of
time, everyone took him as a motivation, as an inspiration, to become better, to work
harder, and achieve our goals. He was that good and that impactful in our course. As time
goes by, this perfect friend of mine isn’t as perfect as I thought after all. He started
revealing his true colors.
As we progressively move into week after week in our modules, things started to heat
up, as multiple projects started kicking in, and there were many stressful moments
throughout this journey in our course. There was this project that I was grouped together
with him. This particular project wasn’t easy. As usual, he gave amazing and creative
ideas, but there was something about him that has changed, his personality. He started
become really particular in everything he does, he became a very strict person, he became
a perfectionist, he became an impatient person, he became a control freak, he became the
worst nightmare a person can ever have all of a sudden.
Its alright that he is serious in his work, but he got really intense in his work, and it
started to affect his attitudes and behaviors. It seemed like all he can think about was
achieving good grades. I suffered throughout the project, but I bared with him and
eventually it came to the end of the project, and we got a good result. I was satisfy with
the results, and I thanked him for putting so much effort in it, but his attitude was just not
okay for me. I tried to talk to him about it, asking him how was he doing. He didn’t want
to answer me. I persisted in asking him how was his condition, and he got frustrated and
started screaming at me. He spilled out all his dissatisfaction about me, one of them was
how useless my ideas was and how I was being so slow, unable to catch up on his pace.
He even confessed that he made friends with me because he initially thought I was a
person that was ‘useful’ for the upcoming teamwork. He mentioned that he turned out
wrong. He spilled it all out. I was shocked, of what he has become. The things he said
was indeed hurtful. Throughout the process of our teamwork, I gave ideas, but he
rejected. Sometimes we have opposing opinions on certain issues, and he didn’t want to
listen what I have to say and decided on whatever he wants. I wanted to lend a hand, but
he said that I couldn’t do it properly, so he took over everything. I kept baring with his
every actions, but in the end, that was what he thought about me.
I did not respond to whatever he says. I didn’t find the need to explain myself or defend
myself. All I did was gave him a pat on his shoulder, and told him to not be so harsh on
himself and also others. I wished him all the best for his upcoming work, and that became
our very last conversation. The following group projects, I’ve decided to join other
groups. As for him, there were people who are still willing to join him, because he was
still good at what his doing, but people joined him for the sake of achieving the good
grades even though how much they couldn’t bare with his personality too. The
relationship between him and the people who joined him are just team mates, group
partners, nothing more than that. Everyone started to distance themselves from him. He
was doing well in his assignments and projects, but in terms of social interactions, he
barely has any of it, he was basically alone.
This friend of mine that I met during the orientation, created the perfect first impression.
Everyone saw the positive qualities in him, and he earned his popularity from it. This
incident clearly illustrates the halo effect. But as time goes by, his true colors and
intentions started to surface, turns out he was no longer the perfect person I once knew.

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Journal

  • 1. FOUNDATION IN NATURAL AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT (FNBE) SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY [PSYC0103]: INDIVIDUAL JOURNAL NAME : CHAM ZHENG CHEE STUDENT ID: 0322317 GROUP/SESSION: MONDAY, 10.00am-12.00pm SUBMISSION DATE: 16th NOVEMBER 2015
  • 2. Journal Report 1: Social Facilitation Social facilitation is when an individual’s well-learned performance is enhanced with the presence of other. This simply means that someone is able to work better at something that they are already good at doing when being watched by other people. The role of social facilitation is vital in social situations, because it shows that people’s performance are not solely affected by their abilities, but in addition, it is also affected by the awareness of an individual being evaluated by observers surrounding them. Social facilitation occurs when people are performing in the presence of others yet their individual contributions can be identified. Norman Triplett was the pioneer researcher on social facilitation in 1898. Triplett found that cyclists had faster race times in the presence of other cyclists. It shows that the competitive cyclists performed better during races than during solo rides. Triplett theorized that the faster times were because the presence of others that made individuals more competitive. Further research led Triplett to theorize that the presence of others increases individuals' performances in other situations as well. I was once a St John member in the St John Ambulance Malaysia (SJAM) for about 2 years. As a member of the SJAM, the most basic thing we must acquire is the knowledge to safe people during crucial situations and emergencies. A few things that we cover in the syllabus in St John is Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR), how to safe people when their choking, the several techniques of transportation of a casualty, the basic ways to clean a wound, the right way to use the tools in the first aid kit and so much more. When I just started off my St John journey as a junior member, it was quite tough. I had no confidence in whatever I’m doing especially the application of the knowledge I’ve learned into my practical work. Everything was so new to me and its not easy to pick up all these knowledge all at once and familiarize with it as soon as possible especially for a slow learner like me. I had a really tough time executing my practical work, and also the theory part as well. In order to become a qualified St John member, especially for a junior member, you Date: 12th November 2015
  • 3. require to pass the test. It was terrifying for me. Thus, for the examination, I had to work hard because I have the biggest fear of being evaluated by people, for this case, being evaluated by professional seniors of the SJAM. I had to really had to improve myself and perform my best. During the examination, I gave everything I have, to really ace the test. The test ended up average, as in I’ve achieved whatever I should have achieve, is just that the seniors has a higher expectation, and they are good at doing what their doing. Thus, the seniors gave advice on how to really perform better when doing a particular action, or dealing with the tools or the casualty. I’ve learned a lot throughout the process. At first, I was a bit frustrated with the fact that the seniors are being so strict and so particular at everything, even though I’ve accomplished whatever I’m supposed to do. I didn’t understand all of it. But when it was the time where I face real life situations, I finally could understand my senior’s effort and also how it actually benefits me. Even though I have only be exposed to St John for 2 years, but the things I’ve learned in that 2 years helped me a lot. There are some moments in life where my friends or family that has sudden injuries, small cuts and other issues, I was able to provide help. Especially in a crowd, where you’re the only one that acquire that knowledge, it feels good, at the same time, I was able to perform better. Once, I was doing a group work with my team members, and there were few other team as well. The task we were doing requires a lot of cutting, and carelessly, one of my team member cut his finger. The cut was quite deep and it was bleeding continuously. Luckily, one of the people from the other team has a small first aid pack by her side. An individual that was sitting beside the person that was injured wanted to help. That individual was trying to help to clean the wound but he was doing it in an unhygienic way. I quickly approached and stop the individual from whatever his doing. I took over his place and borrowed my friend’s first aid pack and started cleaning the wound the right way for the injured person followed by covering up the wound with a bandage. As I was doing my job, I was also explaining to my friend how it should be done correctly in order to prevent any further infections. That moment, it felt great. Everyone didn’t had any knowledge about managing the wound, except me. It felt great because I knew what I was doing, I was able to apply the
  • 4. knowledge that I’ve learned from being a St John member, at the same time teaching my friends the right way to manage this kind of case. Another thing that made me felt great was actually the moment where people started to praise me for what I did. Even it was the smallest little thing, and for the professional seniors and doctors, this might even meant nothing to them, but for me it felt great, that little satisfaction of being able to perform well on something that I’m familiar with. Knowing that people are looking at me throughout the whole process, the atmosphere of being evaluated, it gave me a bit of confidence and also wanting to perform well in a simple (well-learned) task.
  • 5. Journal Report 2: Looking-Glass Self Socialization shapes our self image, and how we view ourselves. Sociologist, Charles Cooley use the social psychological concept, which is the looking-glass self in order to describe this process. He theorized that the view of ourselves, come not only from our direct contemplation of our personal qualities, but also our perceptions about how are we being perceived by others. Charles Cooley states that this process happens in three steps. First, we imagine how we appeared to others, to our families, our friends, or just people on the streets. Second, we imagine how they must have evaluate us based on their observation of us. Thus, do we just come across being intelligent, funny, shy or maybe just awkward to people. Third, we develop feelings about ourselves based on our impressions of their valuations and their observations. One critical aspect about this theory is that Charles Cooley believes that we are not actually gaining influence by the opinions of others, but instead we’re influence by what we imagine the opinions of other people to be. If we think the evaluation is favorable, our self-concept is enhanced. But if we think the evaluation is unfavorable, our self-concept is diminished. According to this theory, we might develop our self identity based on correct and incorrect perceptions of how others see us. I’ve always been a person who is very particular of my self image. Self image is not that I’ve always look into a mirror, checking out my hair, my face, how my physical appearance looks. Its nothing like that. The self image that I’m particular simply meant my behaviors, my attitudes and my personality in dealing with everything in my everyday life, like social interaction, or dealing with problems and so much more. I don’t like certain attributes that I have, the way I talk, the tone I use, my actions, the way I respond to people and some other things. I have always been working on all these aspects I’ve mentioned. I’ve been trying to change and to improve myself in all these aspects. This is not because I want to change myself to become someone else, changing into someone that I, myself don’t even recognize, but its more like a self improvement for Date: 12th November 2015
  • 6. myself, a self development, a self management. I hope to eventually see myself grow in terms of my mentality, becoming more mature. Thus, this explains why am I so particular of my self image, the image that I’m showing to people. Every morning, the moment I open my eyes, I’ll constantly remind myself that, ‘ Today is a new day, behave properly, be nice to people..’, basically reminding myself about things that I should take note of, make self improvement every single day. The reason why a person is very particular of his own self image is because he cares a lot about how he is being perceived by other people, and that person is me. When I was a little boy, I feared of interacting with people, especially strangers. Interacting with people has always been a difficult task for me because it feels like I’m exposing my weaknesses to everyone whenever I start talking. When I’m given a task, like ordering my own food in the hawker center by myself, it really scares me a lot. I had no confidence with the way I talk, I just couldn’t do it. In order to solve this problem, my parents sent me to a creative learning center called - Bilden. This center does a lot of small creative work, crafts, small little projects for kids and teens. When every project is coming to an end, there will always be a presentation of your work and there will always be a sharing session, where you share your thoughts and feelings about this project. I hated that place. It feels like hell being at that place. There were actually so much more other than the presentations, but I could only focus on the fact that I can’t even interact with an individual, and now being asked to talk in front of everyone, its just unbelievable for me. I was mad at my parents, for sending me to this place. I was scared, I was terrified, I wasn’t happy. Being a kid, I cared too much of how people look at me. Even if I try my best to be the obedient kid, but when it comes to communication, I have zero confidence. I remembered one of the presentation must be done in the form of act. That particular project, the teachers invited all of our parents to attend, to see what we have done all this while. As usual, I was scared, I was nervous. It was my turn, no matter how much I hated it, I still have to do it. I had to memorize a few lines, and I practiced multiple times before the day of presentation. When it was the moment to present, I totally forgotten my lines, and all I could do was to stare at the crowd. Even though I completely forgotten my lines, but the only thing I’ve remembered clearly was the reaction from the audience. They were clapping and laughing at me at the same time. I
  • 7. couldn’t stand it, I teared up on stage. It was the most embarrassing and horrifying moment for me at that point of life. The claps, the laughter, it haunted me as a kid. It destroyed me in a way that I couldn’t look into people’s eyes anymore after that incident. Now that I’ve grown up, I finally understood what was the claps all about. The claps from the crowd was actually a form of encouragement, it was to give me courage to continue my act. But that time I was too young to understand that, I misinterpreted it, I misunderstood it. I thought people perceived me as a useless kid which is incapable of completing a simple task like presenting my work. There was one point in my life that I told myself that I didn’t want to be that fearful little boy ever again, I want to change. I started practicing and practicing and eventually being able to comfortably have conversations with people, and slowly I was able to talk in front of a crowd, I was able to conduct a presentation. Sometimes I got praised by people, talking about how fluent I was able to speak during a presentation, it really enhances my self-concept. This massive transformations gave myself a shock. Never in my dreams that I can be standing in front of so many people and give a speech. The constant training from the center gave me an opportunity to change and to slowly become better at something that I used to have zero confidence at. Sometimes, there are a lot of events in life that made me over think, thinking that people might hate me, people might dislike me due to my certain actions and my personalities. Its hard to go through every single day, facing all kinds of people with the fear of imagining how other people might perceive you. In other words, what I’ll eventually become is the self of how I look to others, and also how other people perceive the self that I think I presented to the people.
  • 8. Journal Report 3: Counterfactual Thinking Counterfactual thinking are thoughts about what might have been. It is a process where we imagine a different outcome for an event that already occurred. This is usually associated with negative events. Thus, anytime we consider the past and think about not how the past actually unfolded, but rather how it might have unfolded. A counterfactual thought occurs when a person modifies a factual prior event and then assesses the consequences of that change. A person may imagine how an outcome could have turned out differently, if the antecedents that led to that event were different. Counterfactual thinking, reexamining a path taken and a path not taken allows people to create a coherent life story. This process drives people to be more analytic, creative, and capable of solving problems. It can also at the same time used to improve or worsen your mood. To illustrate, particularly after an unfortunate event, individuals sometimes consider how their unpleasant situation could have been even graver. They recognize the consequences could have been more undesirable, which is called a downward counterfactual. These downward counterfactuals can, at least momentarily, improve mood, because individuals feel fortunate in comparison. Alternatively, especially after an unfortunate event, individuals sometimes consider how their difficult situations could have been better. They had some action or event been changed, the consequences might have been more favorable, and its called an upward counterfactual. Upward counterfactuals might not, at least initially, improve mood, but they do uncover insights or knowledge that can be used to enhance performance in the future. Throughout my life, I have encountered many moments where I experienced counterfactual thinking. One particular example is the decision to transfer school in the middle of my high school years. I can still remember it was the end of my primary school years, where all my friends were discussing on which high school to go to. A group of my close friends are going to the same high school and they were all happy about it. As for me, I was proceeding my high school life in a high school which is different from my friends, and also far away from them in terms of distance. Date: 12th November 2015
  • 9. At first, I couldn’t accept the fact I’m leaving them, but I kept convincing myself that this isn’t the end of the world. Maybe this is the chance where I get to meet new people, and expand my social circle. I managed to convince myself and moved on with my high school life without the company of my primary school friends. I was happy with the whole new environment, these new people I’ve met, and everything was fine, until the third year of high school. Even though I was adapted to the high school I was studying in, the new environment and the new people, where everything seems to be fine, but one issue occurred which is my transportation. I couldn’t find any transporter to fetch me to and fro. The only transportation I have was my parents. As the school was quite a distance from my house, it requires me to wake up early every single day and go back late at night due to both of my parents were working. This transportation issue has made not just my life, but my parents life extremely exhausting. The only way to solve the problem was transferring to a school that was nearer to our house. I ended up back to the high school where my group of primary school friends were at. It was sad for me to leave my current friends at high school. All I have in my head was if only I’ve never chose to come to this high school, to have met them in my life, this separation won’t even have existed. I was sad, but at the same time I thought this was the only wise decision, to make my parent’s life easier. Despite all the sadness about the separation, I had quickly moved on with my life, accepted the fact and was pretty excited because I got a chance to reunite with my primary school friends. It was the third year of my high school life, that changed drastically. Before the third year started, I’ve even contacted my primary school friends and asked them to tour me around the school when I’m back. We were all quite excited. But the moment I stepped in my new high school, I didn’t know what was going on, I just couldn’t adapt to the changes occurred among my primary school friends. I relied and expected too much on my primary school friends. I forgotten that we’ve separated for 2 years already, and a lot can happen in this 2 years. They’ve changed into someone that I’m not used to hanging out with anymore. Everything was different. The environment, the people, I couldn’t get used to the whole new experience. My primary school friends already have their own group of friends. My existence doesn’t matter to them anymore.
  • 10. I got a chance to really clear my thoughts and try to capture what was going on. I eventually figured it out and no matter how uncomfortable how unpleasant the feeling was, I had to move on with life. That 2 years gap between my relationship with my primary school friends, has changed us as an individual. Throughout the process, everyone has changed. It wasn’t just them, it was me that had changed too. This time, I had the thought of giving up. I didn’t want to try, all that was happening in my head was thinking the fact that if only I didn’t left my primary school friends, if only I went to the same high school with them, if only I didn’t have that 2 years of separation with them, everything will be the same. I couldn’t accept the fact that our relationship changes dramatically into becoming almost strangers. After that, I’ve eventually thought it through. I disliked my high school life, and I wanted it to end so badly, so that I can start a new life again in my university. The last 2 years in high school was hard for me. I am usually alone with no company. I didn’t want to give it a try, I didn’t want to mix around. I made the decision to persevere with my current condition for the last 2 years in high school, which is being alone. After I’ve ended my high school life, and moved on to my tertiary studies, I’ve met new people and I have a new group of friends. I kept telling myself not to repeat the same mistakes in high school, to treat my university life like a new life, start off fresh and pushed myself to mix around with different kinds of people and initiate conversations with the others. I’m glad that high school ended and currently living a happier life, meeting a bunch of talented and incredible people. Life is indeed better now. If I kept the downward counterfactual thinking to make myself feel better at that time, I think I’ll never be able to change my attitude and my behaviors. I will still be living a dull life, always lonely and a life filled with sadness. I think that the unpleasant feeling I got from the upward counterfactual thinking actually helped me in the future. The upward counterfactual thinking made me want a change in my life, and pushes me to initiate actions to fulfill my goals, which is to start again, and meet new people. Counterfactual thinking might make you feel all kinds of emotions, sadness, regrets, frustrations and disappointment. But after all, it changes your behavior in the future, leading to a better outcome in life.
  • 11. Journal Report 5: Cognitive Dissonance Attitudes shapes our behaviors. People strive for consistency in harmony between the attitudes and behaviors. When we have contradictions in our attitudes and behaviors, this could lead to cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance is the discomfort experience when holding two or more conflicting cognition. This theory came from Leon Festinger in 1950. This theory was based on something he noticed. It was a reaction people had when confronted in certain situation. These situations in that people essentially did not want to question, discuss, or talk about. This cognition can be ideas, beliefs, values, or emotional reactions. And this feeling of discomfort can lead to alterations in one of our attitudes, in one of our beliefs or even our behaviors. The reason why we alter or change this cognition, because it acts like a protection mechanism or a defensive mechanism to reduce the discomfort we feel between the inconsistencies. One of the example that I could recall is the time when my elder sister was about to further her tertiary studies. My parents are just always full of contradictory whenever discussing on a certain issue, especially topics like this. In my sister’s case, she loves doing writing, she loves doing event management. She has always been very passionate in writing poems, stories, and her ability and talent in writing had always been praised by teachers in school. When she entered the university, she picked a course, which is the American Degree Program (ADP). The reason why she chose that course was solely because she wanted to transfer to the U.S to study. As silly as her reason behind this decision is, she did pretty well in this course. But, throughout her course she had always practice writing, kept being inspired and doing more creative work. Her love for writing never stopped. She had more confidence in her work when her work is seen and praised by many lecturers. It gave her enough confidence to finally knew what she wanted, which is to become a journalist, or maybe even enter the education industry. She also had joined an youth organization group called the AIESEC. It was a program where students are exposed to several projects, doing volunteer work, getting to know Date: 14th November 2015
  • 12. more people, training their management skills and leadership skills. She did pretty well in AIESEC, and she loves doing what she was doing. She started to have interest in event management, and also doing volunteer work. She always wanted to do something to contribute back to the society in the form of volunteer work. She was clear of what she really wants in life, and whatever that can make her happy. But things don’t always go as the way we want it to be. Here is the part where the interference comes in, which is the involvement of my parents. As I’ve mentioned, my parents are always contradicting themselves, with their thoughts and generally the things they say and does. In order to fulfill my sister’s dream, it definitely needed my parent’s support too. My parents used to always tell us that they will support us in our decision of which future career that we would want to pursue in. They’ve even once said that as long as we’re happy and passionate with what we’re doing, they’ll give us their greatest support. This is where all the contradiction comes in. Even my parents said that they’ll support us, but when it comes to the decision making, they seem to have second thoughts, unlimited questions, and many more worries. My sister wanted to become a journalist or involve in the education industry as her first choice, and then being an event management as her second choice. But my parents don’t seem to agree with her choices. They started giving all sorts of advice, asking my sister to think wisely with the decision she made, questioning her passion towards the things she loves, warning her the consequences of being in the particular industry and so much more. Of course, there were advice, and at the same time, they must have some proposals, or suggestions for my sister. They proposed some other career that they supposed, might ‘suit’ or are ‘better’ for my sister. As both of my parents came from a property background, with my dad being a developer, and my mum being a quantity surveyor, naturally they would love if we joined the property industry too. They suggested my sister to be involved in property valuation. They started giving my sister the whole idea of what property valuation was all about. My sister didn’t like it, to be exact, she hated it. It wasn’t something she had any interest in, it wasn’t something that she will even come across her mind, it wasn’t her at all. Throughout the whole process before coming to the final decision, there was a lot of conflict between my parents and sister. My sister was having a very hard time, to defend
  • 13. herself, trying her best to convince my parents and also negotiating with my parents. My sister was undergoing a really harsh situation, not getting the support from my parents. She was frustrated, she was sad, she was disappointed. It came to a point where she really didn’t know what to do anymore. That moment was where cognitive dissonance comes in place, where she has two conflicting cognition, which is to compromise with my parents, and doing something that she know she wasn’t going to be satisfy with, or standing still with her own decision, refuse to let my parent’s change her mind, but having so many conflicts with my parents and not getting the support, the encouragement from them. It was a really tough time for my sister, but she eventually decided to compromise regardless how unacceptable it was for her, to allow herself do something that she don’t like. This part is where she made alteration in terms of the decision that she made. She end up furthering her studies in property valuation. It was a totally new environment for her, and my sister really tried her best to let herself accept and adapt to whatever it was in this property industry. My parents wasn’t open minded enough to accept and to support my sister in doing whatever she was passionate about. Their mindset couldn’t be changed as they have their set of thinking and opinions on the career that my sister initially wanted to pursue in. My sister on the other hand started off persisting in her decisions, but she was struggling due to all the conflict with my parents, and she had no choice but to only compromise, in order to stop the conflicts. People strive for harmony, in our thoughts and in our actions. As soon as our cognition, attitudes and behaviors don’t align, that is when we have cognitive dissonance. D at e: 1 2t
  • 14. Journal Report 4: The Halo Effect The impression we create is affected by the way we look. We tend to think beautiful people are more intelligent, popular, confidence, and better at everything from their jobs to flying a plane. If we’re able to create a favorable impression, we can create advantages for ourselves. We’re more likely to get what we want. It might be a job, popularity, or the control we have over the people around us. The halo effect is when an observer has an overall impression of a person, an object, or a subject, that influences the observer’s feelings and thoughts about that character or item. The halo effect is a specific form of a confirmation bias, where positive feelings in an area causes a neutral traits to be viewed positively. The halo effect works in both positive and negative directions. If the observer likes one aspect of something, they will have a positive predisposition towards everything about it. If the observer dislikes one aspect of something, they will have a negative predisposition towards everything about it. This also speaks to the importance of a first impression. The halo effect can occur without our active awareness. I’ve met a couple of people throughout my life whereby the halo effect is shown clearly in that individual. One of the incident that happened was seen in my university life. I remembered it all started during the orientation week. At that point of time, I didn’t had any friends from high school that came to this university, and I was basically going through the orientation week alone, until this guy appeared and approached me. At first glance, he dressed up properly, looking really smart and fresh. He came up and started a conversation with me. We started off by introducing ourselves to each other. Surprisingly, he was in the same course as I am, Foundation in Natural and Built Environment (FNBE). After all the small little chit chats, the impression he gave me was quite good. He was a nice person in general, in terms of how he talks, how he presents himself, and also based on the things he shared like being in the debate team, being the chairperson of a club and so much more. He was pretty much a talented and a nice person. The following days, we hung out together. I was happy that I finally found a friend that can accompany me in my Date: 13th November 2015
  • 15. first year of university life. I was excited and everything turned out fine. It was the time we had our very first presentation in our very first project. He shocked everyone in the lecture theater with his amazing presentation skills. The moment he speaks, he became the center of attention. He spoke fluently, he organized his thoughts, and he was speaking with loud and clear voice. He basically looks professional and everyone was amazed with his abilities. Even the lecturers was praising him for doing such a great work. I wasn’t surprise, because it turned out exactly what I’ve expected. Being able to witness him presenting with his amazing skills, it just proven everything that I thought he would be. Everyone started to hung out with him a lot. He became very popular in class, a guy that everyone of us admired and look up too. Not just his presentation skills, but the work he does, everything was fine and just perfect. Even though it was quite stressful having him being by my side everyday, but he was a nice guy and it was fine for me. At that period of time, everyone took him as a motivation, as an inspiration, to become better, to work harder, and achieve our goals. He was that good and that impactful in our course. As time goes by, this perfect friend of mine isn’t as perfect as I thought after all. He started revealing his true colors. As we progressively move into week after week in our modules, things started to heat up, as multiple projects started kicking in, and there were many stressful moments throughout this journey in our course. There was this project that I was grouped together with him. This particular project wasn’t easy. As usual, he gave amazing and creative ideas, but there was something about him that has changed, his personality. He started become really particular in everything he does, he became a very strict person, he became a perfectionist, he became an impatient person, he became a control freak, he became the worst nightmare a person can ever have all of a sudden. Its alright that he is serious in his work, but he got really intense in his work, and it started to affect his attitudes and behaviors. It seemed like all he can think about was achieving good grades. I suffered throughout the project, but I bared with him and eventually it came to the end of the project, and we got a good result. I was satisfy with the results, and I thanked him for putting so much effort in it, but his attitude was just not okay for me. I tried to talk to him about it, asking him how was he doing. He didn’t want
  • 16. to answer me. I persisted in asking him how was his condition, and he got frustrated and started screaming at me. He spilled out all his dissatisfaction about me, one of them was how useless my ideas was and how I was being so slow, unable to catch up on his pace. He even confessed that he made friends with me because he initially thought I was a person that was ‘useful’ for the upcoming teamwork. He mentioned that he turned out wrong. He spilled it all out. I was shocked, of what he has become. The things he said was indeed hurtful. Throughout the process of our teamwork, I gave ideas, but he rejected. Sometimes we have opposing opinions on certain issues, and he didn’t want to listen what I have to say and decided on whatever he wants. I wanted to lend a hand, but he said that I couldn’t do it properly, so he took over everything. I kept baring with his every actions, but in the end, that was what he thought about me. I did not respond to whatever he says. I didn’t find the need to explain myself or defend myself. All I did was gave him a pat on his shoulder, and told him to not be so harsh on himself and also others. I wished him all the best for his upcoming work, and that became our very last conversation. The following group projects, I’ve decided to join other groups. As for him, there were people who are still willing to join him, because he was still good at what his doing, but people joined him for the sake of achieving the good grades even though how much they couldn’t bare with his personality too. The relationship between him and the people who joined him are just team mates, group partners, nothing more than that. Everyone started to distance themselves from him. He was doing well in his assignments and projects, but in terms of social interactions, he barely has any of it, he was basically alone. This friend of mine that I met during the orientation, created the perfect first impression. Everyone saw the positive qualities in him, and he earned his popularity from it. This incident clearly illustrates the halo effect. But as time goes by, his true colors and intentions started to surface, turns out he was no longer the perfect person I once knew.