5. The Size of Sectors
Country Primary Secondary Tertiary
China 38% 46.9% 43%
Iran 25% 31% 45%
Mexico 13.7% 23.4% 62.9%
Nigeria 70% 10% 20%
Russia 10% 31.9% 58.1%
United Kingdom 1.4% 18.2% 80.4%
United States .7% 20.3% 79%
What assumptions can be made from this
graph?
9. Hunters and Second Agricultural
Gatherers Revolution (1600s)
First Agricultural Third Agricultural
Revolution(8000BCE) Revolution (Later
20th Century)
10. Hunters and Gatherers
• Followed game and seasonal plants.
• Left little imprint on the land.
• Two Major Migrations:
– Eastern Africa to Australia, the Middle
East, Europe, and Asia
– Asia across the land bridge to the Americas
13. The Neolithic Revolution was
the drastic changes that
occurred when people began
to cultivate crops and
domesticate animals.
14. Increase in
Reliable Food
Supply
Rapid
Increase in
Human
Population
The
Neolithic
Revolution
A divide
between Job
nomads and Specialization
settled people
Larger Gender
Differences
(Patriarchal)
15. What is the difference between seed planting
and vegetative planting?
16. Seed planting is the
production of plants through
the planting of seeds where
vegetative planting is where
new plants are created from
existing plants.
18. Origin and Diffusion of Vegetative
Planting
Vegetative planting probably started in Southeast Asia with
crops such as the Taro and Yam as well as the banana and
palm. The first domesticated animals were dogs, pigs, and
chickens.
19. Origin and Diffusion of Vegetative
Planting
Other hearths were West Africa and South America.
28. Origin and Diffusion of Seed
Agriculture
Northern China
Western India
(Millet)
Eastern
Hemisphere
Ethiopia Southwest Asia
(Millet and Sorghum (Rice)
41. What are the differences between subsistence
and commercial agriculture?
42. Subsistence Agriculture is
most prevelant in LDCs and
produces no surplus.
Commercial Agriculture is the
production of surpluses with
the intention to sell.
43. Differences
Subsistence Commercial
Small Farm Size Huge Farm Sizes
Use Mechanized
Use Hand Tools
Tools
Higher percentage Low percentage of
of farmers. farmers.
45. Yields Large
Amounts of
Output Per
Acre
Found in Large
Labor Intensive:
Intensive Population
Large number
Concentrations:
of people, low Subsistence East and South
capital
Asia
Dominated by
Wet or Lowland
Rice
46. “Slash and Burn” Agriculture
Major Crops: Found in Rain Forest Zones: Central and South
Millet, Sorghum, Rice, Manioc, Sweet America, West Africa, Eastern and Central Asia, Southern
Potatoes, Yams, Beans China, Southeast Asia
Shifting
Cultivation
Involves farming large plots of land
Involves Intertillage: Growing Various
until nutrients are depleted and then
Types of Crops
moving on.
47. Nomadism: The practice of moving
frequently from one place to another
Sheep, Goats, Camels, Cattle, Horses, Yaks
Pastoral Herders follow their herds from pasture to
pasture.
Nomadism
Central Eurasia, Arabian
Peninsula, Sudan, North Scandanavia
50. Most
Common
Form in the
US east of
Appalachians
Most
Mixed Farmers grow
practice Crop and crops and
raise livestock
Crop Livestock on the same
Rotation land
Farming
Most money
comes from
the sale of
animal
products.
51. Located in
areas outside
of urban
locations.
Dairy
Farming
Labor
Produce
Intensive
Milk, Butter
and Cheese
Expensive
55. Production
is largely
mechanized
Grain
Farming
Labor is US produces
concentrated
the most
in planting and
harvesting grain in the
times. world.
56. Grain Farming Locations
The United States: Winter Wheat
• Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma
• Planted in the Autumn, Ripens in the Summer
The United States: Spring Wheat
• Palouse Region of Washington, the Dakotas and Montana
• Winters too severe for Winter Wheat
Other Countries
• Canada, Australia, Argentina, France, and the United
Kingdom
57. Def: The
commercial
grazing of
livestock over
an extensive
area.
Livestock
Ranching
Includes much
of the Western Often practiced
US, and the in arid or semi-
Pampas (prairie) arid regions
of Argentina
58. Def: Agriculture
located on
Western
coasts, with mild
winters and dry
summers.
Mediterranean
Agriculture
Grown through
horticulture
Olives, Grapes, Fr
(growing of
uits, Vegetables
fruits, vegetables
and flowers)
59. Def: Agriculture that relies on
heavy equipment to grow bulk
amounts of fruit and vegetables
Commercial
Apples, Asparagus, Cherries, Let
tuce, Mushrooms, Tomatoes, et
Gardening Also known as “truck farming”
because truck means to barter.
c.
and Fruit
Farming
Located in Southeast US
60. Def: Large farms that specialize in one or two crops.
Cotton, Sugarcane, Tobacco, Coffee, Rubber
Plantation Found in Latin America, Africa, and Asia
Farming
Called “Cash Crops” because they make money for
their owners.
67. Market Gardening and Dairy
• Nearest the town, farmers raised perishable products such as garden
vegetables and milk.
Forest
• Towns from Von Thunen’s Day were surrounded by a ring of trees used
for construction.
Field Crops
• Crops that are less perishable.
Animal Grazing
• Required a lot of space.
Outside of these rings:
• Transporation costs became to high for profitability.
68. Flat Terrain
Thunen’s
Model
Assumed
No significant
barriers to Uniform Soil
transportation
69. Long Term Observations of Thunen’s
Model
• His model is still applicable to Organic Food
Growth.
• His model is applicable for understanding
Broad Patterns of rural land use.
– Farmers in areas away from major markets are
less likely to grow perishable items.
71. Rural Settlement Patterns:
• Dispersed Settlement: Individuals living in
farms that lie far apart from one another.
• Nucleated Settlement: Villages located close
together with relatively small agricultural
fields.
– Hamlets: Small clusters of buildings
– Villages: Slightly Larger buildings.
72. Wood
Wattle Brick
Building
Materials
Grass
and Stone
Bush
75. Primogeniture
• A practice where all land falls to the eldest son.
• This results in land parcels that are large and controlled individually.
Rectangular Survey System
• Used in the US to encourage settlers to disperse evenly across the
Midwest.
Metes and Bounds System
• Natural Features are used to mark irregular parcels of land.
• Used on the US East Coast
Long-Lot Survey System
• Divides land into narrow parcels that extend from rivers, roads or
canals.
• One example are plantation plots of old Southern plantations.
78. The Third Agricultural Revolution
• Began in the late 20th century.
• Characterized by the industrialization of
agriculture, biotechnology, and the Green
Revolution.
80. The Green Revolution
involved the practice of using
higher yield seeds and
expanded use of fertilizers to
increase production.
81. Praise
• Agriculture now outpaces population.
• Nitrogen-based fertilizers increase farm
productivity.
• Scientists continue to invent new food
sources.
• Higher productivity reduces dependency on
imports in places such as China and India
• New Irrigation have increased crop yields.
• Agribusiness has increased the productivity of
cash crops
82. Criticism
• Poor countries cannot afford the machinery
• Farmers in poor countries cannot afford the
fertilizers – which also can lead to groundwater
pollution.
• Many fishing areas are over-fished.
• In Sub-Saharan Africa, population is still growing
faster than food.
• Irrigation has led to serious groundwater
depletion.
• Agribusiness means that land is devoted to raising
one crop.
83. Erosion
Chemicals Changes in
in ground
Water
Impacts the Soil
Content
Depletion
of Natural
Vegetation
84. Expansion
of Land
Improved Future Increase in
Distribution Productivity
Food
New Food
Sources