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Human Geography
Unit 5: Agriculture
What are the four sectors of
    economic activity?
Primary Sector    Secondary Sector




Tertiary Sector   Quaternary Sector
What sector does the President of the United
              States work in?
The Size of Sectors
Country          Primary   Secondary   Tertiary

China            38%       46.9%       43%

Iran             25%       31%         45%

Mexico           13.7%     23.4%       62.9%

Nigeria          70%       10%         20%

Russia           10%       31.9%       58.1%

United Kingdom   1.4%      18.2%       80.4%


United States    .7%       20.3%       79%

       What assumptions can be made from this
                      graph?
What is agriculture?
Agriculture is the deliberate
tending of crops and livestock
 in order to produce food and
              fiber.
The History of Agriculture
Hunters and                          Second Agricultural
 Gatherers                           Revolution (1600s)




                First Agricultural                         Third Agricultural
              Revolution(8000BCE)                          Revolution (Later
                                                             20th Century)
Hunters and Gatherers
• Followed game and seasonal plants.
• Left little imprint on the land.

• Two Major Migrations:
  – Eastern Africa to Australia, the Middle
    East, Europe, and Asia
  – Asia across the land bridge to the Americas
The Neolithic Revolution
What is the Neolithic revolution?
The Neolithic Revolution was
  the drastic changes that
occurred when people began
   to cultivate crops and
   domesticate animals.
Increase in
                  Reliable Food
                     Supply

                                      Rapid
                                   Increase in
                                     Human
                                   Population
                    The
                  Neolithic
                 Revolution
   A divide
   between                             Job
 nomads and                       Specialization
settled people

                 Larger Gender
                   Differences
                  (Patriarchal)
What is the difference between seed planting
          and vegetative planting?
Seed planting is the
production of plants through
the planting of seeds where
vegetative planting is where
new plants are created from
       existing plants.
Vegetative Planting
Origin and Diffusion of Vegetative
             Planting




Vegetative planting probably started in Southeast Asia with
crops such as the Taro and Yam as well as the banana and
palm. The first domesticated animals were dogs, pigs, and
chickens.
Origin and Diffusion of Vegetative
             Planting




Other hearths were West Africa and South America.
Why would vegetative planting happen
       before seed planting?
Seed Planting
What caused seed planting to become more
               available?
Irrigation
Plowing
Fencing
Terraced Farming
Fertilizing
Origin and Diffusion of Seed
          Agriculture
                        Northern China
   Western India
                             (Millet)

                  Eastern
                Hemisphere

     Ethiopia           Southwest Asia
(Millet and Sorghum          (Rice)
Origin and Diffusion of Seed
            Agriculture




Southwest                 Northwest
              Europe
   Asia                     Africa
Origin and Diffusion of Seed
          Agriculture
    Northern Peru             Southern Mexico
(Squash, Beans, Cotton)   (Squash, Maize, Potatoes)


                     Western
                    Hemisphere
What is the Columbian Exchange?
The Columbian Exchange is
when products began to be
 exchanged between the
   western and eastern
      hemispheres.
Unit5
What is an example of where a crop in the western
  hemisphere became important in the eastern
                  hemisphere?
The Second Agricultural Revolution
What is the Second Agricultural Revolution?
The Second Agricultural
Revolution began in Western
   Europe in the 1600s. It
 intensified agriculture and
 promoted higher yield per
            acre.
What were some innovations seen during the
      Second Agricultural Revolution?
Crop
 Enclosure
                  Rotation




Jethro Tull’s    Industrial
 Seed Drill      Revolution




                Fertilizers, W
                      eed
Refrigeration
                Killers, Pestic
                     ides
Major Agricultural Production Regions
What are the differences between subsistence
        and commercial agriculture?
Subsistence Agriculture is
 most prevelant in LDCs and
    produces no surplus.
Commercial Agriculture is the
production of surpluses with
    the intention to sell.
Differences

Subsistence         Commercial


 Small Farm Size     Huge Farm Sizes


                    Use Mechanized
 Use Hand Tools
                         Tools


Higher percentage   Low percentage of
   of farmers.          farmers.
Subsistence Farming: Subregions
Yields Large
                    Amounts of
                    Output Per
                        Acre




                                    Found in Large
Labor Intensive:
                    Intensive         Population
 Large number
                                    Concentrations:
 of people, low    Subsistence      East and South
     capital
                                          Asia




                   Dominated by
                   Wet or Lowland
                        Rice
“Slash and Burn” Agriculture




             Major Crops:                                                                                             Found in Rain Forest Zones: Central and South
Millet, Sorghum, Rice, Manioc, Sweet                                                                              America, West Africa, Eastern and Central Asia, Southern
        Potatoes, Yams, Beans                                                                                                     China, Southeast Asia




                                                                   Shifting
                                                                  Cultivation




                                                                                                   Involves farming large plots of land
                         Involves Intertillage: Growing Various
                                                                                                  until nutrients are depleted and then
                                     Types of Crops
                                                                                                                moving on.
Nomadism: The practice of moving
                                             frequently from one place to another




Sheep, Goats, Camels, Cattle, Horses, Yaks
                                              Pastoral                              Herders follow their herds from pasture to
                                                                                                     pasture.

                                             Nomadism




                                                   Central Eurasia, Arabian
                                             Peninsula, Sudan, North Scandanavia
Intensive
Subsistence
Agriculture
  Extensive
  Subsistence
  Agriculture
Commercial Agriculture: Subregions
Most
              Common
             Form in the
              US east of
            Appalachians




 Most
             Mixed         Farmers grow
practice   Crop and          crops and
                           raise livestock
 Crop      Livestock        on the same
Rotation                        land
           Farming



            Most money
            comes from
             the sale of
               animal
              products.
Located in
            areas outside
               of urban
              locations.




             Dairy
            Farming
  Labor
                             Produce
Intensive
                            Milk, Butter
   and                       Cheese
Expensive
What is a milkshed?
A Milkshed is the ring of milk
production that surrounds a
         major city.
Cincinnati Milkshed
Production
                   is largely
                  mechanized




                   Grain
                  Farming
    Labor is                    US produces
 concentrated
                                 the most
in planting and
   harvesting                   grain in the
     times.                        world.
Grain Farming Locations
The United States: Winter Wheat

• Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma
• Planted in the Autumn, Ripens in the Summer

The United States: Spring Wheat

• Palouse Region of Washington, the Dakotas and Montana
• Winters too severe for Winter Wheat

Other Countries

• Canada, Australia, Argentina, France, and the United
  Kingdom
Def: The
                     commercial
                      grazing of
                   livestock over
                    an extensive
                        area.




                   Livestock
                   Ranching
 Includes much
 of the Western                     Often practiced
   US, and the                      in arid or semi-
Pampas (prairie)                      arid regions
  of Argentina
Def: Agriculture
                        located on
                          Western
                     coasts, with mild
                      winters and dry
                         summers.




                     Mediterranean
                      Agriculture


                                          Grown through
                                            horticulture
Olives, Grapes, Fr
                                            (growing of
 uits, Vegetables
                                         fruits, vegetables
                                            and flowers)
Def: Agriculture that relies on
                                    heavy equipment to grow bulk
                                   amounts of fruit and vegetables




                                   Commercial
Apples, Asparagus, Cherries, Let
tuce, Mushrooms, Tomatoes, et
                                    Gardening                         Also known as “truck farming”
                                                                      because truck means to barter.
              c.
                                    and Fruit
                                     Farming




                                      Located in Southeast US
Def: Large farms that specialize in one or two crops.




Cotton, Sugarcane, Tobacco, Coffee, Rubber
                                              Plantation                                             Found in Latin America, Africa, and Asia


                                               Farming




                                             Called “Cash Crops” because they make money for
                                                               their owners.
Rural Land Use and Settlement
           Patterns
What is a land-use model?
A Land Use Model shows the
different ways that people use
  the land that is available to
             them.
What is Von Thunen’s Model?
Von Thunen’s Model
 demonstrated the way that
 rural land use changed as a
person moved outward from
  the center of a city area.
Central City

1. Market Gardening
and Dairy

2. Forest


3. Field Crops


4. Animal Grazing
Market Gardening and Dairy

• Nearest the town, farmers raised perishable products such as garden
  vegetables and milk.

Forest

• Towns from Von Thunen’s Day were surrounded by a ring of trees used
  for construction.

Field Crops

• Crops that are less perishable.

Animal Grazing

• Required a lot of space.

Outside of these rings:

• Transporation costs became to high for profitability.
Flat Terrain




                  Thunen’s
                   Model
                  Assumed
 No significant
  barriers to                    Uniform Soil
transportation
Long Term Observations of Thunen’s
              Model
• His model is still applicable to Organic Food
  Growth.
• His model is applicable for understanding
  Broad Patterns of rural land use.
  – Farmers in areas away from major markets are
    less likely to grow perishable items.
Patterns of Settlements
Rural Settlement Patterns:
• Dispersed Settlement: Individuals living in
  farms that lie far apart from one another.
• Nucleated Settlement: Villages located close
  together with relatively small agricultural
  fields.
  – Hamlets: Small clusters of buildings
  – Villages: Slightly Larger buildings.
Wood



Wattle                               Brick
                 Building
                 Materials


         Grass
          and                Stone
         Bush
Village Types
Land Ownership and Survey
       Techniques
Primogeniture

• A practice where all land falls to the eldest son.
• This results in land parcels that are large and controlled individually.

Rectangular Survey System

• Used in the US to encourage settlers to disperse evenly across the
  Midwest.

Metes and Bounds System

• Natural Features are used to mark irregular parcels of land.
• Used on the US East Coast

Long-Lot Survey System

• Divides land into narrow parcels that extend from rivers, roads or
  canals.
• One example are plantation plots of old Southern plantations.
Commercial Agriculture
History
Modern commercial agriculture through
mercantillism.

Mercantillism: Private companies were given
charters by the crown to conduct trade.
The Third Agricultural Revolution
• Began in the late 20th century.
• Characterized by the industrialization of
  agriculture, biotechnology, and the Green
  Revolution.
What is a the green revolution?
The Green Revolution
involved the practice of using
   higher yield seeds and
expanded use of fertilizers to
     increase production.
Praise

• Agriculture now outpaces population.
• Nitrogen-based fertilizers increase farm
  productivity.
• Scientists continue to invent new food
  sources.
• Higher productivity reduces dependency on
  imports in places such as China and India
• New Irrigation have increased crop yields.
• Agribusiness has increased the productivity of
  cash crops
Criticism

• Poor countries cannot afford the machinery
• Farmers in poor countries cannot afford the
  fertilizers – which also can lead to groundwater
  pollution.
• Many fishing areas are over-fished.
• In Sub-Saharan Africa, population is still growing
  faster than food.
• Irrigation has led to serious groundwater
  depletion.
• Agribusiness means that land is devoted to raising
  one crop.
Erosion




Chemicals                 Changes in
in ground
  Water
            Impacts        the Soil
                           Content




             Depletion
             of Natural
             Vegetation
Expansion
                of Land




 Improved      Future      Increase in
Distribution               Productivity
                Food



               New Food
                Sources

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Unit5

  • 2. What are the four sectors of economic activity?
  • 3. Primary Sector Secondary Sector Tertiary Sector Quaternary Sector
  • 4. What sector does the President of the United States work in?
  • 5. The Size of Sectors Country Primary Secondary Tertiary China 38% 46.9% 43% Iran 25% 31% 45% Mexico 13.7% 23.4% 62.9% Nigeria 70% 10% 20% Russia 10% 31.9% 58.1% United Kingdom 1.4% 18.2% 80.4% United States .7% 20.3% 79% What assumptions can be made from this graph?
  • 7. Agriculture is the deliberate tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber.
  • 8. The History of Agriculture
  • 9. Hunters and Second Agricultural Gatherers Revolution (1600s) First Agricultural Third Agricultural Revolution(8000BCE) Revolution (Later 20th Century)
  • 10. Hunters and Gatherers • Followed game and seasonal plants. • Left little imprint on the land. • Two Major Migrations: – Eastern Africa to Australia, the Middle East, Europe, and Asia – Asia across the land bridge to the Americas
  • 12. What is the Neolithic revolution?
  • 13. The Neolithic Revolution was the drastic changes that occurred when people began to cultivate crops and domesticate animals.
  • 14. Increase in Reliable Food Supply Rapid Increase in Human Population The Neolithic Revolution A divide between Job nomads and Specialization settled people Larger Gender Differences (Patriarchal)
  • 15. What is the difference between seed planting and vegetative planting?
  • 16. Seed planting is the production of plants through the planting of seeds where vegetative planting is where new plants are created from existing plants.
  • 18. Origin and Diffusion of Vegetative Planting Vegetative planting probably started in Southeast Asia with crops such as the Taro and Yam as well as the banana and palm. The first domesticated animals were dogs, pigs, and chickens.
  • 19. Origin and Diffusion of Vegetative Planting Other hearths were West Africa and South America.
  • 20. Why would vegetative planting happen before seed planting?
  • 22. What caused seed planting to become more available?
  • 28. Origin and Diffusion of Seed Agriculture Northern China Western India (Millet) Eastern Hemisphere Ethiopia Southwest Asia (Millet and Sorghum (Rice)
  • 29. Origin and Diffusion of Seed Agriculture Southwest Northwest Europe Asia Africa
  • 30. Origin and Diffusion of Seed Agriculture Northern Peru Southern Mexico (Squash, Beans, Cotton) (Squash, Maize, Potatoes) Western Hemisphere
  • 31. What is the Columbian Exchange?
  • 32. The Columbian Exchange is when products began to be exchanged between the western and eastern hemispheres.
  • 34. What is an example of where a crop in the western hemisphere became important in the eastern hemisphere?
  • 36. What is the Second Agricultural Revolution?
  • 37. The Second Agricultural Revolution began in Western Europe in the 1600s. It intensified agriculture and promoted higher yield per acre.
  • 38. What were some innovations seen during the Second Agricultural Revolution?
  • 39. Crop Enclosure Rotation Jethro Tull’s Industrial Seed Drill Revolution Fertilizers, W eed Refrigeration Killers, Pestic ides
  • 41. What are the differences between subsistence and commercial agriculture?
  • 42. Subsistence Agriculture is most prevelant in LDCs and produces no surplus. Commercial Agriculture is the production of surpluses with the intention to sell.
  • 43. Differences Subsistence Commercial Small Farm Size Huge Farm Sizes Use Mechanized Use Hand Tools Tools Higher percentage Low percentage of of farmers. farmers.
  • 45. Yields Large Amounts of Output Per Acre Found in Large Labor Intensive: Intensive Population Large number Concentrations: of people, low Subsistence East and South capital Asia Dominated by Wet or Lowland Rice
  • 46. “Slash and Burn” Agriculture Major Crops: Found in Rain Forest Zones: Central and South Millet, Sorghum, Rice, Manioc, Sweet America, West Africa, Eastern and Central Asia, Southern Potatoes, Yams, Beans China, Southeast Asia Shifting Cultivation Involves farming large plots of land Involves Intertillage: Growing Various until nutrients are depleted and then Types of Crops moving on.
  • 47. Nomadism: The practice of moving frequently from one place to another Sheep, Goats, Camels, Cattle, Horses, Yaks Pastoral Herders follow their herds from pasture to pasture. Nomadism Central Eurasia, Arabian Peninsula, Sudan, North Scandanavia
  • 50. Most Common Form in the US east of Appalachians Most Mixed Farmers grow practice Crop and crops and raise livestock Crop Livestock on the same Rotation land Farming Most money comes from the sale of animal products.
  • 51. Located in areas outside of urban locations. Dairy Farming Labor Produce Intensive Milk, Butter and Cheese Expensive
  • 52. What is a milkshed?
  • 53. A Milkshed is the ring of milk production that surrounds a major city.
  • 55. Production is largely mechanized Grain Farming Labor is US produces concentrated the most in planting and harvesting grain in the times. world.
  • 56. Grain Farming Locations The United States: Winter Wheat • Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma • Planted in the Autumn, Ripens in the Summer The United States: Spring Wheat • Palouse Region of Washington, the Dakotas and Montana • Winters too severe for Winter Wheat Other Countries • Canada, Australia, Argentina, France, and the United Kingdom
  • 57. Def: The commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area. Livestock Ranching Includes much of the Western Often practiced US, and the in arid or semi- Pampas (prairie) arid regions of Argentina
  • 58. Def: Agriculture located on Western coasts, with mild winters and dry summers. Mediterranean Agriculture Grown through horticulture Olives, Grapes, Fr (growing of uits, Vegetables fruits, vegetables and flowers)
  • 59. Def: Agriculture that relies on heavy equipment to grow bulk amounts of fruit and vegetables Commercial Apples, Asparagus, Cherries, Let tuce, Mushrooms, Tomatoes, et Gardening Also known as “truck farming” because truck means to barter. c. and Fruit Farming Located in Southeast US
  • 60. Def: Large farms that specialize in one or two crops. Cotton, Sugarcane, Tobacco, Coffee, Rubber Plantation Found in Latin America, Africa, and Asia Farming Called “Cash Crops” because they make money for their owners.
  • 61. Rural Land Use and Settlement Patterns
  • 62. What is a land-use model?
  • 63. A Land Use Model shows the different ways that people use the land that is available to them.
  • 64. What is Von Thunen’s Model?
  • 65. Von Thunen’s Model demonstrated the way that rural land use changed as a person moved outward from the center of a city area.
  • 66. Central City 1. Market Gardening and Dairy 2. Forest 3. Field Crops 4. Animal Grazing
  • 67. Market Gardening and Dairy • Nearest the town, farmers raised perishable products such as garden vegetables and milk. Forest • Towns from Von Thunen’s Day were surrounded by a ring of trees used for construction. Field Crops • Crops that are less perishable. Animal Grazing • Required a lot of space. Outside of these rings: • Transporation costs became to high for profitability.
  • 68. Flat Terrain Thunen’s Model Assumed No significant barriers to Uniform Soil transportation
  • 69. Long Term Observations of Thunen’s Model • His model is still applicable to Organic Food Growth. • His model is applicable for understanding Broad Patterns of rural land use. – Farmers in areas away from major markets are less likely to grow perishable items.
  • 71. Rural Settlement Patterns: • Dispersed Settlement: Individuals living in farms that lie far apart from one another. • Nucleated Settlement: Villages located close together with relatively small agricultural fields. – Hamlets: Small clusters of buildings – Villages: Slightly Larger buildings.
  • 72. Wood Wattle Brick Building Materials Grass and Stone Bush
  • 74. Land Ownership and Survey Techniques
  • 75. Primogeniture • A practice where all land falls to the eldest son. • This results in land parcels that are large and controlled individually. Rectangular Survey System • Used in the US to encourage settlers to disperse evenly across the Midwest. Metes and Bounds System • Natural Features are used to mark irregular parcels of land. • Used on the US East Coast Long-Lot Survey System • Divides land into narrow parcels that extend from rivers, roads or canals. • One example are plantation plots of old Southern plantations.
  • 77. History Modern commercial agriculture through mercantillism. Mercantillism: Private companies were given charters by the crown to conduct trade.
  • 78. The Third Agricultural Revolution • Began in the late 20th century. • Characterized by the industrialization of agriculture, biotechnology, and the Green Revolution.
  • 79. What is a the green revolution?
  • 80. The Green Revolution involved the practice of using higher yield seeds and expanded use of fertilizers to increase production.
  • 81. Praise • Agriculture now outpaces population. • Nitrogen-based fertilizers increase farm productivity. • Scientists continue to invent new food sources. • Higher productivity reduces dependency on imports in places such as China and India • New Irrigation have increased crop yields. • Agribusiness has increased the productivity of cash crops
  • 82. Criticism • Poor countries cannot afford the machinery • Farmers in poor countries cannot afford the fertilizers – which also can lead to groundwater pollution. • Many fishing areas are over-fished. • In Sub-Saharan Africa, population is still growing faster than food. • Irrigation has led to serious groundwater depletion. • Agribusiness means that land is devoted to raising one crop.
  • 83. Erosion Chemicals Changes in in ground Water Impacts the Soil Content Depletion of Natural Vegetation
  • 84. Expansion of Land Improved Future Increase in Distribution Productivity Food New Food Sources