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Chapter 1 Biology: Exploring Life 
PowerPoint Lectures for 
Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition 
Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey 
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 
Lecture by Richard L. Myers 
Translated by Prof. Dr. Nabih A. Baeshen
Introduction: Getting Acquainted with Biology 
 Biology is the science of life in all its living 
forms, plants, animals and microorganisms 
including man 
 The term “Biology” derived from bios = life 
and logos = science 
 Living organisms have many attributes that 
distinguish them from nnoonn--lliivviinngg oobbjjeeccttss 
 It comes in the first place the characteristic 
of adaptation: the innate fitness of an 
organism for its environmental condition 
 The leopard is an excellent example of an 
organism adapted to its environment
Introduction: Adaptation 
– It survives because of adaptations to 
its environment 
– Examples are coat camouflage and 
hunting and climbing ability 
–– AAAAddddaaaappppttttaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss aarree tthhee rreessuulltt ooff eevvoolluuttiioonn 
– EEvvoolluuttiioonn is the process of change 
that transforms life 
– BBiioollooggyy is the scientific study of life 
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
THEMES IN TTHHEE SSTTUUDDYY OOFF BBIIOOLLOOGGYY 
 OOOOOOOOrrrrrrrrggggggggaaaaaaaannnnnnnniiiiiiiizzzzzzzzaaaaaaaattttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnn iiiissss aaaannnnooootttthhhheeeerrrr iiiimmmmppppoooorrrrttttaaaannnntttt aaaattttttttrrrriiiibbbbuuuutttteeee ooooffff lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss 
tttthhhhaaaatttt ddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee tttthhhheeee tttthhhheeeemmmmeeeessss iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ssssttttuuuuddddyyyy ooooffff bbbbiiiioooollllooooggggyyyy 
 CCCCoooonnnnssssttttiiiittttuuuueeeennnnttttssss ooooffff lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss aaaarrrreeee oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiizzzzeeeedddd iiiinnnn sssseeeevvvveeeerrrraaaallll lllleeeevvvveeeellllssss 
ooooffff iiiinnnnccccrrrreeeeaaaassssiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppplllleeeexxxxiiiittttyyyy bbbbeeeesssstttt ddddeeeessssccccrrrriiiibbbbeeeedddd aaaassss aaaa hhhhiiiieeeerrrraaaarrrrcccchhhhyyyy ooooffff lllliiiiffffeeee 
 AAAAAAAAttttttttoooooooommmmmmmmssssssss aaaarrrreeee oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiizzzzeeeedddd iiiinnnnttttoooo mmmmmmmmoooooooolllllllleeeeeeeeccccccccuuuuuuuulllllllleeeeeeeessssssss ⇒⇒⇒⇒ oooooooorrrrrrrrggggggggaaaaaaaannnnnnnneeeeeeeellllllllllllllllssssssss ⇒⇒⇒⇒ 
cccccccceeeeeeeellllllllllllllllssssssss ⇒⇒⇒⇒ ttttttttiiiiiiiissssssssssssssssuuuuuuuueeeeeeeessssssss ⇒oooooooorrrrrrrrggggggggaaaaaaaannnnnnnnssssssss ⇒ssssssssyyyyyyyysssssssstttttttteeeeeeeemmmmmmmmssssssss ⇒oooooooorrrrrrrrggggggggaaaaaaaannnnnnnniiiiiiiissssssssmmmmmmmm ⇒⇒⇒⇒ 
ppppppppooooooooppppppppuuuuuuuullllllllaaaaaaaattttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnn ⇒⇒⇒⇒ ccccccccoooooooommmmmmmmmmmmmmmmuuuuuuuunnnnnnnniiiiiiiittttttttyyyyyyyy ⇒⇒⇒⇒ eeeeeeeeccccccccoooooooossssssssyyyyyyyysssssssstttttttteeeeeeeemmmmmmmm ⇒⇒⇒⇒ bbbbiiiioooosssspppphhhheeeerrrreeee 
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Biosphere وي  ط ا 	 ا 

 ر
 رة ا  ا  
 ا 
	 ظ
 ل ا  
Life’s hierarchy of organization 
Ecosystem  م ا  ظ ا 
ط 	 	 
	 ا 
	 ر ا   ا 	! 

 ط	 # خ 	 و 
 ر ء وھواء و 	 ن 	 ( 
Florida coast دا  ور # ل * ل +	 
 	 
Community, All organisms on 
the Florida coast 
ر  
 و	 ت ا  ل ا  : 
	! ا 
دا  ور # ل * ل +	 
 	 
 ط	 # 
	 ا 
Population, Group 
of brown pelicans 
ت ن ا 	 
 و	!	 رة:   ا 
زاوج  وع  س ا  ن 	 
 ا 
 ا ! ل ا +	 ( 	# 
Organism ن ا 
ة ب ا 	 را
ظو  
TTTThhhheeee uuuuppppppppeeeerrrr 
ttttiiiieeeerrrr 
Nucleus 
واة  ا 
Nerve 
ب2 
Spinal cord 
 و ل ا  ا 
Tissue 3* 
Nervous tissue 
2  ا 3* ا 
Cell 
 ا 
Nerve cell 

2 
 
Organ و  ا 
Brain غ	 د ا 
Organelle 

 
Nucleus 
واة  
Molecule 
5 ز! 
DNA 
 د 
Atom 
ذرة 
Brown pelican  ا ! ا 
Organ system وي   ز ا (! ا 
Nervous system 2  ز ا (! ا 
Brain 
غ	 د ا 
TTTThhhheeee mmmmiiiiddddddddlllleeee 
ttttiiiieeeerrrr 
TTTThhhheeee lllloooowwwweeeerrrr 
ttttiiiieeeerrrr
1.1 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level 
 The upper tier is a global TTThhheee uuuppppppeeerrr tttiiieeerrr iiisss aaa ggglllooobbbaaalll ppppeeeerrrrssssppppeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ooooffff lllliiiiffffeeee 
• BBBBBBBBiiiiiiiioooooooosssssssspppppppphhhhhhhheeeeeeeerrrrrrrreeeeeeee - aaaallllllll tttthhhheeee eeeennnnvvvviiiirrrroooonnnnmmmmeeeennnnttttssss ((((eeeeccccoooossssyyyysssstttteeeemmmmssss)))) oooonnnn 
EEEEaaaarrrrtttthhhh tttthhhhaaaatttt ssssuuuuppppppppoooorrrrtttt lllliiiiffffeeee 
• EEEEEEEEccccccccoooooooossssssssyyyyyyyysssssssstttttttteeeeeeeemmmmmmmm - aaaallllllll tttthhhheeee oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss ((((ccccoooommmmmmmmuuuunnnniiiittttiiiieeeessss)))) lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg iiiinnnn aaaa 
ppppppppaaaaaaaarrrrrrrrttttttttiiiiiiiiccccccccuuuuuuuullllllllaaaaaaaarrrrrrrr aaaaaaaarrrrrrrreeeeeeeeaaaaaaaa 
• CCCCCCCCoooooooommmmmmmmmmmmmmmmuuuuuuuunnnnnnnniiiiiiiittttttttyyyyyyyy - tttthhhheeee aaaarrrrrrrraaaayyyy ooooffff oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss ((((ddddiiiiffffffffeeeerrrreeeennnntttt 
ppppooooppppuuuullllaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss)))) lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg iiiinnnn aaaa ppppaaaarrrrttttiiiiccccuuuullllaaaarrrr eeeeccccoooossssyyyysssstttteeeemmmm 
• PPPPPPPPooooooooppppppppuuuuuuuullllllllaaaaaaaattttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnn - aaaallllllll tttthhhheeee iiiinnnnddddiiiivvvviiiidddduuuuaaaallllssss ooooffff aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiieeeessss oooonnnnllllyyyy 
iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrbbbbrrrreeeeaaaadddd wwwwiiiitttthhhh eeeeaaaacccchhhh ooootttthhhheeeerrrr wwwwiiiitttthhhhiiiinnnn aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc aaaarrrreeeeaaaa
1.1 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each 
level 
 The middle tier is characterized TTThhheee mmmiiiddddddllleee tttiiieeerrr iiisss ccchhhaaarrraaacccttteeerrriiizzzeeeddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmm,,,, 
aaaannnn iiiinnnnddddiiiivvvviiiidddduuuuaaaallll lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg tttthhhhiiiinnnngggg,,,, wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh iiiissss ccccoooommmmppppoooosssseeeedddd ooooffff 
• OOOOOOOOrrrrrrrrggggggggaaaaaaaannnnnnnn ssssssssyyyyyyyysssssssstttttttteeeeeeeemmmmmmmmssssssss - hhhhaaaavvvveeee ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnnssss;;;; aaaarrrreeee 
ccccccccoooooooommmmmmmmppppppppoooooooosssssssseeeeeeeedddddddd ooooooooffffffff oooooooorrrrrrrrggggggggaaaaaaaannnnnnnnssssssss 
• OOOOOOOOrrrrrrrrggggggggaaaaaaaannnnnnnnssssssss - pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeee ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnnssss ffffoooorrrr tttthhhheeee 
oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmm 
• TTTTTTTTiiiiiiiissssssssssssssssuuuuuuuueeeeeeeessssssss - mmmmaaaaddddeeee ooooffff ggggrrrroooouuuuppppssss ooooffff ssssiiiimmmmiiiillllaaaarrrr cccceeeellllllllssss 
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.1 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level 
 Life emerges at the level of the LLLiiifffeee eeemmmeeerrrgggeeesss aaattt ttthhheee llleeevvveeelll ooofff ttthhheee cccceeeellllllll,,,, tttthhhheeee lllloooowwwweeeerrrr 
ttttiiiieeeerrrr,,,, wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh iiiissss ccccoooommmmppppoooosssseeeedddd ooooffff 
• MMMMMMMMoooooooolllllllleeeeeeeeccccccccuuuuuuuulllllllleeeeeeeessssssss - cccclllluuuusssstttteeeerrrrssss ooooffff aaaattttoooommmmssss 
• OOOOOOOOrrrrrrrrggggggggaaaaaaaannnnnnnneeeeeeeelllllllllllllllleeeeeeeessssssss - mmmmeeeemmmmbbbbrrrraaaannnneeee-bbbboooouuuunnnndddd ssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttuuuurrrreeeessss 
wwwwiiiitttthhhh ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnnssss 
• CCCCCCCCeeeeeeeellllllllllllllllssssssss - lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg eeeennnnttttiiiittttiiiieeeessss ddddiiiissssttttiiiinnnngggguuuuiiiisssshhhheeeedddd ffffrrrroooommmm 
tttthhhheeeeiiiirrrr eeeennnnvvvviiiirrrroooonnnnmmmmeeeennnntttt bbbbyyyy aaaa mmmmeeeemmmmbbbbrrrraaaannnneeee 
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.1 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level 
Atoms are organized into molecules ⇒ 
organells ⇒ cells ⇒ tissues ⇒ organs ⇒ 
systems ⇒ organism ⇒ population ⇒ 
community ⇒ ecosystem ⇒ biosphere 
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.2 Living organisms interact with their environments, 
exchanging matter and energy 
 Life requires interactions LLLniiiofffeeen lrrriveeeiqqqnuuugiii rrrceeeosssm iiinnnptttoeeenrrraaaecccnttttiiisooo.nnnsss bbbbeeeettttwwwweeeeeeeennnn lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd nnnooonnnllliiivvviiinnnggg cccooommmpppooonnneeennntttsss... 
 TTTThhhheeee nnnnoooonnnnlllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnnttttssss aaaarrrreeee cccchhhheeeemmmmiiiiccccaaaallll aaaannnndddd 
nnnnuuuuttttrrrriiiieeeennnnttttssss rrrreeeeqqqquuuuiiiirrrreeeedddd ffffoooorrrr lllliiiiffffeeee.... 
 to be living, a thing must be capable of growth, 
reproduction and metabolism. 
– ccPPccPPaaaahhhhlllloooolllleeeettttooddooddss ss ppppppppyyyyrrrrrrrrnnnnoooooooottttddddddddhhhhuuuuuuuueeeeccccccccttttiiiieeeeeeeeccccrrrrrrrr oooossssssssrrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeee ffffoooooooodddd aaaannnndddd aaaarrrreeee 
– ppOOppOOllllttttaaaahhhhnnnneeeettttrrssrrssssss)))) eeaaeeaaaannaannttddttdd pppp aaaallllaaaarrrreeeennnn ttttccccssssaaaa ((((lllloooolllleeeerrrrdddd aaaa ccccccccnnnnooooooooiiiimmmmnnnnnnnnssssssssaaaauuuuuuuullllssssmmmmmmmm tttteeeeeeeehhhhrrrrrrrraaaasssssssstttt pppprrrrooooffffiiiitttt ffffrrrroooommmm 
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ecosystem 
Producers 
Sunlight 
(such as plants) 
Cycling 
of 
chemical 
Nutrients 
Chemical energy 
Heat 
Consumers 
(such as animals) 
( Heat 
The cycling of nutrients 
and flow of energy 
in an ecosystem
1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life 
 Form generally FFFooorrrmmm gggeeennneeerrraaallllllyyy ffffiiiittttssss ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnn 
1111.... BBdBBeyyyyt essssttttruuuumddddiyyyyniiiiennnn ggggw aaaah abbbbtiiii ooooitllll oooodggggoiiiieccccsaaaa lllla ssssnttttdrrrruuuu hccccottttuuuuwrrrreeee i,,t,, yyyywooooouuuur ks dddeeettteeerrrmmmiiinnneee wwwhhhaaattt iiittt dddoooeeesss aaannnddd hhhooowww iiittt wwwooorrrkkksss 
22222222........ LLLLsLLLLtiiiiiiiiffffffffreeeeeeeeu ceeeeeeeetmmmmmmmmureeeeeeeeerrrrrrrrsgggggggg eeeeeeeessssssss ffffffffrrrrrrrroooooooommmmmmmm iiiiiiiinnnnnnnntttttttteeeeeeeerrrrrrrraaaaaaaaccccccccttttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnnssssssss ooooooooffffffff ssstttrrruuuccctttuuurrreeesss 
3333.... CCpCCrooooommmmvibbbbdiiiiennnn aaaaottttriiiigooooannnnnssss i zooooaffff tssssiottttrrrrnuuuu cccccttttauuuulrrrrleeeeedssss ((((acccc oooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnnttttssss)))) ppprrrooovvviiidddeee ooorrrgggaaannniiizzzaaatttiiiooonnn cccaaalllllleeeddd aaa ssssssssyyyyyyyysssssssstttttttteeeeeeeemmmmmmmm 
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life 
 Two distinct groups TTTwwwooo dddiiissstttiiinnncccttt gggrrrooouuupppsss ooooffff cccceeeellllllllssss eeeexxxxiiiisssstttt 
 PPPPrrrrooookkkkaaaarrrryyyyoooottttiiiicccc cccceeeellllllllssss 
1111.... GGGGeeeennnneeeettttiiiicccc mmmmaaaatttteeeerrrriiiiaaaallll iiiissss nnnnooootttt ssssuuuurrrrrrrroooouuuunnnnddddeeeedddd 
2222.... bbbbyyyy aaaa nnnnuuuucccclllleeeeaaaarrrr mmmmeeeemmmmbbbbrrrraaaannnneeee 
33333333........ SSSSSSSSiiiiiiiimmmmmmmmpppppppplllllllleeeeeeee aaaaaaaannnnnnnndddddddd ssssssssmmmmmmmmaaaaaaaallllllllllllllll 
4444.... BBBBaaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiiaaaa aaaarrrreeee pppprrrrooookkkkaaaarrrryyyyoooottttiiiicccc 
 EEEEuuuukkkkaaaarrrryyyyoooottttiiiicccc cccceeeellllllllssss 
1111.... GGGGeeeennnneeeettttiiiicccc mmmmaaaatttteeeerrrriiiiaaaallll iiiissss ssssuuuurrrrrrrroooouuuunnnnddddeeeedddd bbbbyyyy aaaa 
2222.... aaaa nnnnuuuucccclllleeeeaaaarrrr mmmmeeeemmmmbbbbrrrraaaannnneeee 
3333.... PPPPoooosssssssseeeessssssss oooorrrrggggaaaannnneeeelllllllleeeessss sssseeeeppppaaaarrrraaaatttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy mmmmeeeemmmmbbbbrrrraaaannnneeeessss 
4444.... PPPPllllaaaannnnttttssss,,,, aaaannnniiiimmmmaaaallllssss,,,, aaaannnndddd ffffuuuunnnnggggiiii aaaarrrreeee eeeeuuuukkkkaaaarrrryyyyoooottttiiiicccc 
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
DNA  د 
Prokaryotic cell 
(no nuclear envelop) 
Membrane 
Eukaryotic cell 
Contrasting the size and 
complexity of 
prokaryotic 
and eukaryotic cells 
Nucleus 
(contains DNA surrounded 
by nuclear membrane) 
Organelles
1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features 
 All living things share AAAllllll llliiivvviiinnnggg ttthhhiiinnngggsss ssshhhaaarrreee ccccoooommmmmmmmoooonnnn pppprrrrooooppppeeeerrrrttttiiiieeeessss 
• OOOOOOOOrrrrrrrrddddddddeeeeeeeerrrrrrrr - hhhheeee ccccoooommmmpppplllleeeexxxx oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiizzzzaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg tttthhhhiiiinnnnggggssss 
• RRRRRRRReeeeeeeegggggggguuuuuuuullllllllaaaaaaaattttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnn - aaaannnn aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo mmmmaaaaiiiinnnnttttaaaaiiiinnnn aaaannnn iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrnnnnaaaallll 
eeeennnnvvvviiiirrrroooonnnnmmmmeeeennnntttt ccccoooonnnnssssiiiisssstttteeeennnntttt wwwwiiiitttthhhh lllliiiiffffeeee 
•• GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrroooooooooooooooowwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwtttttttttttttttthhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaannnnnnnnnnnnnnnndddddddddddddddd ddddddddddddddddeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeevvvvvvvvvvvvvvvveeeeeeeeeeeeeeeellllllllllllllllooooooooooooooooppppppppppppppppmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeennnnnnnnnnnnnnnntttttttttttttttt -- ccccccccoooooooonnnnnnnnssssssssiiiiiiiisssssssstttttttteeeeeeeennnnnnnntttttttt ggggggggrrrrrrrroooooooowwwwwwwwtttttttthhhhhhhh aaaaaaaannnnnnnndddddddd 
ddddeeeevvvveeeellllooooppppmmmmeeeennnntttt ccccoooonnnnttttrrrroooolllllllleeeedddd bbbbyyyy DDDDNNNNAAAA 
• EEEEEEEEnnnnnnnneeeeeeeerrrrrrrrggggggggyyyyyyyy pppppppprrrrrrrroooooooocccccccceeeeeeeessssssssssssssssiiiiiiiinnnnnnnngggggggg - aaaaccccqqqquuuuiiiirrrriiiinnnngggg eeeennnneeeerrrrggggyyyy aaaannnndddd ttttrrrraaaannnnssssffffoooorrrrmmmmiiiinnnngggg iiiitttt 
ttttoooo aaaa ffffoooorrrrmmmm uuuusssseeeeffffuuuullll ffffoooorrrr tttthhhheeee oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmm tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhh mmmmeeeettttaaaabbbboooolllliiiissssmmmm
1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features 
 Common properties CCCooommmmmmooonnn ppprrrooopppeeerrrtttiiieeesss ccccoooonnnnttttiiiinnnnuuuueeeedddd 
 RRRRRRRReeeeeeeessssssssppppppppoooooooonnnnnnnnsssssssseeeeeeee ttttttttoooooooo tttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeee eeeeeeeennnnnnnnvvvvvvvviiiiiiiirrrrrrrroooooooonnnnnnnnmmmmmmmmeeeeeeeennnnnnnntttttttt - aaaannnn aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo 
rrrrrrrreeeeeeeessssssssppppppppoooooooonnnnnnnndddddddd ttttttttoooooooo eeeeeeeennnnnnnnvvvvvvvviiiiiiiirrrrrrrroooooooonnnnnnnnmmmmmmmmeeeeeeeennnnnnnnttttttttaaaaaaaallllllll ssssssssttttttttiiiiiiiimmmmmmmmuuuuuuuulllllllliiiiiiii 
 RRRRRRRReeeeeeeepppppppprrrrrrrroooooooodddddddduuuuuuuuccccccccttttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnn - tttthhhheeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo ppppeeeerrrrppppeeeettttuuuuaaaatttteeee tttthhhheeee 
ssssppppeeeecccciiiieeeessss 
 EEEEEEEEvvvvvvvvoooooooolllllllluuuuuuuuttttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnnaaaaaaaarrrrrrrryyyyyyyy aaaaaaaaddddddddaaaaaaaappppppppttttttttaaaaaaaattttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnn - aaaaccccqqqquuuuiiiissssiiiittttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff ttttrrrraaaaiiiittttssss 
tttthhhhaaaatttt bbbbeeeesssstttt ssssuuuuiiiitttt tttthhhheeee oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmm ttttoooo iiiittttssss eeeennnnvvvviiiirrrroooonnnnmmmmeeeennnntttt 
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
((1) Order (2) Regulation 4) Energy processing 
(3) Growth and 
development 
(5) Response to the 
environment (6) Reproduction (7) Evolutionary adaptation 
Some important properties of life
properties of life 
All living things 
exhibit 
complex but 
ordered 
Organization, as 
seen 
(1) Order 
Some important 
in the highly 
ordered 
Structure of a 
sunflower
Some important properties of life 
For example, a 
jackrabbit 
can adjust its body 
temperature by 
regulating 
(2)Regulation 
The amount of blood 
flowing through its ears. 
when the rabbit’s body 
temperature rises, more 
blood flows through the 
vessel in its ears, 
allowing 
excess heat to be 
released 
to the air.
Some important properties of life 
Information IIInnnfffooorrrmmmaaatttiiiooonnn ccccaaaarrrrrrrriiiieeeedddd bbbbyyyy ggggeeeennnneeeessss 
tttthhhheeee uuuunnnniiiittttssss ooooffff iiiinnnnhhhheeeerrrriiiittttaaaannnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt 
ttttrrrraaaannnnssssmmmmiiiitttt iiiinnnnffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ffffrrrroooommmm ppppaaaarrrreeeennnnttttssss 
TTTToooo ooooffffffffsssspppprrrriiiinnnngggg – ccccoooonnnnttttrrrroooollllssss tttthhhheeee 
ppppaaaatttttttteeeerrrrnnnn 
ooooffff ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh aaaannnndddd ddddeeeevvvveeeellllooooppppmmmmeeeennnntttt iiiinnnn aaaallllllll 
oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss,,,, iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddiiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee 
(3) Growth and development 
NNNNiiiilllleeee ccccrrrrooooccccooooddddiiiilllleeee
Some important properties of life 
Fro FFFrrrooo eeeexxxxaaaammmmpppplllleeee,,,, wwwwhhhheeeennnn tttthhhhiiiissss 
bbbbeeeeaaaarrrr eeeeaaaattttssss tttthhhheeee ffffiiiisssshhhh,,,, iiiitttt wwwwiiiillllllll 
uuuusssseeee tttthhhheeee cccchhhheeeemmmmiiiiccccaaaallll eeeennnneeeerrrrggggyyyy 
ssssttttoooorrrreeeedddd iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ffffiiiisssshhhh 
ttttoooo ppppoooowwwweeeerrrr iiiittttssss oooowwwwnnnn aaaaccccttttiiiivvvviiiittttiiiieeeessss 
(4) Energy processing 
Metabolism 
aaaannnndddd cccchhhheeeemmmmiiiiccccaaaallll rrrreeeeaaaaccccttttiiiioooonnnnssss 
((((mmmmeeeettttaaaabbbboooolllliiiissssmmmm))))
Some important properties of life 
All organisms respond 
to environmental stimuli 
Fro example, a Venus 
flytrap 
closes its trap in response 
to the environmental 
(5) Response to the environment 
stimulus 
of an insect landing on it
Some important properties of life 
Organisms reproduce their 
own kind, by producing 
offsprings. This emperor 
Penguins is protecting its 
(6) Reproduction 
baby. 
By reproduction survival of 
the specie, not extinction, 
is achieved
Some important properties of life 
Reproduction underlies the 
capacity of populations to 
change (evolve) over time 
Fro example, the appearance 
of the pygmy seahorses 
has evolved in the way 
that camouflage the animal 
(7) Evolutionary adaptation 
in its environment
TTTTTTTTHHHHHHHHEEEEEEEE PPPPPPPPRRRRRRRROOOOOOOOCCCCCCCCEEEEEEEESSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS OOOOOOOOFFFFFFFF SSSSSSSSCCCCCCCCIIIIIIIIEEEEEEEENNNNNNNNCCCCCCCCEEEEEEEE 
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.7 Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature 
 Two approaches TTTTuTTTnwwwwwwwdoooooooe aaaaaaarsppppppptppppppparrrrrrrnooooooodaaaaaaa nccccccchhhhhhhaeeeeeeetusssssssr aaaaaaaaalrrrrrrrr eeeeeeeeca uuuuuuuuussssssssseeeeeeeeedddddddds ttttttttfooooooooo r natural ppppuuuuppppuuuhhhhnnnnhhhhnnnddddeeeedddeeeeeeeennnneeennnnrrrroooorrroooosssssssmmmmmmmmtttttttaaaaaaaeeeeeeeennnnnnnnnnnnnnndddddddaaaaaaaa nnnnnnnaaaaaaatttttttuuuuuuurrrrrrraaaaaaalllllll cccccccaaaaaaauuuuuuussssssseeeeeeesssssss fffffffooooooorrrrrrr nnnnnnnaaaaaaatttttttuuuuuuurrrrrrraaaaaaalllllll 
– aaaaDDDDaaaaDDDDnnnnnnnniiiiiiiissssssssddddddddcccccccc mmmmmmmmoooooooovvvvvvvveeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaaaaaaarrrrrrrrssssyyyyssssyyyy uuuu uuuussssssssrrrrrrrrcccccccceeeeeeeeiiiiiiiimmmmmmmmeeeeeeeennnnnnnneeeeeeeeccccccccnnnnnnnneeeeeeeetttttttt ssssssss- ttttttttuuuuoooooooossss ddddddddeeeeeeeeeeeessssssss ssss vvvvcccccccceeeerrrrrrrrrrrriiiiiiiibbbbbbbbiiiiffffeeeeeeeeiiiiaaaa ssssssssbbbbcccccccclllleeeeiiiiiiiieeeeeeee oooonnnnnnnnbbbbccccccccsssseeeeeeeeeeeerrrrvvvvaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss 
– ddHHHHddHHHHiiiiyyyyyyyyssssppppppppccccoooooooooooottttvvttttvvhhhhhhhheeeeeeeeeeeerrrrssssyyssssyyiiii iiii ssssssssssss-cccciiiibbbbbbbbeeeeaaaaaaaannnnsssssssscccceeeeeeeeeeeedddddddd ttttoooossssssss cccccccceeeeiiiiiiiieeeeeeeexxxxppppnnnnnnnnllllccccccccaaaaeeeeeeeeiiiinnnn- ssssuuuuccccssssiiiieeeeeeeessssnnnn cccctttthhhheeeeeeee ddddaaaattttaaaa ffffrrrroooommmm 
– hhTThhTTyyyyhhhhppppiiiissssoooo rrrrtttthhhheeeeeeeeqqqqssssuuuueeeeiiiirrrrsssseeeessss pppprrrrooooppppoooossssiiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd tttteeeessssttttiiiinnnngggg ooooffff 
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.7 Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature 
 There is a difference TTTanhhhdeee rrraeee iiisss aaa dddiiiffffffeeerrreeennnccceee bbbbeeeettttwwwweeeeeeeennnn aaaa tttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeeeoooooooorrrrrrrryyyyyyyy aaannnddd aaa hhhhhhhhyyyyyyyyppppppppooooooootttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeeessssssssiiiiiiiissssssss 
– ffffAoooo rrrrhhhhhhhh aaaayyyyyyyy pppp ppppssssooooooooeeeetttttttttttthhhhhhhh ooooeeeeeeeeffffssssssss ooooiiiiiiiissssssssbbbbiiiisssssssseeee aaaarrrrvvvv ppppaaaarrrrttttooooiiiiooooppppnnnnoooosssssssseeeedddd eeeexxxxppppllllaaaannnnaaaattttiiiioooonnnn 
– uuuuAssssttttttttuuuuhhhhhhhhaaaaeeeeeeeelllloooooooollllyyyyrrrrrrrr yyyyyyyyggggrrrriiiissssoooo wwwwssssuuuuiiiinnnnppppggggpppp oobboobbrroorroottttddddeeeeyyyydddd oooobbbbffffyyyy eeee aaaavvvv iiiillllddddaaaaeeeerrrrggggnnnneeeecccc eeeeaaaannnndddd 
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses 
 We solve everyday WWWeee sssooolllvvveee eeevvveeerrryyydddaaayyy pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss bbbbyyyy uuuussssiiiinnnngggg hhhhyyyyppppooootttthhhheeeesssseeeessss 
– AAAAnnnn eeeexxxxaaaammmmpppplllleeee wwwwoooouuuulllldddd bbbbeeee tttthhhheeee rrrreeeeaaaassssoooonnnniiiinnnngggg wwwweeee uuuusssseeee ttttoooo aaaannnnsssswwwweeeerrrr 
tttthhhheeee qqqquuuueeeessssttttiiiioooonnnn,,,, ““““WWWWhhhhyyyy ddddooooeeeessssnnnn’’’’tttt tttthhhheeee ffffllllaaaasssshhhhlllliiiigggghhhhtttt wwwwoooorrrrkkkk????”””” 
– UUUUssssiiiinnnngggg ddddeeeedddduuuuccccttttiiiivvvveeee rrrreeeeaaaassssoooonnnniiiinnnngggg wwwweeee rrrreeeeaaaalllliiiizzzzeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmm 
iiiiiiiissssssss eeeeeeeeiiiiiiiitttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeeerrrrrrrr tttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeee ((((((((11)))))))) bbbbbbbbuuuuuuuullllllllbbbbbbbb oooooooorrrrrrrr ((((((((22)))))))) bbbbbbbbaaaaaaaatttttttttttttttteeeeeeeerrrrrrrriiiiiiiieeeeeeeessssssss........ 
– TTTThhhheeee hhhhyyyyppppooootttthhhheeeessssiiiissss mmmmuuuusssstttt bbbbeeee tttteeeessssttttaaaabbbblllleeee 
– TTTThhhheeee hhhhyyyyppppooootttthhhheeeessssiiiissss mmmmuuuusssstttt bbbbeeee ffffaaaallllssssiiiiffffiiiiaaaabbbblllleeee 
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Observations 
Hypothesis #1: 
Dead batteries 
Question 
ا 
Hypothesis #2: 
Burned-out bulb 
An example of 
-based science 
Prediction: 
Replacing batteries 
will fix problem 
Prediction: 
Replacing batteries 
will fix problem 
Test prediction Test prediction 
ا 
Test falsifies hypothesTisest does not falsify hypothesis 
hypothesis-
You should now be able to 
1111.... DDDDeeeessssccccrrrriiiibbbbeeee lllliiiiffffeeee’’’’ssss hhhhiiiieeeerrrraaaarrrrcccchhhhyyyy ooooffff oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiizzzzaaaattttiiiioooonnnn 
2222.... 2.... DDDDeeeessssccccrrrriiiibbbbeeee lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss’’’’ iiiinnnntttteeeerrrraaaaccccttttiiiioooonnnnssss wwwwiiiitttthhhh tttthhhheeeeiiiirrrr eeeennnnvvvviiiirrrroooonnnnmmmmeeeennnnttttssss 
3.... DDDDeeeessssccccrrrriiiibbbbeeee tttthhhheeee ssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttuuuurrrraaaallll aaaannnndddd ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnnaaaallll aaaassssppppeeeeccccttttssss ooooffff cccceeeellllllllssss 
4.... EEEExxxxppppllllaaaaiiiinnnn hhhhoooowwww tttthhhheeee tttthhhheeeeoooorrrryyyy ooooffff eeeevvvvoooolllluuuuttttiiiioooonnnn aaaaccccccccoooouuuunnnnttttssss ffffoooorrrr tttthhhheeee uuuunnnniiiittttyyyy aaaannnndddd ddddiiiivvvveeeerrrrssssiiiittttyyyy ooooffff lllliiiiffffeeee 
5.... DDDDiiiissssttttiiiinnnngggguuuuiiiisssshhhh bbbbeeeettttwwwweeeeeeeennnn ddddiiiissssccccoooovvvveeeerrrryyyy sssscccciiiieeeennnncccceeee aaaannnndddd hhhhyyyyppppooootttthhhheeeessssiiiissss--bbbbaaaasssseeeedddd sssscccciiiieeeennnncccceeee 
6.... DDDDeeeessssccccrrrriiiibbbbeeee wwwwaaaayyyyssss iiiinnnn wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh bbbbiiiioooollllooooggggyyyy,,,, tttteeeecccchhhhnnnnoooollllooooggggyyyy,,,, aaaannnndddd ssssoooocccciiiieeeettttyyyy aaaarrrreeee ccccoooonnnnnnnneeeecccctttteeeedddd 
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Introduction: Getting Acquainted with Biology 
ة ا
3 : ا =, 
 ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ  ا  ــــــــــ  ا
Biology Is The Science Of Life In All Its 
Living Forms, Plants, Animals And 
Microorganisms Including Man 
ت  ا   ة  ة ا
ھ ظ  درا  !  ة ھ  ا  ! 
ن$% ا ا '( و *+, ت ا -. ان وا  وا 
Biology Is The Scientific Study Of Life ة 
 ا  را , ا  ء ھ 01 ا  ! 
The Term “Biology” Derived From Bios = 
Life And Logos = Science Logos 
: 23%% 23( 2 435 “Biology”  
  ـــ ! 
 Logos ة و 0 
Bios 
Living Organisms  ت ا -. ا 
6
  ا 2-. ي

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1 introduction 2015 [compatibility mode]

  • 1. Chapter 1 Biology: Exploring Life PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Richard L. Myers Translated by Prof. Dr. Nabih A. Baeshen
  • 2. Introduction: Getting Acquainted with Biology Biology is the science of life in all its living forms, plants, animals and microorganisms including man The term “Biology” derived from bios = life and logos = science Living organisms have many attributes that distinguish them from nnoonn--lliivviinngg oobbjjeeccttss It comes in the first place the characteristic of adaptation: the innate fitness of an organism for its environmental condition The leopard is an excellent example of an organism adapted to its environment
  • 3. Introduction: Adaptation – It survives because of adaptations to its environment – Examples are coat camouflage and hunting and climbing ability –– AAAAddddaaaappppttttaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss aarree tthhee rreessuulltt ooff eevvoolluuttiioonn – EEvvoolluuttiioonn is the process of change that transforms life – BBiioollooggyy is the scientific study of life Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 4. THEMES IN TTHHEE SSTTUUDDYY OOFF BBIIOOLLOOGGYY OOOOOOOOrrrrrrrrggggggggaaaaaaaannnnnnnniiiiiiiizzzzzzzzaaaaaaaattttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnn iiiissss aaaannnnooootttthhhheeeerrrr iiiimmmmppppoooorrrrttttaaaannnntttt aaaattttttttrrrriiiibbbbuuuutttteeee ooooffff lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss tttthhhhaaaatttt ddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee tttthhhheeee tttthhhheeeemmmmeeeessss iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ssssttttuuuuddddyyyy ooooffff bbbbiiiioooollllooooggggyyyy CCCCoooonnnnssssttttiiiittttuuuueeeennnnttttssss ooooffff lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss aaaarrrreeee oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiizzzzeeeedddd iiiinnnn sssseeeevvvveeeerrrraaaallll lllleeeevvvveeeellllssss ooooffff iiiinnnnccccrrrreeeeaaaassssiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppplllleeeexxxxiiiittttyyyy bbbbeeeesssstttt ddddeeeessssccccrrrriiiibbbbeeeedddd aaaassss aaaa hhhhiiiieeeerrrraaaarrrrcccchhhhyyyy ooooffff lllliiiiffffeeee AAAAAAAAttttttttoooooooommmmmmmmssssssss aaaarrrreeee oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiizzzzeeeedddd iiiinnnnttttoooo mmmmmmmmoooooooolllllllleeeeeeeeccccccccuuuuuuuulllllllleeeeeeeessssssss ⇒⇒⇒⇒ oooooooorrrrrrrrggggggggaaaaaaaannnnnnnneeeeeeeellllllllllllllllssssssss ⇒⇒⇒⇒ cccccccceeeeeeeellllllllllllllllssssssss ⇒⇒⇒⇒ ttttttttiiiiiiiissssssssssssssssuuuuuuuueeeeeeeessssssss ⇒oooooooorrrrrrrrggggggggaaaaaaaannnnnnnnssssssss ⇒ssssssssyyyyyyyysssssssstttttttteeeeeeeemmmmmmmmssssssss ⇒oooooooorrrrrrrrggggggggaaaaaaaannnnnnnniiiiiiiissssssssmmmmmmmm ⇒⇒⇒⇒ ppppppppooooooooppppppppuuuuuuuullllllllaaaaaaaattttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnn ⇒⇒⇒⇒ ccccccccoooooooommmmmmmmmmmmmmmmuuuuuuuunnnnnnnniiiiiiiittttttttyyyyyyyy ⇒⇒⇒⇒ eeeeeeeeccccccccoooooooossssssssyyyyyyyysssssssstttttttteeeeeeeemmmmmmmm ⇒⇒⇒⇒ bbbbiiiioooosssspppphhhheeeerrrreeee Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 5. Biosphere وي ط ا ا ر رة ا ا ا ظ ل ا Life’s hierarchy of organization Ecosystem م ا ظ ا ط ا ر ا ا ! ط # خ و ر ء وھواء و ن ( Florida coast دا ور # ل * ل + Community, All organisms on the Florida coast ر و ت ا ل ا : ! ا دا ور # ل * ل + ط # ا Population, Group of brown pelicans ت ن ا و ! رة: ا زاوج وع س ا ن ا ا ! ل ا + ( # Organism ن ا ة ب ا را
  • 6. ظو TTTThhhheeee uuuuppppppppeeeerrrr ttttiiiieeeerrrr Nucleus واة ا Nerve ب2 Spinal cord و ل ا ا Tissue 3* Nervous tissue 2 ا 3* ا Cell ا Nerve cell 2 Organ و ا Brain غ د ا Organelle Nucleus واة Molecule 5 ز! DNA د Atom ذرة Brown pelican ا ! ا Organ system وي ز ا (! ا Nervous system 2 ز ا (! ا Brain غ د ا TTTThhhheeee mmmmiiiiddddddddlllleeee ttttiiiieeeerrrr TTTThhhheeee lllloooowwwweeeerrrr ttttiiiieeeerrrr
  • 7. 1.1 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level The upper tier is a global TTThhheee uuuppppppeeerrr tttiiieeerrr iiisss aaa ggglllooobbbaaalll ppppeeeerrrrssssppppeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ooooffff lllliiiiffffeeee • BBBBBBBBiiiiiiiioooooooosssssssspppppppphhhhhhhheeeeeeeerrrrrrrreeeeeeee - aaaallllllll tttthhhheeee eeeennnnvvvviiiirrrroooonnnnmmmmeeeennnnttttssss ((((eeeeccccoooossssyyyysssstttteeeemmmmssss)))) oooonnnn EEEEaaaarrrrtttthhhh tttthhhhaaaatttt ssssuuuuppppppppoooorrrrtttt lllliiiiffffeeee • EEEEEEEEccccccccoooooooossssssssyyyyyyyysssssssstttttttteeeeeeeemmmmmmmm - aaaallllllll tttthhhheeee oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss ((((ccccoooommmmmmmmuuuunnnniiiittttiiiieeeessss)))) lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg iiiinnnn aaaa ppppppppaaaaaaaarrrrrrrrttttttttiiiiiiiiccccccccuuuuuuuullllllllaaaaaaaarrrrrrrr aaaaaaaarrrrrrrreeeeeeeeaaaaaaaa • CCCCCCCCoooooooommmmmmmmmmmmmmmmuuuuuuuunnnnnnnniiiiiiiittttttttyyyyyyyy - tttthhhheeee aaaarrrrrrrraaaayyyy ooooffff oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss ((((ddddiiiiffffffffeeeerrrreeeennnntttt ppppooooppppuuuullllaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss)))) lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg iiiinnnn aaaa ppppaaaarrrrttttiiiiccccuuuullllaaaarrrr eeeeccccoooossssyyyysssstttteeeemmmm • PPPPPPPPooooooooppppppppuuuuuuuullllllllaaaaaaaattttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnn - aaaallllllll tttthhhheeee iiiinnnnddddiiiivvvviiiidddduuuuaaaallllssss ooooffff aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiieeeessss oooonnnnllllyyyy iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrbbbbrrrreeeeaaaadddd wwwwiiiitttthhhh eeeeaaaacccchhhh ooootttthhhheeeerrrr wwwwiiiitttthhhhiiiinnnn aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc aaaarrrreeeeaaaa
  • 8. 1.1 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level The middle tier is characterized TTThhheee mmmiiiddddddllleee tttiiieeerrr iiisss ccchhhaaarrraaacccttteeerrriiizzzeeeddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmm,,,, aaaannnn iiiinnnnddddiiiivvvviiiidddduuuuaaaallll lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg tttthhhhiiiinnnngggg,,,, wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh iiiissss ccccoooommmmppppoooosssseeeedddd ooooffff • OOOOOOOOrrrrrrrrggggggggaaaaaaaannnnnnnn ssssssssyyyyyyyysssssssstttttttteeeeeeeemmmmmmmmssssssss - hhhhaaaavvvveeee ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnnssss;;;; aaaarrrreeee ccccccccoooooooommmmmmmmppppppppoooooooosssssssseeeeeeeedddddddd ooooooooffffffff oooooooorrrrrrrrggggggggaaaaaaaannnnnnnnssssssss • OOOOOOOOrrrrrrrrggggggggaaaaaaaannnnnnnnssssssss - pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeee ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnnssss ffffoooorrrr tttthhhheeee oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmm • TTTTTTTTiiiiiiiissssssssssssssssuuuuuuuueeeeeeeessssssss - mmmmaaaaddddeeee ooooffff ggggrrrroooouuuuppppssss ooooffff ssssiiiimmmmiiiillllaaaarrrr cccceeeellllllllssss Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 9. 1.1 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level Life emerges at the level of the LLLiiifffeee eeemmmeeerrrgggeeesss aaattt ttthhheee llleeevvveeelll ooofff ttthhheee cccceeeellllllll,,,, tttthhhheeee lllloooowwwweeeerrrr ttttiiiieeeerrrr,,,, wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh iiiissss ccccoooommmmppppoooosssseeeedddd ooooffff • MMMMMMMMoooooooolllllllleeeeeeeeccccccccuuuuuuuulllllllleeeeeeeessssssss - cccclllluuuusssstttteeeerrrrssss ooooffff aaaattttoooommmmssss • OOOOOOOOrrrrrrrrggggggggaaaaaaaannnnnnnneeeeeeeelllllllllllllllleeeeeeeessssssss - mmmmeeeemmmmbbbbrrrraaaannnneeee-bbbboooouuuunnnndddd ssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttuuuurrrreeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnnssss • CCCCCCCCeeeeeeeellllllllllllllllssssssss - lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg eeeennnnttttiiiittttiiiieeeessss ddddiiiissssttttiiiinnnngggguuuuiiiisssshhhheeeedddd ffffrrrroooommmm tttthhhheeeeiiiirrrr eeeennnnvvvviiiirrrroooonnnnmmmmeeeennnntttt bbbbyyyy aaaa mmmmeeeemmmmbbbbrrrraaaannnneeee Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 10. 1.1 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level Atoms are organized into molecules ⇒ organells ⇒ cells ⇒ tissues ⇒ organs ⇒ systems ⇒ organism ⇒ population ⇒ community ⇒ ecosystem ⇒ biosphere Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 11. 1.2 Living organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy Life requires interactions LLLniiiofffeeen lrrriveeeiqqqnuuugiii rrrceeeosssm iiinnnptttoeeenrrraaaecccnttttiiisooo.nnnsss bbbbeeeettttwwwweeeeeeeennnn lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd nnnooonnnllliiivvviiinnnggg cccooommmpppooonnneeennntttsss... TTTThhhheeee nnnnoooonnnnlllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnnttttssss aaaarrrreeee cccchhhheeeemmmmiiiiccccaaaallll aaaannnndddd nnnnuuuuttttrrrriiiieeeennnnttttssss rrrreeeeqqqquuuuiiiirrrreeeedddd ffffoooorrrr lllliiiiffffeeee.... to be living, a thing must be capable of growth, reproduction and metabolism. – ccPPccPPaaaahhhhlllloooolllleeeettttooddooddss ss ppppppppyyyyrrrrrrrrnnnnoooooooottttddddddddhhhhuuuuuuuueeeeccccccccttttiiiieeeeeeeeccccrrrrrrrr oooossssssssrrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeee ffffoooooooodddd aaaannnndddd aaaarrrreeee – ppOOppOOllllttttaaaahhhhnnnneeeettttrrssrrssssss)))) eeaaeeaaaannaannttddttdd pppp aaaallllaaaarrrreeeennnn ttttccccssssaaaa ((((lllloooolllleeeerrrrdddd aaaa ccccccccnnnnooooooooiiiimmmmnnnnnnnnssssssssaaaauuuuuuuullllssssmmmmmmmm tttteeeeeeeehhhhrrrrrrrraaaasssssssstttt pppprrrrooooffffiiiitttt ffffrrrroooommmm Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 12. Ecosystem Producers Sunlight (such as plants) Cycling of chemical Nutrients Chemical energy Heat Consumers (such as animals) ( Heat The cycling of nutrients and flow of energy in an ecosystem
  • 13. 1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life Form generally FFFooorrrmmm gggeeennneeerrraaallllllyyy ffffiiiittttssss ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnn 1111.... BBdBBeyyyyt essssttttruuuumddddiyyyyniiiiennnn ggggw aaaah abbbbtiiii ooooitllll oooodggggoiiiieccccsaaaa lllla ssssnttttdrrrruuuu hccccottttuuuuwrrrreeee i,,t,, yyyywooooouuuur ks dddeeettteeerrrmmmiiinnneee wwwhhhaaattt iiittt dddoooeeesss aaannnddd hhhooowww iiittt wwwooorrrkkksss 22222222........ LLLLsLLLLtiiiiiiiiffffffffreeeeeeeeu ceeeeeeeetmmmmmmmmureeeeeeeeerrrrrrrrsgggggggg eeeeeeeessssssss ffffffffrrrrrrrroooooooommmmmmmm iiiiiiiinnnnnnnntttttttteeeeeeeerrrrrrrraaaaaaaaccccccccttttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnnssssssss ooooooooffffffff ssstttrrruuuccctttuuurrreeesss 3333.... CCpCCrooooommmmvibbbbdiiiiennnn aaaaottttriiiigooooannnnnssss i zooooaffff tssssiottttrrrrnuuuu cccccttttauuuulrrrrleeeeedssss ((((acccc oooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnnttttssss)))) ppprrrooovvviiidddeee ooorrrgggaaannniiizzzaaatttiiiooonnn cccaaalllllleeeddd aaa ssssssssyyyyyyyysssssssstttttttteeeeeeeemmmmmmmm Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 14. 1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life Two distinct groups TTTwwwooo dddiiissstttiiinnncccttt gggrrrooouuupppsss ooooffff cccceeeellllllllssss eeeexxxxiiiisssstttt PPPPrrrrooookkkkaaaarrrryyyyoooottttiiiicccc cccceeeellllllllssss 1111.... GGGGeeeennnneeeettttiiiicccc mmmmaaaatttteeeerrrriiiiaaaallll iiiissss nnnnooootttt ssssuuuurrrrrrrroooouuuunnnnddddeeeedddd 2222.... bbbbyyyy aaaa nnnnuuuucccclllleeeeaaaarrrr mmmmeeeemmmmbbbbrrrraaaannnneeee 33333333........ SSSSSSSSiiiiiiiimmmmmmmmpppppppplllllllleeeeeeee aaaaaaaannnnnnnndddddddd ssssssssmmmmmmmmaaaaaaaallllllllllllllll 4444.... BBBBaaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiiaaaa aaaarrrreeee pppprrrrooookkkkaaaarrrryyyyoooottttiiiicccc EEEEuuuukkkkaaaarrrryyyyoooottttiiiicccc cccceeeellllllllssss 1111.... GGGGeeeennnneeeettttiiiicccc mmmmaaaatttteeeerrrriiiiaaaallll iiiissss ssssuuuurrrrrrrroooouuuunnnnddddeeeedddd bbbbyyyy aaaa 2222.... aaaa nnnnuuuucccclllleeeeaaaarrrr mmmmeeeemmmmbbbbrrrraaaannnneeee 3333.... PPPPoooosssssssseeeessssssss oooorrrrggggaaaannnneeeelllllllleeeessss sssseeeeppppaaaarrrraaaatttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy mmmmeeeemmmmbbbbrrrraaaannnneeeessss 4444.... PPPPllllaaaannnnttttssss,,,, aaaannnniiiimmmmaaaallllssss,,,, aaaannnndddd ffffuuuunnnnggggiiii aaaarrrreeee eeeeuuuukkkkaaaarrrryyyyoooottttiiiicccc Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 15. DNA د Prokaryotic cell (no nuclear envelop) Membrane Eukaryotic cell Contrasting the size and complexity of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Nucleus (contains DNA surrounded by nuclear membrane) Organelles
  • 16. 1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features All living things share AAAllllll llliiivvviiinnnggg ttthhhiiinnngggsss ssshhhaaarrreee ccccoooommmmmmmmoooonnnn pppprrrrooooppppeeeerrrrttttiiiieeeessss • OOOOOOOOrrrrrrrrddddddddeeeeeeeerrrrrrrr - hhhheeee ccccoooommmmpppplllleeeexxxx oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiizzzzaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg tttthhhhiiiinnnnggggssss • RRRRRRRReeeeeeeegggggggguuuuuuuullllllllaaaaaaaattttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnn - aaaannnn aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo mmmmaaaaiiiinnnnttttaaaaiiiinnnn aaaannnn iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrnnnnaaaallll eeeennnnvvvviiiirrrroooonnnnmmmmeeeennnntttt ccccoooonnnnssssiiiisssstttteeeennnntttt wwwwiiiitttthhhh lllliiiiffffeeee •• GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrroooooooooooooooowwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwtttttttttttttttthhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaannnnnnnnnnnnnnnndddddddddddddddd ddddddddddddddddeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeevvvvvvvvvvvvvvvveeeeeeeeeeeeeeeellllllllllllllllooooooooooooooooppppppppppppppppmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeennnnnnnnnnnnnnnntttttttttttttttt -- ccccccccoooooooonnnnnnnnssssssssiiiiiiiisssssssstttttttteeeeeeeennnnnnnntttttttt ggggggggrrrrrrrroooooooowwwwwwwwtttttttthhhhhhhh aaaaaaaannnnnnnndddddddd ddddeeeevvvveeeellllooooppppmmmmeeeennnntttt ccccoooonnnnttttrrrroooolllllllleeeedddd bbbbyyyy DDDDNNNNAAAA • EEEEEEEEnnnnnnnneeeeeeeerrrrrrrrggggggggyyyyyyyy pppppppprrrrrrrroooooooocccccccceeeeeeeessssssssssssssssiiiiiiiinnnnnnnngggggggg - aaaaccccqqqquuuuiiiirrrriiiinnnngggg eeeennnneeeerrrrggggyyyy aaaannnndddd ttttrrrraaaannnnssssffffoooorrrrmmmmiiiinnnngggg iiiitttt ttttoooo aaaa ffffoooorrrrmmmm uuuusssseeeeffffuuuullll ffffoooorrrr tttthhhheeee oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmm tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhh mmmmeeeettttaaaabbbboooolllliiiissssmmmm
  • 17. 1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features Common properties CCCooommmmmmooonnn ppprrrooopppeeerrrtttiiieeesss ccccoooonnnnttttiiiinnnnuuuueeeedddd RRRRRRRReeeeeeeessssssssppppppppoooooooonnnnnnnnsssssssseeeeeeee ttttttttoooooooo tttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeee eeeeeeeennnnnnnnvvvvvvvviiiiiiiirrrrrrrroooooooonnnnnnnnmmmmmmmmeeeeeeeennnnnnnntttttttt - aaaannnn aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo rrrrrrrreeeeeeeessssssssppppppppoooooooonnnnnnnndddddddd ttttttttoooooooo eeeeeeeennnnnnnnvvvvvvvviiiiiiiirrrrrrrroooooooonnnnnnnnmmmmmmmmeeeeeeeennnnnnnnttttttttaaaaaaaallllllll ssssssssttttttttiiiiiiiimmmmmmmmuuuuuuuulllllllliiiiiiii RRRRRRRReeeeeeeepppppppprrrrrrrroooooooodddddddduuuuuuuuccccccccttttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnn - tttthhhheeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo ppppeeeerrrrppppeeeettttuuuuaaaatttteeee tttthhhheeee ssssppppeeeecccciiiieeeessss EEEEEEEEvvvvvvvvoooooooolllllllluuuuuuuuttttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnnaaaaaaaarrrrrrrryyyyyyyy aaaaaaaaddddddddaaaaaaaappppppppttttttttaaaaaaaattttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnn - aaaaccccqqqquuuuiiiissssiiiittttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff ttttrrrraaaaiiiittttssss tttthhhhaaaatttt bbbbeeeesssstttt ssssuuuuiiiitttt tttthhhheeee oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmm ttttoooo iiiittttssss eeeennnnvvvviiiirrrroooonnnnmmmmeeeennnntttt Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 18. ((1) Order (2) Regulation 4) Energy processing (3) Growth and development (5) Response to the environment (6) Reproduction (7) Evolutionary adaptation Some important properties of life
  • 19. properties of life All living things exhibit complex but ordered Organization, as seen (1) Order Some important in the highly ordered Structure of a sunflower
  • 20. Some important properties of life For example, a jackrabbit can adjust its body temperature by regulating (2)Regulation The amount of blood flowing through its ears. when the rabbit’s body temperature rises, more blood flows through the vessel in its ears, allowing excess heat to be released to the air.
  • 21. Some important properties of life Information IIInnnfffooorrrmmmaaatttiiiooonnn ccccaaaarrrrrrrriiiieeeedddd bbbbyyyy ggggeeeennnneeeessss tttthhhheeee uuuunnnniiiittttssss ooooffff iiiinnnnhhhheeeerrrriiiittttaaaannnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ttttrrrraaaannnnssssmmmmiiiitttt iiiinnnnffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ffffrrrroooommmm ppppaaaarrrreeeennnnttttssss TTTToooo ooooffffffffsssspppprrrriiiinnnngggg – ccccoooonnnnttttrrrroooollllssss tttthhhheeee ppppaaaatttttttteeeerrrrnnnn ooooffff ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh aaaannnndddd ddddeeeevvvveeeellllooooppppmmmmeeeennnntttt iiiinnnn aaaallllllll oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss,,,, iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddiiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee (3) Growth and development NNNNiiiilllleeee ccccrrrrooooccccooooddddiiiilllleeee
  • 22. Some important properties of life Fro FFFrrrooo eeeexxxxaaaammmmpppplllleeee,,,, wwwwhhhheeeennnn tttthhhhiiiissss bbbbeeeeaaaarrrr eeeeaaaattttssss tttthhhheeee ffffiiiisssshhhh,,,, iiiitttt wwwwiiiillllllll uuuusssseeee tttthhhheeee cccchhhheeeemmmmiiiiccccaaaallll eeeennnneeeerrrrggggyyyy ssssttttoooorrrreeeedddd iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ffffiiiisssshhhh ttttoooo ppppoooowwwweeeerrrr iiiittttssss oooowwwwnnnn aaaaccccttttiiiivvvviiiittttiiiieeeessss (4) Energy processing Metabolism aaaannnndddd cccchhhheeeemmmmiiiiccccaaaallll rrrreeeeaaaaccccttttiiiioooonnnnssss ((((mmmmeeeettttaaaabbbboooolllliiiissssmmmm))))
  • 23. Some important properties of life All organisms respond to environmental stimuli Fro example, a Venus flytrap closes its trap in response to the environmental (5) Response to the environment stimulus of an insect landing on it
  • 24. Some important properties of life Organisms reproduce their own kind, by producing offsprings. This emperor Penguins is protecting its (6) Reproduction baby. By reproduction survival of the specie, not extinction, is achieved
  • 25. Some important properties of life Reproduction underlies the capacity of populations to change (evolve) over time Fro example, the appearance of the pygmy seahorses has evolved in the way that camouflage the animal (7) Evolutionary adaptation in its environment
  • 26. TTTTTTTTHHHHHHHHEEEEEEEE PPPPPPPPRRRRRRRROOOOOOOOCCCCCCCCEEEEEEEESSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS OOOOOOOOFFFFFFFF SSSSSSSSCCCCCCCCIIIIIIIIEEEEEEEENNNNNNNNCCCCCCCCEEEEEEEE Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 27. 1.7 Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature Two approaches TTTTuTTTnwwwwwwwdoooooooe aaaaaaarsppppppptppppppparrrrrrrnooooooodaaaaaaa nccccccchhhhhhhaeeeeeeetusssssssr aaaaaaaaalrrrrrrrr eeeeeeeeca uuuuuuuuussssssssseeeeeeeeedddddddds ttttttttfooooooooo r natural ppppuuuuppppuuuhhhhnnnnhhhhnnnddddeeeedddeeeeeeeennnneeennnnrrrroooorrroooosssssssmmmmmmmmtttttttaaaaaaaeeeeeeeennnnnnnnnnnnnnndddddddaaaaaaaa nnnnnnnaaaaaaatttttttuuuuuuurrrrrrraaaaaaalllllll cccccccaaaaaaauuuuuuussssssseeeeeeesssssss fffffffooooooorrrrrrr nnnnnnnaaaaaaatttttttuuuuuuurrrrrrraaaaaaalllllll – aaaaDDDDaaaaDDDDnnnnnnnniiiiiiiissssssssddddddddcccccccc mmmmmmmmoooooooovvvvvvvveeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaaaaaaarrrrrrrrssssyyyyssssyyyy uuuu uuuussssssssrrrrrrrrcccccccceeeeeeeeiiiiiiiimmmmmmmmeeeeeeeennnnnnnneeeeeeeeccccccccnnnnnnnneeeeeeeetttttttt ssssssss- ttttttttuuuuoooooooossss ddddddddeeeeeeeeeeeessssssss ssss vvvvcccccccceeeerrrrrrrrrrrriiiiiiiibbbbbbbbiiiiffffeeeeeeeeiiiiaaaa ssssssssbbbbcccccccclllleeeeiiiiiiiieeeeeeee oooonnnnnnnnbbbbccccccccsssseeeeeeeeeeeerrrrvvvvaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss – ddHHHHddHHHHiiiiyyyyyyyyssssppppppppccccoooooooooooottttvvttttvvhhhhhhhheeeeeeeeeeeerrrrssssyyssssyyiiii iiii ssssssssssss-cccciiiibbbbbbbbeeeeaaaaaaaannnnsssssssscccceeeeeeeeeeeedddddddd ttttoooossssssss cccccccceeeeiiiiiiiieeeeeeeexxxxppppnnnnnnnnllllccccccccaaaaeeeeeeeeiiiinnnn- ssssuuuuccccssssiiiieeeeeeeessssnnnn cccctttthhhheeeeeeee ddddaaaattttaaaa ffffrrrroooommmm – hhTThhTTyyyyhhhhppppiiiissssoooo rrrrtttthhhheeeeeeeeqqqqssssuuuueeeeiiiirrrrsssseeeessss pppprrrrooooppppoooossssiiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd tttteeeessssttttiiiinnnngggg ooooffff Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 28. 1.7 Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature There is a difference TTTanhhhdeee rrraeee iiisss aaa dddiiiffffffeeerrreeennnccceee bbbbeeeettttwwwweeeeeeeennnn aaaa tttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeeeoooooooorrrrrrrryyyyyyyy aaannnddd aaa hhhhhhhhyyyyyyyyppppppppooooooootttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeeessssssssiiiiiiiissssssss – ffffAoooo rrrrhhhhhhhh aaaayyyyyyyy pppp ppppssssooooooooeeeetttttttttttthhhhhhhh ooooeeeeeeeeffffssssssss ooooiiiiiiiissssssssbbbbiiiisssssssseeee aaaarrrrvvvv ppppaaaarrrrttttooooiiiiooooppppnnnnoooosssssssseeeedddd eeeexxxxppppllllaaaannnnaaaattttiiiioooonnnn – uuuuAssssttttttttuuuuhhhhhhhhaaaaeeeeeeeelllloooooooollllyyyyrrrrrrrr yyyyyyyyggggrrrriiiissssoooo wwwwssssuuuuiiiinnnnppppggggpppp oobboobbrroorroottttddddeeeeyyyydddd oooobbbbffffyyyy eeee aaaavvvv iiiillllddddaaaaeeeerrrrggggnnnneeeecccc eeeeaaaannnndddd Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 29. 1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses We solve everyday WWWeee sssooolllvvveee eeevvveeerrryyydddaaayyy pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss bbbbyyyy uuuussssiiiinnnngggg hhhhyyyyppppooootttthhhheeeesssseeeessss – AAAAnnnn eeeexxxxaaaammmmpppplllleeee wwwwoooouuuulllldddd bbbbeeee tttthhhheeee rrrreeeeaaaassssoooonnnniiiinnnngggg wwwweeee uuuusssseeee ttttoooo aaaannnnsssswwwweeeerrrr tttthhhheeee qqqquuuueeeessssttttiiiioooonnnn,,,, ““““WWWWhhhhyyyy ddddooooeeeessssnnnn’’’’tttt tttthhhheeee ffffllllaaaasssshhhhlllliiiigggghhhhtttt wwwwoooorrrrkkkk????”””” – UUUUssssiiiinnnngggg ddddeeeedddduuuuccccttttiiiivvvveeee rrrreeeeaaaassssoooonnnniiiinnnngggg wwwweeee rrrreeeeaaaalllliiiizzzzeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmm iiiiiiiissssssss eeeeeeeeiiiiiiiitttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeeerrrrrrrr tttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeee ((((((((11)))))))) bbbbbbbbuuuuuuuullllllllbbbbbbbb oooooooorrrrrrrr ((((((((22)))))))) bbbbbbbbaaaaaaaatttttttttttttttteeeeeeeerrrrrrrriiiiiiiieeeeeeeessssssss........ – TTTThhhheeee hhhhyyyyppppooootttthhhheeeessssiiiissss mmmmuuuusssstttt bbbbeeee tttteeeessssttttaaaabbbblllleeee – TTTThhhheeee hhhhyyyyppppooootttthhhheeeessssiiiissss mmmmuuuusssstttt bbbbeeee ffffaaaallllssssiiiiffffiiiiaaaabbbblllleeee Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 30. Observations Hypothesis #1: Dead batteries Question ا Hypothesis #2: Burned-out bulb An example of -based science Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem Test prediction Test prediction ا Test falsifies hypothesTisest does not falsify hypothesis hypothesis-
  • 31. You should now be able to 1111.... DDDDeeeessssccccrrrriiiibbbbeeee lllliiiiffffeeee’’’’ssss hhhhiiiieeeerrrraaaarrrrcccchhhhyyyy ooooffff oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiizzzzaaaattttiiiioooonnnn 2222.... 2.... DDDDeeeessssccccrrrriiiibbbbeeee lllliiiivvvviiiinnnngggg oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss’’’’ iiiinnnntttteeeerrrraaaaccccttttiiiioooonnnnssss wwwwiiiitttthhhh tttthhhheeeeiiiirrrr eeeennnnvvvviiiirrrroooonnnnmmmmeeeennnnttttssss 3.... DDDDeeeessssccccrrrriiiibbbbeeee tttthhhheeee ssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttuuuurrrraaaallll aaaannnndddd ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnnaaaallll aaaassssppppeeeeccccttttssss ooooffff cccceeeellllllllssss 4.... EEEExxxxppppllllaaaaiiiinnnn hhhhoooowwww tttthhhheeee tttthhhheeeeoooorrrryyyy ooooffff eeeevvvvoooolllluuuuttttiiiioooonnnn aaaaccccccccoooouuuunnnnttttssss ffffoooorrrr tttthhhheeee uuuunnnniiiittttyyyy aaaannnndddd ddddiiiivvvveeeerrrrssssiiiittttyyyy ooooffff lllliiiiffffeeee 5.... DDDDiiiissssttttiiiinnnngggguuuuiiiisssshhhh bbbbeeeettttwwwweeeeeeeennnn ddddiiiissssccccoooovvvveeeerrrryyyy sssscccciiiieeeennnncccceeee aaaannnndddd hhhhyyyyppppooootttthhhheeeessssiiiissss--bbbbaaaasssseeeedddd sssscccciiiieeeennnncccceeee 6.... DDDDeeeessssccccrrrriiiibbbbeeee wwwwaaaayyyyssss iiiinnnn wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh bbbbiiiioooollllooooggggyyyy,,,, tttteeeecccchhhhnnnnoooollllooooggggyyyy,,,, aaaannnndddd ssssoooocccciiiieeeettttyyyy aaaarrrreeee ccccoooonnnnnnnneeeecccctttteeeedddd Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 32. Introduction: Getting Acquainted with Biology ة ا
  • 33. 3 : ا =, ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ا ــــــــــ ا
  • 34. Biology Is The Science Of Life In All Its Living Forms, Plants, Animals And Microorganisms Including Man ت ا ة ة ا
  • 35. ھ ظ درا ! ة ھ ا ! ن$% ا ا '( و *+, ت ا -. ان وا وا Biology Is The Scientific Study Of Life ة ا را , ا ء ھ 01 ا ! The Term “Biology” Derived From Bios = Life And Logos = Science Logos : 23%% 23( 2 435 “Biology” ـــ ! Logos ة و 0 Bios Living Organisms ت ا -. ا 6 ا 2-. ي
  • 36. 8 اد ا , 39 وا :;3 ا وھ .3 ا Adaptation ; ,? 3 ا @3A وف
  • 37. ظ C Evolution . 3 ا 2-. ا ;! ر 8 ا
  • 38. D3 ا ! ر ھ 3 ا رھ و @0 ; Organization د , ; ت ا -. ى ھ
  • 39. = أ 8H E 3 ا ء01 ا ! را , ت ا !I Hierarchy Of Life ة
  • 40. ; ا J3 ا Emergent Properties AK ت ا 8 ف
  • 41. ة ,,? ت 8H Biosphere ! ا, ) ا A ا J%1 ت (ا A ا ( ي – L ف ا MD ا رض 1 ا O! ة
  • 42. Ecosystem 3 ا 83Q ت ا -. ا 2 ت !L ا ( – A م ا J ا * 6 Community 3 ) ا 83Q ا
  • 43. -5 (ا 83Q ت ا -. ا ( – !L ا 2 A م J% 6 Population R* ; ن ? او S3 ,0 ا ع ا اد ا
  • 44. أ ( ة
  • 45. 5 ا * Organ Systems ءE! أ 2 U3 دة و , - وظ ; – E ة ا S;?1 ا Organs 2-. دة , - دي وظ : ء – E!1 ا Tissues ;53 ا MQ ا 2 !L 2 %. – L$%1 ا Molecules رات ' ا 2 VL ت – AS? Organelles ددةة , - ذذااتت ووظظ -5X Y( اا
  • 46. تت –– E! Cells ;3A 2! ء5D ق
  • 47. 38 0 ت %( – M= Living And Nonliving Components ا
  • 48. D وا ت ا %. ا Photosynthetic Organisms -E ء ا ا O! درة * ت ا -. ا Producers Are Called And Provide Food اء 'D ا
  • 49. ت L3ُ ا Consumers ت.;3$ُ O! ى 'D3 ت % ا0 O! ت ( أو ا O! ى 'D3 ت -( ت ) ا The Nonliving Components -( - ا'X اد 2! رة ! ا
  • 50. X ت %. ا ة ور
  • 51. I
  • 52. إ دة وا وتRecycle Chemicals .
  • 53. , ! Necessary For Life ا ل ا م ا Move Energy Through The Ecosystem A J M= + ^
  • 54. أو ا اة Prokaryotic Cells M= Genetic Material Is Not Surrounded By A ا دة ا را طف % MD
  • 55. X ` وي Nuclear Membrane ة و Simple And Small $
  • 56. DH ا BacteriaAre Prokaryotic أو ا اة
  • 57. 3. Eukaryotic Cells ا **0 M= اة ت طPossess Organelles Separated By Membranes M3$ ا 2! ;8 5XU E! ^3 زم ا ت وا ات وا ت ا اة Plants, Animals, And Fungi Are Eukaryotic **0
  • 58. 8 % اة Nucleus % Contains DNA Surrounded By Nuclear % ي د ط MD ف % O! وي 3 Membrane Membrane 5X ءDNA Is The Genetic (Hereditary) Material Of ا ھ ا دة ا را ا MQ . ` %, All Cells A Gene Is A Discrete Unit Of DNA %, ا 2 ة S ة ,0 و 2! رة ! 2L ا
  • 59. ا م – ا Order -. ,* E 3 ا ت ا J ا – ا رة ا دا *3 = A O! J O! ,* J3 Regulation ة ا V Growth And Development L ر ا 3 وا ا Energy Processing % رة ; و + ب ا $3( – إ + ا L c1 ا ر 2-. ا – Response To The Environment A
  • 60. `: L39 ,+ رة ا ات ا A L39 ا – ا Reproduction ( O! رة إ ر ا ,* ع
  • 62. (1 8 $3( 3 .3 ا ا ري – ا ب ا ت ا ً Evolutionary Adaptation @3A V اDomains ! ـــ ھ ك ث اThe Three Domains (Groups) Of Life 0 ( VL ) ! M` ا Bacteria - – أو ا اة ، و دة ن و ة ا و Prokaryotic, And Most Are Q ,0 . !
  • 63. 3. Unicellular And Microscopic
  • 64. ;L Archaea - Like Bacteria, Are Prokaryotic, And Most Are Unicellular And Microscopic و Q ة ا ,0 ن و . دة ! اة ، و ا ت – أو - ا, ا
  • 65. 3. ن ا UK ;%UK
  • 66. ;L Eukarya - Are Eukaryotic And Contain A Nucleus And Organelles اة و % ; اة أي ا **0 M= اة – ت ا **0 تE!
  • 67. ا ا THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE *
  • 68. !3 + , 5 ,Q3$ -
  • 69. *39 ا ا ا– م ھات و ت Discovery Science ا H Hypothesis- Based Science م ,Q3$ ) – 9,3 – ا ?33 (ا I ا
  • 70. 39 ا ا VI ^ وذ - ا
  • 71. *39 ا ا ھ
  • 72. ي ' ت ا % ا )
  • 73. L3 ا ا @% (إ ! ات
  • 74. $8 A Hypothesis ات , ھ5 ا 2 !L ح
  • 75. 3*
  • 76. $8 ھ I
  • 77. 8 ا ھھ
  • 78. 3 اا Ai Q3 اا ? اا ھھ
  • 79. = آآ O وو ة, ھ5 ا A Theory ,:
  • 80. L3 ا O! ! ج 33 إ ھ
  • 81. J ا رب L3 !, ا د1 ا 2 , اS3 و