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Preparing a Research Proposal: An
Overview
Dr.Murali Vallipuranathan
MBBS, PGD, MSc, MD
Board Certified Specialist in Community Medicine
5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 1
Why should one plan for a research
• To obtain an academic degree
• To get research allowance
• To establish evidence based new knowledge
• To obtain experience in research: stepping stone
• To get recognition from peers, colleagues and other
researchers
• To get academic promotions (universities, PGIM and certain
posts in MoH)
• Self satisfaction
• Part of the duty
• CPD activity
5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 2
What are the common issues?
• Where can I get the idea for research?
• How can I prepare the research proposal?
• Do I need to get ethical clearance? If so where can I get the
ethical clearance?
• Where can I get the funding for my research?
• Who can be my co-authors?
5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 3
What are the common issues? (continued)
• Where can I collect data?
• How can I analyze my data?
• How can I write a budget proposal?
• How can I manage my research project?
• How can I disseminate my study findings?
5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 4
Where can I get the idea for research?
Common sources
• Observation.
• Literature reviews.
• Professional conferences.
• Experts.
5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 5
How can I get started with simple research?
• Study what others have done before and redo in different
circumstances; mainly descriptive studies
• Assess what is routinely done in wards/clinic and compare
with standard protocol : Medical Audit
• Discuss problems with colleagues, other staff and clients:
every observed problem is a nidus for research
• Testing for associations (example: risk factors and outcome)
5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 6
1. Identification of Area of Interest
is by
• Observation in
• The hospital
• The Community
• Place of work
• Reading journal articles
• Discussion with
• Friends
• Colleagues, supervisor, teachers, other researchers
• Following a “hunch”
• A feeling
• intuition
7
The research question
• All studies should start with a research question that
addresses what the investigator would like to know
• Goal is to find an important research question that can be
developed into a feasible and valid study plan
Criteria for selection of research
• Relevant
• No duplication
• Feasibility
• Applicability
• Ethical considerations (harm Physical or mental or
psychological)
• Is Permission possible?
9
Hypothesis
• A prediction regarding the outcome of a study that often
involves the relationship between two variables
Hypothesis Testing:
• The process of determining whether a hypothesis is supported
by the results of a research study
11
Stages of a Research Process
11
IDENTIFY AREA OF INTEREST
IDENTIFY PROBLEM
CARRY OUT LITERATURE SEARCH
CONSTRUCT HYPOTHESIS
DEVELOP RESEARCH DESIGN
IDENTIFY & CONSTRUCT RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
12
Stages of a Research Process (CONTINUED)
12
IDENTIFY AND CONSTRUCT RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
DETERMINING SAMPLING DESIGN
PREPARE BUDGET PROPOSAL
ETHICAL CLEARANCE
EXECUTION OF PROJECT
DATA COLLECTION
13
Stages of a Research Process (CONTINUED)
13
DATA COLLECTION
DATA ENTRY AND ANALYSIS
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
GENERALIZATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS
PREPARING RESEARCH REPORT
DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS
Is it necessary to prepare a research proposal at
the early stages?
5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 14
Is it necessary to prepare a research
proposal at the early stages?
5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 15
Preparing research proposal
• Why should we prepare a research proposal?
1. To get ideas clarified
2. To get ethical clearance
3. To get funding
5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 16
Components of a research proposal
• Introduction/ Background
• Justification
• Literature review
• Research Question and Hypotheses
• Objectives
• Method
- Settings
- Sample
- Study design
- Study instrument
- Ethical clearance
- Statistical analysis
• Budget
• Time frame
• Limitations
• Conflicts of interest ICPHI 2013 17
Rationale:
 Describe within the context of
present knowledge
 Justify in terms of demographic,
social or health impact
 Policy, service or programme
relevance
Relevance to activities and
objectives of the funding agency
185/2/2013 ICPHI 2013
Objectives
 General and specific objectives
State clearly in measurable terms
195/2/2013 ICPHI 2013
Review of literature
Describe the most relevant
studies published
205/2/2013 ICPHI 2013
Design and methodology
 Brief description of study design
Justify choice of design in relation to the
objectives of the research
 Brief description of the source
population
 Sample size
Describe method of computation
justify assumptions underlying
calculation of sample size
Statistical power
215/2/2013 ICPHI 2013
Selection of sample
 Sampling procedure including type
e.g. simple random, stratified, cluster etc
 Where and how sample would be
recruited
 Inclusion criteria
 Exclusion criteria
225/2/2013 ICPHI 2013
Selection of comparison groups
matching criteria
Allocation of subjects in to index
and comparison groups (where
applicable)
method of allocation
235/2/2013 ICPHI 2013
What is conflict of interest in research?
• A conflict of interest in research occurs when there is a
divergence between researcher’s private interests and his or
her professional obligation as a researcher.
• Most commonly due to ties between the researcher and
industry (pharmaceutical, medical device, medical supply and
insurance companies)
• Researcher should declare not only his conflict of interest but
also his spouse’s and other family members’ conflict of
interests.
5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 24
Ethical clearance
• Studies not requiring ethical clearance
- Medical Audit
- Desktop studies conducted from published secondary data
- Most of the studies not directly involving humans or live
forms (example: ecological studies)
5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 25
Ethical Clearance (continued)
• From where should I get the ethical clearance?
- University ethical review committees
- SLMA ethical review committee
- Hospital ethical review committees?
Local clearance should be obtained in multi centre studies.
5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 26
Funding
• Who will fund my research?
- Self
- Co-authors
- NGO/ INGO
- University/ Government
- Grants5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 27
Co-authorship
• Co-author
A person contributes with the main author in any substantial way
to a publication, with advice, planning, or analysis, then he or
she is entitled to be a co-author
• Avoid inappropriate authorship
Examples: Including the name of Head of the Department or
Consultant without any real contribution to the paper,
interviewers
• Co-authors should be consulted before sending the draft for
publication or presentation5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 28
Data Collection
Define study population and select appropriate sample.
• Secondary data
- Registers
- Records
- Annual Health Bulletins
- Surveys already done (Examples: DHS surveys, Census)
• Primary data
- Hospital (ward, clinic or OPD)
- Special groups (examples: students, occupational
categories)
- Community
5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 29
Data collection
Variables to be studied
Data collection instruments
Validation
Training of investigators
Logistics of data collection
Supervision
30ICPHI 20135/2/2013
Analyzing data
• Knowledge in statistical software ( example: SPSS)
• Consult a statistician or a senior researcher with statistical
knowledge
• Select the appropriate statistical tests
• Statistical advice should be obtained in early planning stages
to avoid disappointments (example: appropriate sample size)
5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 31
How can I manage my project?
How the work would be co-ordinated and
supervised
Problems anticipated
difficulties which may interfere with successful
completion within time and costs proposed
Expected outcomes
advancement of knowledge
how results would be utilized
means of dissemination of results 32
ICPHI 2013
5/2/2013
Activities June
2012
July
2012
Augus
2012
Sept
2012
Oct
2012
Nov
2012
Dec
2012
Jan
2013
Preparing
proposal
X X
Literature
review
X X X X X X X X
Ethical
clearance
X X
Development of
data collection
instruments
X
Preparing
funding
proposal
X X
Duration of study – time plan
33ICPHI 20135/2/2013
Activities Oct
2012
Nov
2012
Dec
2012
Jan
2013
Feb
2013
March
2013
April
2013
May
2013
Pre testing of
instruments
X
Validation of
methods /
instruments
X
Data collection
& Entry
X X
Data analysis X
Final report &
Dissemination
X X
Duration of study – time plan
34ICPHI 20135/2/2013
How can I prepare a budget proposal
Personnel costs
Supplies
e.g. chemicals, reagents, test kits,
stationery
Equipment
Subject costs
e.g. reimbursement of bus fares ,
compensation for time lost
35
ICPHI 2013
5/2/2013
Travel
Data analysis
Budget summary
Budget justification
36ICPHI 20135/2/2013
Budget
1st year 2nd year
Personnel
professional / scientific
staff
N – person
months
Technical staff
Other
Equipment
Supplies
stationary
37
5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013
Budget summary – for each year of duration
of project provide sub totals under each budget item
1st year 2nd year
Personnel
Equipment
Supplies
Travel
Data analysis
Dissemination of findings
Grand Total
38ICPHI 20135/2/2013
Budget justification
Provide justification for the
amounts asked for under each
budget item in detail
395/2/2013 ICPHI 2013
5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 40
5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 41
Disseminating Research findings
• Presenting abstracts at the academic forum
• Publishing as journal article
• Publishing as research report
• Press conference
• Mailing or communicating research findings to relevant
stake holders
5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 42
Produce a good abstract
• Standard format should be followed
• It has 4 Essential parts
1. Why the study was done: Objectives
2. What was done: Methods
3. What was found: Results
4. Conclusions/Interpretation
• Stick to prescribed word limit
• Be clear and concise and avoid superfluous detail5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 43
SLMA requirement on Abstracts
submission
• The text of the abstract should not
exceed 250 words. It should be
structured as follows:
1. Objectives
2. Design, setting and methods ( including statistical
methods where relevant)
3. Results
4. Conclusions
5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 44
Where can one submit his or her
abstract?
• Regional clinical societies/ Medical Associations
• Sri Lanka Medical Association
• Professional Colleges/ Universities
• Other academic societies
• International Conferences
5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 45
Where can one submit his or her abstract?
(continued)
Cautions
• Study the criteria for submission of abstracts
• How relevant is my study to the session/ conference theme
and participants
• Ensure publication of the abstract
• Include co-authors
• Declare presentation in another forum
• Declare conflicts of interest
• Acknowledgements5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 46
Oral presentation or poster?
Oral
• Cheap presentation
• Prominence
• Have to present in the
podium
• More opportunities for
critical evaluation
Poster
• Expensive poster
• Less prominence
• Have to stay with the
poster during “intervals”
• Less opportunities for
critical evaluation
5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 47
5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 48

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Preparing research proposal icphi2013

  • 1. Preparing a Research Proposal: An Overview Dr.Murali Vallipuranathan MBBS, PGD, MSc, MD Board Certified Specialist in Community Medicine 5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 1
  • 2. Why should one plan for a research • To obtain an academic degree • To get research allowance • To establish evidence based new knowledge • To obtain experience in research: stepping stone • To get recognition from peers, colleagues and other researchers • To get academic promotions (universities, PGIM and certain posts in MoH) • Self satisfaction • Part of the duty • CPD activity 5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 2
  • 3. What are the common issues? • Where can I get the idea for research? • How can I prepare the research proposal? • Do I need to get ethical clearance? If so where can I get the ethical clearance? • Where can I get the funding for my research? • Who can be my co-authors? 5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 3
  • 4. What are the common issues? (continued) • Where can I collect data? • How can I analyze my data? • How can I write a budget proposal? • How can I manage my research project? • How can I disseminate my study findings? 5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 4
  • 5. Where can I get the idea for research? Common sources • Observation. • Literature reviews. • Professional conferences. • Experts. 5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 5
  • 6. How can I get started with simple research? • Study what others have done before and redo in different circumstances; mainly descriptive studies • Assess what is routinely done in wards/clinic and compare with standard protocol : Medical Audit • Discuss problems with colleagues, other staff and clients: every observed problem is a nidus for research • Testing for associations (example: risk factors and outcome) 5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 6
  • 7. 1. Identification of Area of Interest is by • Observation in • The hospital • The Community • Place of work • Reading journal articles • Discussion with • Friends • Colleagues, supervisor, teachers, other researchers • Following a “hunch” • A feeling • intuition 7
  • 8. The research question • All studies should start with a research question that addresses what the investigator would like to know • Goal is to find an important research question that can be developed into a feasible and valid study plan
  • 9. Criteria for selection of research • Relevant • No duplication • Feasibility • Applicability • Ethical considerations (harm Physical or mental or psychological) • Is Permission possible? 9
  • 10. Hypothesis • A prediction regarding the outcome of a study that often involves the relationship between two variables Hypothesis Testing: • The process of determining whether a hypothesis is supported by the results of a research study
  • 11. 11 Stages of a Research Process 11 IDENTIFY AREA OF INTEREST IDENTIFY PROBLEM CARRY OUT LITERATURE SEARCH CONSTRUCT HYPOTHESIS DEVELOP RESEARCH DESIGN IDENTIFY & CONSTRUCT RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
  • 12. 12 Stages of a Research Process (CONTINUED) 12 IDENTIFY AND CONSTRUCT RESEARCH INSTRUMENT DETERMINING SAMPLING DESIGN PREPARE BUDGET PROPOSAL ETHICAL CLEARANCE EXECUTION OF PROJECT DATA COLLECTION
  • 13. 13 Stages of a Research Process (CONTINUED) 13 DATA COLLECTION DATA ENTRY AND ANALYSIS HYPOTHESIS TESTING GENERALIZATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS PREPARING RESEARCH REPORT DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS
  • 14. Is it necessary to prepare a research proposal at the early stages? 5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 14
  • 15. Is it necessary to prepare a research proposal at the early stages? 5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 15
  • 16. Preparing research proposal • Why should we prepare a research proposal? 1. To get ideas clarified 2. To get ethical clearance 3. To get funding 5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 16
  • 17. Components of a research proposal • Introduction/ Background • Justification • Literature review • Research Question and Hypotheses • Objectives • Method - Settings - Sample - Study design - Study instrument - Ethical clearance - Statistical analysis • Budget • Time frame • Limitations • Conflicts of interest ICPHI 2013 17
  • 18. Rationale:  Describe within the context of present knowledge  Justify in terms of demographic, social or health impact  Policy, service or programme relevance Relevance to activities and objectives of the funding agency 185/2/2013 ICPHI 2013
  • 19. Objectives  General and specific objectives State clearly in measurable terms 195/2/2013 ICPHI 2013
  • 20. Review of literature Describe the most relevant studies published 205/2/2013 ICPHI 2013
  • 21. Design and methodology  Brief description of study design Justify choice of design in relation to the objectives of the research  Brief description of the source population  Sample size Describe method of computation justify assumptions underlying calculation of sample size Statistical power 215/2/2013 ICPHI 2013
  • 22. Selection of sample  Sampling procedure including type e.g. simple random, stratified, cluster etc  Where and how sample would be recruited  Inclusion criteria  Exclusion criteria 225/2/2013 ICPHI 2013
  • 23. Selection of comparison groups matching criteria Allocation of subjects in to index and comparison groups (where applicable) method of allocation 235/2/2013 ICPHI 2013
  • 24. What is conflict of interest in research? • A conflict of interest in research occurs when there is a divergence between researcher’s private interests and his or her professional obligation as a researcher. • Most commonly due to ties between the researcher and industry (pharmaceutical, medical device, medical supply and insurance companies) • Researcher should declare not only his conflict of interest but also his spouse’s and other family members’ conflict of interests. 5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 24
  • 25. Ethical clearance • Studies not requiring ethical clearance - Medical Audit - Desktop studies conducted from published secondary data - Most of the studies not directly involving humans or live forms (example: ecological studies) 5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 25
  • 26. Ethical Clearance (continued) • From where should I get the ethical clearance? - University ethical review committees - SLMA ethical review committee - Hospital ethical review committees? Local clearance should be obtained in multi centre studies. 5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 26
  • 27. Funding • Who will fund my research? - Self - Co-authors - NGO/ INGO - University/ Government - Grants5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 27
  • 28. Co-authorship • Co-author A person contributes with the main author in any substantial way to a publication, with advice, planning, or analysis, then he or she is entitled to be a co-author • Avoid inappropriate authorship Examples: Including the name of Head of the Department or Consultant without any real contribution to the paper, interviewers • Co-authors should be consulted before sending the draft for publication or presentation5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 28
  • 29. Data Collection Define study population and select appropriate sample. • Secondary data - Registers - Records - Annual Health Bulletins - Surveys already done (Examples: DHS surveys, Census) • Primary data - Hospital (ward, clinic or OPD) - Special groups (examples: students, occupational categories) - Community 5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 29
  • 30. Data collection Variables to be studied Data collection instruments Validation Training of investigators Logistics of data collection Supervision 30ICPHI 20135/2/2013
  • 31. Analyzing data • Knowledge in statistical software ( example: SPSS) • Consult a statistician or a senior researcher with statistical knowledge • Select the appropriate statistical tests • Statistical advice should be obtained in early planning stages to avoid disappointments (example: appropriate sample size) 5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 31
  • 32. How can I manage my project? How the work would be co-ordinated and supervised Problems anticipated difficulties which may interfere with successful completion within time and costs proposed Expected outcomes advancement of knowledge how results would be utilized means of dissemination of results 32 ICPHI 2013 5/2/2013
  • 33. Activities June 2012 July 2012 Augus 2012 Sept 2012 Oct 2012 Nov 2012 Dec 2012 Jan 2013 Preparing proposal X X Literature review X X X X X X X X Ethical clearance X X Development of data collection instruments X Preparing funding proposal X X Duration of study – time plan 33ICPHI 20135/2/2013
  • 34. Activities Oct 2012 Nov 2012 Dec 2012 Jan 2013 Feb 2013 March 2013 April 2013 May 2013 Pre testing of instruments X Validation of methods / instruments X Data collection & Entry X X Data analysis X Final report & Dissemination X X Duration of study – time plan 34ICPHI 20135/2/2013
  • 35. How can I prepare a budget proposal Personnel costs Supplies e.g. chemicals, reagents, test kits, stationery Equipment Subject costs e.g. reimbursement of bus fares , compensation for time lost 35 ICPHI 2013 5/2/2013
  • 36. Travel Data analysis Budget summary Budget justification 36ICPHI 20135/2/2013
  • 37. Budget 1st year 2nd year Personnel professional / scientific staff N – person months Technical staff Other Equipment Supplies stationary 37 5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013
  • 38. Budget summary – for each year of duration of project provide sub totals under each budget item 1st year 2nd year Personnel Equipment Supplies Travel Data analysis Dissemination of findings Grand Total 38ICPHI 20135/2/2013
  • 39. Budget justification Provide justification for the amounts asked for under each budget item in detail 395/2/2013 ICPHI 2013
  • 42. Disseminating Research findings • Presenting abstracts at the academic forum • Publishing as journal article • Publishing as research report • Press conference • Mailing or communicating research findings to relevant stake holders 5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 42
  • 43. Produce a good abstract • Standard format should be followed • It has 4 Essential parts 1. Why the study was done: Objectives 2. What was done: Methods 3. What was found: Results 4. Conclusions/Interpretation • Stick to prescribed word limit • Be clear and concise and avoid superfluous detail5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 43
  • 44. SLMA requirement on Abstracts submission • The text of the abstract should not exceed 250 words. It should be structured as follows: 1. Objectives 2. Design, setting and methods ( including statistical methods where relevant) 3. Results 4. Conclusions 5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 44
  • 45. Where can one submit his or her abstract? • Regional clinical societies/ Medical Associations • Sri Lanka Medical Association • Professional Colleges/ Universities • Other academic societies • International Conferences 5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 45
  • 46. Where can one submit his or her abstract? (continued) Cautions • Study the criteria for submission of abstracts • How relevant is my study to the session/ conference theme and participants • Ensure publication of the abstract • Include co-authors • Declare presentation in another forum • Declare conflicts of interest • Acknowledgements5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 46
  • 47. Oral presentation or poster? Oral • Cheap presentation • Prominence • Have to present in the podium • More opportunities for critical evaluation Poster • Expensive poster • Less prominence • Have to stay with the poster during “intervals” • Less opportunities for critical evaluation 5/2/2013 ICPHI 2013 47