Educ 210: Methods of Research Day 1

2. Day - 1

3. How does Philippines fair with
other countries in terms of
RESEARCH?

4. STATUS OF RESEARCH IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Lack of budget or underinvestment to R&D
 Lack of adequate and technically capable R&D
manpower / manpower gaps
 Unfocused projects of R&D – not carried out to
prospective users
 Lack of clear link with the private sector – low
collaboration between universities and
industries

6. “Research is a key to progress.”
 There can be no progress without research in
almost if not all human endeavors.
In government, education, trade and
commerce, and in all types and kinds of
industries – research is vital and essential.
Therefore, there is a need to learn the methods
of research because the people who have gone
through the graduate education are expected
to undertake research activities.

7. RESEARCH
Comes from the French word ‘rechercher’ (“to
search after or to investigate”).
“a careful, systematic, patient investigation
undertaken to discover or establish facts and
relationships.”
it is called for when one is confronted with a
question or problem that has no readily available
answer. One must obtain information and make
sense of it in order to answer the problematic
question (Mertler & Charles, 2005).

8. “The main goal of research is the preservation
and improvement of the quality of human
life.”
Due to research, man has attained great
accelerating progress and is enjoying the
products of research.

9. What is
EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH?

10. Educational Research
= it encompasses many different studies all of which
attempt to better understand and improve the
learning and educational process.
Teaching
Classroom Management
Psychology
Testing
Child Development
Cognitive Science
Others (teaching-learning process)
Source (http://www.ed.mtu.edu/research/what.html)

11. The American Education Research
Association (AERA)
 A professional organization whose primary goal is to
advance Education Research.
 Encourages scholarly inquiries related to education
and promotes dissemination and practical application
of research results.
 It publishes quarterly journals and a magazine titled
Educational Researcher.
 Has a home page that provides more information and
links regarding Educational Research:
http://aera.net/about.html.

12. Characteristics of Research
1. Involves the gathering of new and existing data from
new sources of first-hand information.
2. Directed toward the solution of a problem.
3. Analytical. Characterized by carefully designed
procedures in collecting data and rigorous analysis in
interpreting them.
4. Emphasizes the development of generalizations,
principles and theories that may be helpful in
predicting future occurrences.
5. Requires expertise. The researcher must be
adequately prepared to undertake such endeavor.

13. 6. Empirical. It is based on direct experience and demands
accurate observation and description of what is being
studied.
7. Strives to be logical, applying every possible test to
validate the procedures being employed so that the
researcher has confidence in the results.
8. It is honest and characterized by patient and unhurried
activities.
9. Can be replicated to enable the researcher to achieve
valid and comprehensive results. Similarities and
differences or replicated researches can be confirmed.
10. Requires innovative approaches.
11. Carefully recorded and reported.

14. SOUND RESEARCH
Requires man to question those explanations that
already satisfy his curiosity,
 challenge the methods by which he arrives at
conclusions,
critically and systematically repeat his observations,
test the reliability and validity of his tools and evaluate
his data in other ways,
scrutinize the thought processes by which he passes
from one logical step to another, and
gradually refine the concepts of what he is trying to
explain and consider anew the necessary and sufficient
conditions for proof.

15. (sound research…)
 In every step , he proceeds with utmost caution,
realizing that the purpose is to arrive, not at an
answer that is personally pleasing, but rather at
one that will “withstand attacks” by those who
doubt his answer.

16. TYPES OF
RESEARCH
(from the viewpoint of)
Application
Pure Descriptive
Objectives
Type of
Information
sought
Applied
Action
Correlational
Explanatory
Exploratory
Quantitative
Qualitative

17. Pure Research
 called as “basic research” or “fundamental research.”
aims to discover basic truths or principle.
Example:
Archimedes’ Law of Bouyancy,
Newton’s Law of Motion, etc. (“…..”)

18. Applied Research
involves seeking new applications of scientific
knowledge to the solution of a problem, such as
development of a new system, new device, new
method in order to solve the problem.
 the problem is identified and a new system or
method is applied in order to solve the problem.
Ex. Problem: Rice Shortage
Research: On using new types of rice chemical
strategies in planting.

19. Action Research
 a decision-oriented research involving the
application of the steps of the scientific method in
response to an immediate need to improve existing
practices.
 involves practitioners who study a certain problem
and from such experience draw their decisions and
actions as well as evaluation.

20. Descriptive Research
Attempts to describe systematically a situation,
problem, phenomenon, service or program, or
provides information about the living condition of a
community, or describes attitudes towards an issue.

21. Correlational Research
 establishes the existence of a
relationship/association/ interdependence between
two or more aspects of a situation.

22. Explanatory Research
attempts to clarify why and how there is a relationship
between two aspects of a situation or phenomenon.
Example:
Why a decline in sales is followed by
unemployment?

23. Exploratory Research
is carried out to investigate the possibilities of
undertaking a particular research;
also called a ‘Feasibility Study;’
usually carried out when a researcher wants to explore
areas about which s/he has little or no knowledge.

24. Qualitative Research
 it is a systematic, empirical strategy for answering
questions about people in a particular social context.
Attempts to understand the observed regularities in
what people do, or in what they report as their
experience.
Examples: Description of an observed situation,
historical enumeration of events, description of the
living conditions of a community, etc.

25. Quantitative Research
This is quantifying the variation in a phenomenon,
situation, problem or issue, the analysis is geared to
ascertain the magnitude of the variation.
Level of measurement:
 Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

26.  The quantitative-qualitative classification is dependent
on three (3) criteria.
1. The purpose of the study;
2. How the variables are measured; and
3. How the information is analyzed.

27. Components of Scientific Research
1. Order and system = the process wherein the
researcher moves in a systematic fashion – from
identification of the problem to the conclusions and
recommendations.
2. Control = the imposition of conditions in the
research situation, to minimize bias and maximize
the precision and validity of data gathered.

28. 3. Empiricism = gathering of evidence and
relying on one’s own sense.
4. Generalization = the research findings may
be applied to a situation or population larger
that the one studied.

30. Types of Variable:
1. Independent Variable – the “stimulus variable” which
is chosen to determine its relationship to an observed
phenomenon.
2. Dependent Variable – the “response variable” which
is observed and measured to determine the effect of
the independent variable.
3. Intervening Variable – interferes the independent
and dependent variables.

31.  Illustration: Suppose the research wants to know the
effect of educational qualification on the work
performance of the factory workers.
‘’’
Independent
Variable
EDUCATIONAL
QUALIFICATION
Intervening
Variable
Age, sex, status,
experiences, socio-
economic status,
values, attitude at
work, et.
Dependent
Variable
WORK
PERFORMANCE

32. Basic Components/
Parts of Research
Chapter I – THE PROBLEM
 Introduction
 Statement of the Problem
 Significance of the Study
 Scope and Limitation
 Definition of Terms
Chapter II – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND
STUDIES
 Theoretical /Conceptual Framework
RRL
 Hypothesis/es

33. Chapter III – METHODOLOGY
 Research Design
 Locale of the Study
 Unit of Analysis / Respondents
 Sampling Design
 Instrumentation
 Data Gathering Procedure
 Statistical Treatment
Chapter IV – PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Chapter V – SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
APPENDICES