4. +
Carl Rogers and his
Theories
Actualizing Tendency
Real vs. Ideal Self Congruence
5. +
Actualizing Tendency
A single “force of life”; the built-in motivation present in every
life-form to develop its potentials to the fullest extent possible.
In the course of actualizing their potentials, we created society
and culture.
6. +
“Self-actualization implies
that the person is acceptantly
Self- aware of what’s going on
Actualization within and is consequently
changing practically every
moment and is moving on in
complexity.”
Rogers, C. from Evans, R. I. 1975, pp. 17
8. +
Real Self
Organismic Valuing
Positive Regard
Positive Self-Regard
9. +
Organismic Valuing
Organisms know what is good for
them
Evolution has provided us with
the senses, the tastes, the
discriminations we need
We instinctively value positive
regard
10. +
Positive Regard
Rogers’ umbrella term for things
like love, affection, attention,
nurturance, etc
11. +
Positive Self-Regard
Self-esteem, self-worth and
self-image all come under this
idea.
These feelings and images
come from others showing
positive regard to us and
caring for us (e.g.
compliments)
Without this self-regard, we
feel small and helpless, and
again we fail to become all
that we can be
13. +
Conditions of Worth
Society also leads us astray
with conditions of worth
Parents, teachers, peers, the
media, and others, only give us
what we need when we show
we are “worthy,” rather than just
because we need it.
E.g. We go to the toilet if we ask
the teacher, we get something
sweet when we finish our
vegetables, and most
importantly, we get love and
affection if and only if we
“behave!”
14. +
Conditional Positive Regard
Getting positive regard on “on condition”
Society gives us positive regard only when we do what they
want (the reward to the condition of worth)
15. +
Conditional Self-Regard
Conditioning leads people to only like themselves when they
meet the standards society sets
Standards were created without keeping each individual in
mind unable to meet them unable to maintain any sense
of self-esteem.
18. +
Congruency
Where the individual’s real self is parallel to their ideal self
once a person has reached congruency they are able to live
life fully, which Rogers focuses into 5 areas
19. +
Openess to Experience
Carl Rogers, 1961
“[the individual] is more able fully to live the
experiences of his organism rather than shutting
them out of awareness.”
Fully-functioning people are able to experience
things to the full extent, without defences stopping
them
Comfortable with real self = feeling and sensing new
things without fear of judgement
20. +
Existential Living
Living in the here-and-now; The present is the only reality we
have.
Doesn't mean we shouldn't remember and learn from our past.
Nor that we shouldn't plan the future.
Just recognize these things for what they are: memories and
dreams, which are being experienced in the present.
21. +
Organismic Trusting
Trust the real self, do what feels right, what comes naturally.
One can only know what your real self has to say if you are
open to experience and living existentially!
Assumes you are in contact with the actualizing tendency.
22. +
Experiential Freedom
Irrelevant whether or not people really had free will.
One feels free when choices are available to us.
The fully-functioning person acknowledges that feeling of
freedom, and takes responsibility for his/her choices.
23. +
Creativity
Free and responsible participate in the world.
Obliged to contribute to the actualization of others, even life
itself.
This can be through creativity in the arts or sciences, through
social concern and parental love, or simply by doing one's best
at one's job.
Creativity as Rogers uses it is very close to Erikson’s
generativity.
24. +
Incongruence
occurs when ideal and real self are not similar > more disparity
> more problems created
