fuel cells batteries electrocatalysis electrochemistry and a counter electrode. the counter electrode is oxide and sulfide materials and cost effectiveness. a dssc consists of four pr transition-metal nitrides and carbides in which triiodide is reduced to iodide by electro a photosensitizer lifetime we focus mainly on counter electrode materials for because of their low cost and simple fabrication m and composite materials. the stability of counter conducting polymers dye-sensitized solar cells (dsscs) have gained inc other counter electrode materials for iodinefree r and apart from this but their high cost and the scarcity of platinum r a redox electrolyte that is microwave synthesis oxygen reduction bifunctional electrocatalyst oxygen evolution manganese oxide metal air batteries polymer methanol oxidation zinc oxide nano lanthanum doping energy applications supercapacitors nanostructured conducting polymers iro2 as an anodic electrocatalyst for the oxygen e transmission electron microscopy (tem) and x-ray d synthesized at 400 c (designated as lt-licoo2) th affordable electrocatalysts for the oxygen evoluti making the spinel-type ltli0 as an inexpensive 5coo2 a potential bifunctional electrocatalyst for efficient electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution the chemically delithiated lt-li1xcoo2 samples ex development of efficient tungsten carbide nanotubes supported platinum nano spherical whereas the lowest activity of the truncated octah and truncated octahedral) has been investigated fo octahedral despite a larger surface area (2.9 m2 g−1) for t the electrocatalytic activity of the spinel oxide highly active pd and pd–au nanoparticles support as well as doped nanocatalyst supports by differential pulse voltammetry under optimized n-doped graphene supported pt was demonstrated to toward electrochemical oxidation of homocysteine ( graphene supported platinum nanoparticles (gn–pt the detection of hcy is successful in the presence functional carbon nanomaterials are significantly energy storageelectrocatalysis nitrogen doping energy storage field-effect transistor graphene
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