Geography upsc

1. INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS

2. KYOTO PROTOCOL - 1997
• Binding emission reduction targets
• “common but differential responsibility”
• 2001 – Marrakesh accord
• 2005 – into force
• Commitment period :
I – 2008 – 2012
II – 2013 – 2020 ( Doha amendment )

3. • Annex I – Industrial countries, economies in
transition and European committee – pledged
to reduce
• Annex II – OECD members of annex I but not
EIT – help developing countries
• Non Annex – mostly developing

4. • Only binds developed countries
• Average of 5 % reduction in emission ( compared
to 1990)
• Green House Gases :
 CO2
 CH4
 N2O
 HFC
 PFC
 SF6

5. Kyoto agreement period II
• Target at least 18 % below pre industrial level
• New GHG – NF3
• India ratified
• 75 / 192 countries ratified
• 144 needed o become operational

6. Flexible Trading Mechanisms
• International Emission Trading - AAU
• Joint Implementation – ERU
• Clean Development Mechanism – CER

7. Funding Mechanisms
• Adaptation Fund (2001)– fund projects in
developing countries ( 2% from CER)
• World bank – trustee
• Green Climate Fund (2010) – support
developing countries to reduce GHG emission
and adapt to climate change.
• Invest in low emission and climate resilient
development

8. • 2009 – Copenhagen Accord
 Developing nations block – BASIC
 Pledge voluntary reduction targets
 Goal - $ 100 bi per yr by 2020
 Global warming should be limited to below 2
deg C
• 2014 – Lima
• 2015 - Paris

9. LIMA
• Goal – limit global rise in temperature below 2
deg C (pre industrial level) by 2030 - reducing
GHG emission.
• Lack of consensus
• Outcomes :
INDC ( pledge before Paris summit)
Developed countries agreed to finance developing

10. PARIS AGREEMENT
• Objective – legally binding agreement to be
signed in 2015
• Implemented by 2020
• Into force – 2016 Nov ( at least 55 parties
accounting to 55 % of GHG emission ratified )
• INDC was submitted
• 2018 – evaluate collective progress towards
achieving the goal.
• Global stock take every 5 years

11. INDC - INDIA
• Reduce intensity of GHG emission by 33 to 35
% by 2030. ( compared to 2005 levels)
• 40 % electricity production will be from non-
fossil fuel based energy source by 2030
• Create additional carbon sink equivalent to 2.5
to 3 billion tones of CO2 by 2030.

12. • Sustainable lifestyle
• Cleaner economic development
• Reduce emission intensity of GDP
• Increase the share of non fossil fuel based
electricity
• Enhancing carbon sink
• Adaptation
• Mobilizing finance
• Technology transfer and capacity building

13. COP 23 - BONN Climate Change
Conference
• Talanoa Dialogue
• Asses countries progress towards on climate
actions
• Framework rules to implement post 2020
Paris agreement
• Talks on pre 2020 commitments by developed
countries

14. Vienna Convention 1985
• Into force 1988
• 2009 universal ratification

15. Montreal Protocol 1987
• Reduce production and consumption of ozone
depleting substances
• Into force – 1989
• 6 amendments
• Ozone depleting substances
 CFC
 Halons
 CCl4
 Methyl chloroform
 HCFC
 HBFC
 Methyl bromide
 Bromochloro methane
 HFC

16. Kigali Amendment
• Aimed at including HFC
• GHG with a GWP
• Binding on countries from 2019
• Reduce HFC by 85 % of the baseline by 2045
• Target - 3 groups
• Rich and industrialized countries
Freeze production and consumption by 2018
85 % reduction in production and consumption of HFC
of 2012 level by 2036

17. • China, brazil, south Africa etc
Freeze HFC use by 2024
Reduce production and consumption by 80 % of
2021 levels by 2045
• India, Pakistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, etc
Freeze HFC production and consumption by 2028
Reduction in consumption and production by 85 %
of 2025 level by 2047.

18. REDD ( Reducing Emissions From
Deforestation And Forest Degradation)
• FAO + UNDP + UNEP
• Bali action plan of UNFCCC 2007 – REDD +
Reducing emissions from deforestation
Reducing emissions from forest degradation
Conservation of forest carbon stock
Sustainable management of forests
Enhancement of forest carbon stock

19. 3 phases of implementation
• Development of National strategies or action
plans, policies ,measures and capacity
building.
• Implementation of National policies, National
strategies or action plans.
• Result based action that should fully be
measured, reported and verified.

20. In India
• Green India Mission - National Action Plan On
Climate Change
• REDD sustainable management of forest and
afforestation & reforestation
• REDD + coordinating agency

21. CBD – CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL
DIVERSITY
• Into force 1993
• Conservation of biological diversity
• Sustainable use of the components of
biological diversity
• Fair and equitable sharing of the benefits
arising out of utilization of genetic resources

22. CARTAGENA PROTOCOL ON BIOSAFETY
• Adopted in 2000
• Into force 2003
• Governing the movement of living modified
organisms ( LMO )
• Advanced Informed Agreement (AIA)
• Biosafety Clearing House
• Nagoya – Kuala Lumpur supplementary protocol
Response measures in case of damage to biodiversity
by LMO

23. NAGOYA PROTOCOL
• Adopted 2010
• Into force 2014
• Access to genetic resources and the fair and
equitable sharing of benefits arising from their
utilization (ABS)
• Conservation and sustainable use of
biodiversity – includes traditional knowledge
• ABS clearing house

24. AICHI BIODIVERSITY TARGETS
2011-2020
• 5 Strategic goals and 20 Targets
• Goal A : Address the underlying causes of
biodiversity loss by mainstreaming
biodiversity across government and society
• Goal B : Reduce direct pressure on biodiversity
and promote sustainable use
• Goal C : To improve the status of biodiversity
by safeguarding ecosystems, species and
genetic diversity

25. • Goal D : Enhance the benefits to all from
biodiversity and ecosystem services
• Goal E : Enhance implementation through
participatory planning, knowledge
management and capacity building

26. IUCN- A just world that values and
conserves nature
• Global authority on the status of the natural
world and the measures needed to safeguard it.
• IUPN – 1948
• IUCN – 1956
• World Conservation Union - 1990
• Observer status at UN
• IUCN world conservation congress – meets once
in 4 years

27. Conservation Tools
• IUCN red list of threatened species
• IUCN red list of ecosystems
• World database on key Biodiversity areas –
Birdlife International & IUCN
• Protected planet – UNEP & IUCN
• ECOLEX – FAO , UNEP & IUCN

28. CITES
• Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
• Resolution under IUCN in 1963
• 1975- Washington convention
• Legally binding ( does not take the place of
national law)
• Under UNEP

29. Appendices
• I – species threatened with extinction. Trade
in specimens of these species is permitted
only in exceptional circumstances.
• II – species not necessarily threatened with
extinction , may become so without trade
restrictions.
• III – species that are protected in at least one
country, which has asked other CITES parties
for assistance in controlling the trade.

30. TRAFFIC
• Wildlife trade monitoring network
• IUCN & WWF
• Fauna and flora
• Red stream : Wildlife crime and illegal trade
• Green stream : Sustainable, legal wildlife trade

31. CMS – Convention of Migratory
Species
• Under UNEP - 1983
• Internationally coordinated conservation
measure throughout the migratory range.
• Appendix I – Migratory species threatened
with extinction
• Appendix II – Migratory species that need or
would significantly benefit from international
cooperation.

32. GLOBAL TIGER FORUM
• Delhi declaration -1993
• Consists of
Tiger range countries
Non tiger range countries
International organizations
Honorary individual members
National NGOs
Associated members

33. • Members – India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh,
Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, UK
• Report by IUCN & GTF
• 22 % increase in tiger population around the
world (base 2010)

34. • 1972 – UN Conference on Human
Environment – UNEP
• 1988 – UNEP & WMO – IPCC
• 1992 – GEF
UNFCCC
UNCBD
UNCCD
Stockholm convention on PoP
Minamata convention on mercury

35. • Basel convention – 1989
• Rotterdam convention – 1998
• Stockholm convention on PoP - 2004