Dissertation
On
TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL USED IN RAJASTHAN
Sinhgad College of Architecture, Pune
by
DIPESH JAIN
Acknowledgement
This dissertation is a part of my thesis project “Desert Resort” and is one of the most
Significant academic challenge I have come across. Without the support, patience and
Guidance of the following people this study would not have been complete. It is to them
who owe my deepest gratitude.

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Ar. Anita Kavathekar, who gave a kick-start to my dissertation. Her Knowledge is
immense and have always been very supportive. She inspired, corrected and motivated
me on every step of this dissertation.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to dr. M.V. Telang, principle of the college, for
Providing me with all the necessary facilities.
I would to like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. Banani Banerjee, for her
excellent
Guidance.
I also place on record, sense of gratitude to one and all who, directly or indirectly, have
their Helping hand in this venture.
This would not be possible without the help of my batch mates, seniors and juniors who
have helped me.
I am grateful to my faculty for their endurance and continuous inspiration, which helped
me to finish my dissertation work.
I am grateful to my parents for their constant and motivation, which helped me
throughout my Research.
Abstract
This dissertation is an attempt of exploring techniques on achieving thermal comfort
By means of traditional architecture techniques in Rajasthan and Gujarat. Rajasthan old
Structures were selected as the study elements not only because of the abundance and
richness Of the old structures in this region, but also because of the extreme nature of the
climate in And around the area. In addition, the ‘Haveli’ has the added advantage of

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being a high-density Urban form; economically and ecologically significant in the
context of India’s rapidly Expanding urban population and associated energy and
environmental crisis.
The techniques of the structures of cross ventilation and cooling inside has been studied
in detail. Architectural techniques used in Rajasthan such as wind towers, Jharokhas,
jalli’s, ground cover structures, evaporative cooling, stack effect, etc. Has also Been
studied for the improvement in functions of my architectural techniques which will be
Used in my thesis project for future implementation. Various architectural techniques has
Been explained in detail and the functions of these elements are described using
diagrams.
Contents:
Page No.
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………8
1.1. Background………………………………………………….8
1.2. Need for study……………………………………………….10

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1.3. Aim & Objectives, RQ, Scope & Limitation………………...10
1.4. Chapter summary…………………………………………….12
2. Literature Review……………………………………
2.1ARTICLE NAME: INDIGENOUS ARCHITECTURE AND NATURAL
COOLING…………………………………………………………….18
2.2 ARTICLE NAME: OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS (JAALI)………..18
2.3 ARTICLE NAME: COOLING THROUGH NATURAL VENTILATION
(DOORS & WINDOWS)……………19
2.4 ARTICLE NAME: BUILDINGS AND THERMAL COMFORT…19
3. Research Design
4. Data collection & Analysis
5. Conclusion………………………………………………………………49
6. Reference………………...………………………………………………………………………… 50
Appendix
1. Questionnaires (filled up)
2. Interview Schedule
List of Figures:
1. Fig. 1: Small Window used for Viewing out at Amber Fort
2. Fig. 2: Window for View & Jali for Ventilation
3. Fig. 3: Windows view of Hawa Mahal
4. Fig 4: Map of Jaipur
5. Fig 5: Courtyard View Of Hawa Mahal
6. Fig 6: Sketch of Hawa Mahal
7. Fig. 7: Outer View Of Hawa Mahal
8. Fig. 8: Jharokha in Haveli
9. Fig. 9: Jharokhas in over narrow streets
10. Fig.10: Sketch of Windows and Section
11. Fig 11: Arched Roof Of Haveli

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12. Fig 12: Hawa Mahal View
(SOURCE (Fig 3-12): ARCTICLE NAME:PASSIVE COOLING THROUGH
NATURALVENTILATION TECHNIQUES IN GREEN BUILDINGS: INSPIRATIONS
FROM THE PAST
WRITTER: Gaurav Sarswat1 and Mohammad Arif Kamal, Department Of Architecture,
Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh-202002 Uttar Pradesh, India Department Of
Architecture,Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh-202002 Uttar Pradesh, India.)
13. Fig 13: View of Samode Haveli
14. Fig 14: Entrance of Samode Haveli
15. Fig 15: Courtyard View of Samode Haveli
16. Fig 16: Location of Samode Haveli
17. Fig 17: Inside Courtyard View of Haveli
18. Fig 18: Inside View of Haveli
19. Fig 19: Plan of Haveli
20. Fig 20: Entry of Haveli
21. Fig 21: Interior of Haveli
22. Fig 22: Roof of Haveli
23. Fig 23: View of Haveli
24. Fig 24: Bagore ki Haveli View
25. Fig 25: Outer View of Haveli
26. Fig 26: Front View of Haveli
27. Fig 27: Location Map of Haveli
28. Fig 28: Central Open Space In Haveli
29. Fig 29: Internal Walls of Room
30. Fig 30: Roof of Haveli
31. Fig 31: Internal Walls of Room
32. Fig 32: Jaali Work In The Room
33. Fig 33: Haveli Entrance Gate
34. Fig 34: Map of Amet haveli
35. Fig 35: Location of Haveli
36. Fig 36: Open Space In Haveli
37. Fig 37: Exterior Jali Work In Haveli
38. Fig 38: Passage View In Haveli With Jaali Work
39. Fig 39: View Of Haveli With Jaali Work & Local Stone
List of Tables
1. Table 1.1: Sandstone Properties………………………………………12

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INTRODUCTION:
Rajasthan is one of the states in India. India, a culturally rich country, has very old
history and with it comes its ancient architecture. Rajasthan contributes to a huge chunk
of traditional and ancient styles of architecture. It also contributes to countries maximum
forts and palaces and their conservation.in Indian architecture there are features like
pavilions, courtyards, terraces, as well as threshold and
Realm accentuating transition.

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All these come together to articulate the space. In ancient construction materials used for
buildings, traditional architecture have always been important issue in the design to
provide a series of appropriate responses according to the best compatibility between the
environment and human and traditional architecture. Furthermore, based on geographical
location, buildings wereroofs, external surfaces, windows, ventilators, roof, walls,
courtyards, basements and other elements.
Nevertheless, with the advent of modern architecture and the increasing usage of hvac
(heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems, the importance of climate was
receiving less attention and similar architectural patterns were used in different parts of
the world with diverse climatic conditions.
As a result of these challenges such as the reduction and depletion of non-renewable
energy sources of
Fossil fuels on the one hand, and pollution in cities and environmental impacts on the
other hand, attention to the climatic design was re-introduced in the 21th century.
It is important to understand the difference between the present-day strategy and that of
the indigenous builders. When architects talk of passive cooling, it is as if the
maintenance of certain specified temperatures in a building is an end in itself. On the
other hand, the indigenous builder could not care less if the building was cool or warm so
long as people could be comfortable within or without The building.
1.1 BACKGROUND:
In most of the area specially situated in arid climate (desert region) extreme heat creates
special problems due to absorption of heat in the buildings if ventilation in the building
material is not properly provided. In many of these regions a large number of buildings
are suitable for habitation due to its poor design which lacks in proper ventilation and
architectural elements fails to achieve and it all depends on better planning, materials,
courtyard and design of the building.
This jhaali work removes the need of mechanical ventilation for cooling. Passive cooling
strategies helps in reducing the difference between the outdoor and the indoor
temperature and improving the indoor air quality making the building material suitable
for both a better and more comfortable environment to work and live in. It further more
reduces the levels of energy use and environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas
emissions. These strategies include a large number of techniques but this research topic
mainly focuses on wind catchers, shading devices, window glazing’s, venturi effect,
cavity walls insulating materials, roof, grills and cladding details.

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Characterized by relatively high temperatures, these climates usually require both cooling
and dehumidification. These difficulties lead to many buildings relying completely on
air-conditioning. Nevertheless, a range of traditional design techniques may be employed
to help minimize or avoid this reliance.
The main goal of use of local traditional material, on a macro (settlement) and micro
(building) level, is hence to reduce uncomfortable conditions created by extremes of heat
and dryness. Buildings material must be adapted to extreme summer / winter and day /
night conditions to achieve a well-balanced indoor climate. Not only cooling is needed;
passive heating may also be needed in winter and during cold nights. Protection is
required from the intense radiation from the sun, ground and surrounding buildings, from
dust, sandstorms and insects (flies). Glare has to be reduced and dust penetration
prevented. Settlements and buildings, therefore, have to be compact, providing shade and
controllable ventilation
1.2 NEED FOR STUDY:
Design is a process of solving problems and good solution have the power to make
people feel comfortable and increase their efficiency. Desert is a place which has extreme
climatic conditions generally not suitable for human body. So as an architect it is
important to consider the climatic conditions and traditional local material in a desert
area before designing .a structure which makes the place more habitable and does not let
the extreme climatic conditions affect the structure.
I have chosen this topic of research because I feel creating a better environment in a harsh
climate like arid regions (desert) is very necessary. As it will help in the well-being and
the betterment of the human life habiting that place. Furthermore use of passive
techniques in planning will also reduce the emission of green-house gases (which is one
of the main reason of air pollution and ozone layer depletion) as it will reduce the use of
mechanical ventilation like air conditioning etc. and use more of renewable resources like
sun wind water and other building material which do not poses any harm to the
environment. Due to majority of the people come in the middle-income group and lower
income group the use of mechanical ventilation is very difficult of them.
1.3 AIM:

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The aim of this dissertation is to explore different traditional/vernacular construction
materials used in Rajasthan.
1.4 OBJECTIVES:
1. To study the heating and cooling of different construction materials used.
2. To study different types of architecture blocks and their materials used for
construction.
3. To study materials locally available.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
1. To study heating and cooling of materials used in roofs and walls.
2. To study behavior of materials used at different climatic condition of time
3. How it will help in maintaining temperature from outside climatic condition.
1.6 METHODOLOGY:
The research has been started with the study of the desert with its classification on a
broader scale which further narrows down to the study of traditional materials and local
climatic responsive materials which is found in Rajasthan. Materials have been studied
and analyzed with the factors which links to the study of Rajasthani architecture and its
strategies which helps in designing to attain the comfort zones in modern day.
1. Literature Review.
2. Information through Websites.
3. Live case study.
4. Conclusion.
FOR OBJECTIVE 1: To study the heating and cooling of different construction materials
used.
OPENNINGS IN THE BUILDING ENVELOPE (JAALI).
Today we identify apertures in the building with glazed windows, and we expect such
apertures to serve a number of functions, namely those of providing light, ventilation
and view. Having no access to glass, as we know it, the indigenous builders designed
apertures to serve one function only. A number of different apertures combined
together met the needs of light, ventilation and view. Not having to worry about the

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other functions, each of these apertures could be optimized for one purpose, leading
to a more satisfactory thermal design.
There are windows in the haveli which are no larger than 1 cm in diameter that let in
practically no light or ventilation. And yet because the wall is thinned out at this
point, these windows can provide a view of the outside. Other apertures that were
designed solely for ventilation are best seen in Shabjahanabad. These are really
divided into two parts, one near the floor and the other high up near the ceiling. An
equivalent window in Amber consists of an opening protected by stone louvers tilted
towards the inside. Frequently, large openings were filled in by "jalis" (screens) that
let in air and some light. At times these Jalis also had a built-in shuttered opening for
view.
Fig 1. Small Window used for Viewing out Fig 2. Window for View & Jali for
at Amber Fort. Ventilation.
FOR OBJECTIVE 2: Ventilation
Ventilation is needed for comfort and hygiene, more air movement being needed for the
former than for the latter. Comfort ventilation is required in buildings even on a hot
summer day when the outdoor is warmer than the building interior. To avoid the heating
of interior space it is essential to treat the air before it enters the building. Unlike what
happens in modern buildings, a great deal of attention was given to pre-treatment of
ventilation air in traditional buildings. In Iran air entered the building only after travelling
through a tall tower with thick walls and sometimes even through an underground tunnel.
FOR OBJECTIVE 3: To study materials locally available.
SANDSTONE:
It may be defined as stone made up of grains of quartz and other minerals of fairly
uniform size and often smooth and rounded.These grains are held together by a
cementing material which may be siliceous or ferruginous.the toughness of standtone
depends mostly on the nature of this cementing material.
USES:

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Rajasthan being the largest producer is an important sandstone producing state of india.it
is an excellent building stone.this can be chiseled and dressed to a smooth surface in
various attractive shapes.the standstone has a verify of uses such as
roofing,flooring,paving,paneling,beams,pillars,arches,door and window sills,wall
facing,fence posts, mile stones etc. It is especially used for exterior cladding in seashore
building due to acid & thermal resistant properties. As such the effect of saline winds is
negligible on sandstone .It is also suitable for use in chemical industries as flooring, wall
fixing & lining due to its acid and alkali resistant properties.it is also suitable for carving
and making windows and jallis.the sandstone is being quarried and used from centuries
and no. Of historical buildings and monument such as chitter palace,Umaid bhavan of
jodhpur etc.
Rajasthan sandstone because of its regular bedding, uniform grain size, suitable nature
and durability, has been used extensively not only in Rajasthan but also in northern India
and even exported to Canada, japan.
Recently some entrepreneurs have tried for cutting and polishing of sandstone. Due to the
straight/curved lines of bedding & attractive figures developed due to iron solution, the
cut sandstone after polishing, looks very attractive .It has resulted in its use in place
granite/marble.
Table 1.1: Sandstone Properties
Makrana marble is a type of white marble of high quality, popular for use
in sculpture and building decor. It is mined in the town of Makrana in Rajasthan, India,
and was used in the construction of several iconic monuments such as the Taj
Mahal in Agra and the Victoria Memorial in Kolkata. Makrana is regarded as the oldest
place in India with a marble quarry. Upon mining, Makrana marble is not subjected to
any form of treatment, but used in cutting and chiseling straight away. Makrana marble is
one of the two calcitic marble varieties in India, with all others being dolomitic. It has
two varieties: white and albeta. The quantity of marble reserves in the region is estimated
to be 55 million tonnes by the state government. About 120 thousand tones of the marble
are produced annually from over 400 mines in the region.

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Makrana marble has high percentage of calcium and is therefore resistant to water
seepage. The water absorption of Makrana marble is said to be the lowest among all types
in India, and the marble is claimed to contain 98 percent of calcium carbonate and only
two percent of impurities. The different shades of Makrana marble are pure white, white
with grey shades and white with pink shades, depending on the level of impurities. The
close interlocking property of the marble makes it strong, hard and translucent. It is said
to retain its shine and white color for a long period of time.
In India, it is mainly used for handicraft and sculpture work, apart from construction of
buildings Makrana marble was given the geographical indication status in 2015 by the
Geographical Indication Registry, Chennai.
SCOPE:
Study of traditional materials used in hot and dry climatic region of Rajasthan. The heat
inside of the building is controlled by the use of textures. This is organized at three
levels. At the town scale the buildings are of unequal height with parapets and high walls,
creating uneven skylines and desired shading of each other. Secondly, the building
facades have large number of projections like jharokhas and chajjas, which provide shade
to the facades. Thirdly, the front parts of the facade, which remains exposed, are
controlled by creating deeply carved patterns. Use of such devices minimizes the heat
gain by providing shading due to texture. Such devices also result in increased convective
transfer of heat because of increased surface area. In summer in daytime when the major
heat source is Sun the exposed textured surfaces will be cooler than plain surfaces.
LIMITATION:
1. The study of my dissertation topic is limited to the use of appropriate materials
for composite climates in walls and roofs improve the climatic performance of the
building, Jaali effect, , Massive structure, Jharokhas.
2. Secondly, the paintings and sculptures, which also fall under the category of
architecture are not studied or mentioned in this dissertation.
3. Also, study of gardens and streetscapes are not a part of this dissertation.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The Important Terminologies and Issues (related to study)
WHAT IS A DESERT?

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“Deserts are often defined as areas that receive less than 10 inches of average annual
rainfall, but a more accurate defining factor is aridity. In addition to low rainfall, deserts
are characterized by a high rate of water loss from the ground (evaporation) and through
plants (transpiration). Together this is called evapotranspiration”. Potential
evapotranspiration is the amount of water that would be lost through evaporation and
transpiration if it were available. Scientists measure this using a large pan of water under
controlled conditions. In deserts the rate of potential evapotranspiration exceeds the
average annual rainfall by factors ranging from 2:1 to 33:1 or more. In other words, a
desert is arid.
Another characteristic of a desert environment is the uneven and unpredictable nature of
the little precipitation that occurs. The average annual precipitation is a poor predictor of
rainfall in any given year. In some years a desert may receive what seems like abundant
rainfall, while in most years rainfall is meager. And some years it may not rain at all.
Deserts are formed by weathering processes as large variations in temperature between
day and night put strains on the rocks, which consequently break in pieces. Although rain
seldom occurs in deserts, there are occasional downpours that can result in flash floods.
Rain falling on hot rocks can cause them to shatter and the resulting fragments and rubble
strewn over the desert floor is further eroded by the wind. This picks up particles of sand
and dust and wafts them aloft in sand or dust storms. Wind-blown sand grains striking
any solid object in their path can abrade the surface. Rocks are smoothed down, and the
wind sorts sand into uniform deposits. The grains end up as level sheets of sand or are
piled high in billowing sand dunes. Other deserts are flat, stony plains where all the fine
material has been blown away and the surface consists of a mosaic of smooth stones.
These areas are known as desert pavements and little further erosion takes place. Other
desert features include rock outcrops, exposed bedrock and clays once deposited by
flowing water. Temporary lakes may form and saltpans may be left when waters
evaporate. There may be underground sources of water in the form of springs and
seepages from aquifers. Where these are found, oases can occur.
People have struggled to live in deserts and the surrounding semi-arid lands for
millennia. Nomads have moved their flocks and herds to wherever grazing is available
and oases have provided opportunities for a more settled way of life. The cultivation of
semi-arid regions encourages erosion of soil and is one of the causes of
increased desertification. Desert farming is possible with the aid of irrigation and

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the Imperial Valley in California provides an example of how previously barren land can
be made productive by the import of water from an outside source.
CLASSIFICATION OF DESERTS:
Deserts can be classified into number of ways depending on the amount of precipitation,
landforms, climate, vegetation and many more. Basically desert are those parts of the
earth which have have very low vegetation to support life. Deserts can be classified in
four major categories those are as follows:
HOT AND DRY DESERTS:
These type deserts generally have very high temperatures in summers with a greater
evaporation rate compared to the precipitation due to the high temperatures. It also
possesses very strong warm winds with lack of cloud cover (clear skies) with very less
precipitation distributed unevenly throughout the year and very low humidity. During
winters temperatures variations are on the higher sides which can go up to 22o c (40of) or
even more. Accompanied by heat loss during nighttime because of clear skies.
These are generally the hottest type of deserts with parched terrain and very high
evaporation rate. In hot and dry desert the soil are course-textured, shallow with more of
rocky terrain with a good drainage due to less chemical weathering of the rocks.
Generally due to heavy winds the wind leaving the heavier pieces behind which
eventually make the area a rocky terrain blows the finer dust particles away. Furthermore
this area lacks in subsurface water level due to very less precipitation making the area
unsuitable for vegetation as well as to support human life.
STUDY OF HOT AND DRY (ARID CLIMATE):
Hot desert climates are typically found under the subtropical ridge where there is largely
unbroken sunshine for the whole year due to the stable descending air and high pressure
aloft. The world absolute heat records are generally in the hot deserts where the heat
potential is the highest on the planet. Some desert locations consistently experience very

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high temperatures all year long, even during wintertime. These locations feature some of
the highest annual average temperatures recorded on Earth, averages which can exceed
30 °C (86 °F).
These climate occur in two belts at latitudes between approximately 15 and 30o north and
south of the equator. Examples of settlements in this zone: assuan, Baghdad, Alice
Springs, and phoenix.
AIR TEMPREATURE:
It rises quickly after sunrise to a daytime mean maximum of 43 to 49oc. the ever-recorded
maximum temperature of 58oc was measured in Libya in 1992. During the cool season
the mean maximum temperature ranges from 27 to 32oc. Nighttime mean minima are
between 24 and 30oc in the hottest season and between 10 to 18oc in the cool season. The
diurnal range is very great: 17 to 22oc.
HUMIDITY:
It varies from 10 to 55% as the wet – bulb depression is large (rapid evaporation). The
vapor pressure is normally between 750 and 1500 N/m2.
PRECIPITATION:
It is slight and variable throughout the year, from 50 -155mm per annum. Flash storms
may occur over a limited area with as much as 50mm rain in a few hours, but some
regions may not have any rainfall for several years.
SKY CONDITONS:
Are normally clear. Clouds are few due to the low humidity of the air. The sky is usually
dark blue, with a luminance of 1700 to 2500 cd/m2, and further darkened during dust or
sand storms to 850 cd/m2 or even less. Towards the end of the hot period, dust suspended
in the air may create a white haze, with a luminance of 3500 to 10000 cd/m2, which
produces a diffuse light and a painful glare.
SOLAR RADIATION:
Is direct and strong during the day, but the absence of the cloud permits easy release of
the heat stored during the day-time in the form of long-wave radiation towards the cold
night sky. Diffuse radiation is only present during the dust haze period.

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WINDS:
Are usually local. The heating of air over the hot ground causes a temperature inversion,
and as the lower warm air mass breaks through the higher cooler air, local whirlwinds are
often created. Winds are hot, carrying dust and sand – and often develop into dust storms.
VEGETATION:
Vegetation is sparse and difficult to maintain because of the lack of the rain and low
humidity’s. The soil is usually dusty and very dry. Strong sunlight illuminating a high
reflective light colored and dry ground can create a luminance of 20000 to 25000 cd/m2.
Soils dry quickly after rain and would generally be fertile if irrigated. The subsoil water
table is very low.
SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS:
During certain months dust and sandstorms may be frequent. The high daytime
temperature and rapid cooling at night may cause materials to crack and break.
LITERATURE REVIEW
ARTICLE 1
INDIGENOUS ARCHITECTURE AND NATURAL COOLING
Vinod gupta, assistant professor of architecture school of planning & architecture, New
Delhi

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‘Jharokha’ literally means ‘a small window’. It is a term which when one hears, is forced
to think of some famous Bollywood songs of the 1960’s, the heroine waiting for the
protagonist leaning against the ‘jharokha’ in a moonlit night and also the hero trying to
meet the heroine at the jharokha after facing all odds and so on, the imagination does not
cease. Jharokha has come a long way from being a mere source of light and ventilation to
be conceived as a divine concept. It has been seen in numerous paintings of Indian art
primarily that of the Mughals, during the period of Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan. The
same stands for the Indian Architecture where the jharokha has been represented
irrespective of any religion, whether in the form of a ‘false window’ as a mere decorative
element or a part of the daily routine or ‘ritual’ where the king would appear to assure of
his good health and well being to his subjects. The Indian Architecture has witnessed
some of the simplest jharokhas to the most ornately carved ones. Similarly, it is also an
important element of theatre of the past and the present as well. Here, in this research
paper, I aim to trace a brief history of the relevance of jharokha in Indian Art and
Architecture and its role and use in folk theatre focusing essentially on its changing faces
with the changing time.
ARTICLE 2
OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS (JAALI)
A jaali is the term for a perforated stone or latticed screen, usually with an ornamental
pattern constructed through the use of calligraphy and geometry. This form of
architectural decoration is found in Indian architecture, Indo-Islamic
Architecture and Islamic Architecture. Early jaali work was built by carving into stone,
generally in geometric patterns, while later the Mughals used very finely carved plant-
based designs, as at the Taj Mahal. They also often added pietra dura inlay to the
surrounds, using marble and semi-precious stones. The jaali helps in lowering the
temperature by compressing the air through the holes. Also when the air passes through
these openings, its velocity increases giving profound diffusion. It has been observed that
humid areas like Kerala and Konkan have larger holes with overall lower opacity than
compared with the dry climate regions of Gujarat and Rajasthan. With compactness of
the residential areas in the modern India, jalis became less frequent for privacy and
security matters.
ARTICLE 3
COOLING THROUGH NATURAL VENTILATION (DOORS & WINDOWS)
Gaurav Sarswat and Mohammad Arif Kamal, department of Architecture, Aligarh
muslim university Aligarh-202002 UP

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Natural ventilation relies on the wind and the “chimney effect” to keep a home cool. The
wind will naturally ventilate your home by entering or leaving windows, depending on
their orientation to the wind. When wind blows against your home, air is forced into your
windows. Heat accumulates in your home during the day, and the cool night air can flush
it out. Depending on the house design and wind direction, a windbreak—like a fence,
hedge, or row of trees that blocks the wind can force air either into or away from nearby
windows. Wind moving along a wall creates a vacuum that pulls air out of the windows.
The chimney effect occurs when cool air enters a home on the first floor or basement,
absorbs heat in the room, rises, and exits through upstairs windows. This creates a partial
vacuum, which pulls more air in through lower-level windows. Natural ventilation works
best in climates with cool summers or cool nights and regular breezes. Using Windows
and Doors for Cross-Ventilation You can create natural cross-ventilation by adjusting the
size and location of the openings to ventilate different parts of the home. Inlets and
outlets located directly opposite each other cool only those areas in between, in the direct
path of the airflow. Increases air speed and improves the cooling effect. Air from cooler,
shaded outdoor areas provides the best intake air.
ARTICLE 4
BUILDINGS AND THERMAL COMFORT
Vinod Gupta School of Planning and Architecture G-4 Masjid Moth
A new consciousness evident in modern architecture is the need to design buildings so
that they stay cool in the summer and warm in the winter without consuming a great deal
of energy in the process. "Passive solar architecture", as It Is called, is the architect's
response to the global energy crisis. The availability of cheap fossil fuels in the decades
past was responsible for distorting people's expectations from buildings. Glass, the
thousands built concrete and steel boxes and each of these had to have air conditioning
plants to control the internal temperature within the narrow range defined as
"comfortable". While It Is likely that the working efficiency in such buildings is high, it
is equally likely that continuous exposure to the controlled environment makes people
lose, at least partially, their natural ability to adapt to different thermal conditions. A
much better situation is one in which buildings are designed to ameliorate the worst of
the weather, and man can then Interact positively with the environment to find
comfortable working and living conditions. In the cities of northern India this has been
achieved by appropriate organization of social and economic activities, In addition to
good town planning and building design. Even though there is a superficial similarity
between them, the northern Indian cities of Jailsalmer and Delhi have been built and
function differently. It is Interesting to see how the builders of these cities overcame the
problems of building in the harsh climate.
2.2.1 Book Case study 1
1. HAWA MAHAL JAIPUR

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2.2.2 PROJECTS FACTS: Fig 3: Windows view of Hawa Mahal
 Year of completion: 1779
 Architectural style: Rajput Architecture
 Architect: Lal Chand Ustad
 Design form: crown of Krishna
 Structural system: Red and Pink Sandstone
2.2.3 PROJECT:
 According to the Indian history, the main motive behind the construction of the
hawa mahal was to make the royal women enjoy freedom of watching the royal
processions on the streets, through the jharokhas,
without being seen in public.
2.2.4 LOCATION:
 The hawa mahal is in Jaipur has been inspired by the
traditional art and craft of the city. Located near the main
road intersectionof city called the badi chaupad (big four
square)
Fig 4: Map of Jaipur
2.2.5 CLIMATE :

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Jaipur is a semiarid climate, receiving an annual rainfall of 650 millimeters (26in)
but most of the rains occur in the monsoon months between june and september.
Temperature remain relatively high throughout the year, with the summer months
of april to early june having average daily temperatures of about 30oc (86 f). During
the monsoon there are frequent, heavy rainfalls and thunderstorms, but flooding is
not common. The winter months of november to february are mild and pleasant,
with average temperatures ranging from 15-18 degrees and with little or no
humidity though occasional cold waves lead to temperatures near freezing.
2.2.6 ARCHITECTURE:
 The palace is a five-story pyramidal shaped monument that rises to a height of 50
feet (15 m) from its high base. The top three floors of the structure have a
dimension of one room width while the first and second floors have patios in front
of them, on the rear side of the structure.
 The front elevation, as seen from the street, is like a honeycomb web of a beehive
built with small portholes. Each porthole has miniature windows and has carved
sandstone grills, finials and domes. It is a veritable mass of semi-octagonal bays,
which gives the monument its unique facade. The inner face on the backside of the
building consists of need-based chambers built with pillars and corridors with least
ornamentation, and reach up to the top floor.
 Built in red and pink coloured sand stone, in keeping with the décor of the other
monuments in the city, its colour is a full testimony to the epithet of “ pink city”
given to Jaipur.
 This five-story, pyramid-shaped structure is made up of small casements, each with
tiny windows and arched roofs with hanging cornices, exquisitely modeled and
carved. The Hawa Mahal of Jaipur, Rajasthan is made of red and pink sand stone,
beautifully outlined with white borders and motif's painted with quick lime. Its
façade makes Hawa Mahal of Rajasthan look more like a screen than a palace. Its
top three stories are just a single room thick but at the base are two courtyards. It is
a fifty-foot high thin shield, less than a foot in thickness, but has over 900 niches
and a mass of semi-octagonal bays, carved sandstone grills, finials and domes,
which give this palace its unique façade.
1.2.7 COURTYARD:

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The main entrance to the Hawa Mahal is from the city palace side, through a door
that opens into a spacious courtyard. This courtyard has a double storeyed building
on three sides.
Fig 5: Courtyard View Of Hawa Mahal
1.2.8 TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION:
The surrounding areas of the site were surveyed and villages with natural stone and
craft skills were identified within a radius of 40 km. Red and pink sandstone for
elevation wall were brought from a nearby village called jhallana was used
primarily for construction whereas few more local stone from surrounding quarries
were used for the various other elements of the building. Traditional forms of
constructing precast jails and chajjas for windows were used as well as other local
crafts which were identified through intensive workshops with artisans from the
villages.
Fig 6: Sketch of Hawa Mahal
2.2.9 JHAROKHA:

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A ‘jharokha’ (or jharoka) is a projecting window from the wall, in an upper storey,
overlooking a street, market, court or any other open space. it is a type of overhanging
enclosed balcony used in Indian architecture. In Islamic Architecture it is known as
'Mashrabia'. It has monumental scale and make it as a outstanding architectural character.
It mainly represents two architectural styles– Mughal Architecture (Combination of
Islamic, Persian and Indian Architecture) and Rajasthan Architecture (Western Indian
Architecture). It is most distinctive type of facade decorated with intricate lattice work. It
is more formal and ornamental than English or French “oriel”.
Jharokha is used due to the aesthetic appearance, climatic aspects, elevation treatment,
privacy to allow royal ladies to observe everyday life in the street below without being
seen, since they had to observe strict 'purdah' (face cover) as a viewing platform.
Jharokhas are mainly used in Palaces, Havelis (mansion type structure) and Temples.
They bring filtered light into the indoor space. Being a dusty and harsh climate within the
area, it brings channeled cool air through its openings and jaalis.
Direct wind flow inside the building is not desirable.
These openings are shaded with projections covered
all around with perforations allows cooling of air. It
also helps to shade the building façade. Purpose of
minimizing the area of building surface exposed to sun
is achieved using this module in repetitive manner.
Covering outer layer of the building facade with these
kind of projecting overhangs, jaalis and small
openings in it works for ventilation purpose. During
the day, outer layer gets heated and radiated to
immediate environment. When the building have only
one layer. Building gets heated up early by
transmitting the sun rays directly to primary spaces. Fig 7: View of Hawa Mahal
But organizing secondary spaces adjacent to outer
layer it acts as transitional space keeping comparative
cooler inside the primary spaces. Heat enters the
secondary space will dissipate in the streets with
respected openings in secondary space before it enters inside.

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Fig. 8: Jharokha in Haveli Fig. 9: Jharokhas in over narrow streets.
2.2.10 WALLS:
Walls are made of local stone,sand,mud constructed by local people of village. A
red and pink sandstone were used for elevation wall. Height of the wall is 3m.
Fig 10: Sketch of Windows and Section

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2.2.11 ARCHED ROOF:
The hawa mahal is a five-storey structure, featuring thickness of a single room in
the top three stories. There are no stairs available to reach the upper floors, thus,
slopes are available to connect the stories,the top two floors of the hawa mahal are
accessed only through ramps.
Fig 11: Arched Roof Of Haveli
2.2.12 ANALYSIS:
 This behive structure has wa
 lls with the thickness of less than a foot.
 The elegant red color of the structure is due to the use of red & pink sandstones in
its construction.
 The ‘jharokhas’ or windows make the structure highly popular amidst tourists.
These windows help in free circulation of air inside the palace.
 By using local materials and local expertise in construction makes the building
vernacular.
Fig 12: Hawa Mahal View

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2.2.1 Book Case study 2
1. Samode Haveli, Jaipur
2.3.1 PROJECTS FACTS:
 Year of completion: 1792
 Architectural style: Rajput and Mughal architecture
 Architect: Rawal Berisal
 Structural system: Marble and masonry
Fig 13: View of Samode Haveli
2.3.2 PROJECT:
The haveli is a majestic old mansion, adorned with beautiful gardens, courtyards
and terraces. The Samode Haveli is a grand house that has inner courtyards and
was originally built as a manor house for the royal family of Samode. A
architectural marvel, this haveli is north facing, thus avoiding the harsh sun and
remains cool. Another feature of the Samode Haveli that intrigues the tourists is
it's delightfully painted dining room and an airy verandah.
Fig 14: Entrance of Samode Haveli Fig 15: Courtyard View of Samode Haveli

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2.3.3 LOCATION:
The samode haveli is in jaipur has been inspired by the traditional architecture
and craft of the city. Located Near Jorawar Singh Gate, Gangapole, Jaipur,
Rajasthan.
Fig 16: Location of Samode Haveli
2.3.4 CLIMATE:
Jaipur is a semiarid climate, receiving an annual rainfall of 650 millimeters (26in)
but most of the rains occur in the monsoon months between june and september.
Temperature remain relatively high throughout the year, with the summer months
of april to early june having average daily temperatures of about 30oc (86 f).
During the monsoon there are frequent, heavy rainfalls and thunderstorms, but
flooding is not common. The winter months of november to february are mild and
pleasant, with average temperatures ranging from 15-18 degrees and with little or
no humidity though occasional cold waves lead to temperatures near freezing.
2.3.5 ARCHITECTURE:
 It has a unique ambiance of the historic juxtaposed against a
contemporary setting. An elephant ramp, specially constructed at the
entrance to the haveli, was llaid in 1940 on the occasion of the marriage
ceremony of a member of the Royal Family.
 The 'Haveli' is a must-visit for its rich, Mughal interiors against the
contemporary, Hindu setting which creates a spectacular view to behold. It
blends traditional Rajasthan architecture and Mughal décor with
the Victorian style, with modern facilities.

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 The Samode Garden was built in the 16th century, and is spread over 20
acres there are rows of fountains, flowerbeds, pavilions and Victorian
style decor here to admire. This is a popular tourist destination and the
highlights of this place are the sandbag colored tents, Mughal terracing
and the Victorian styled furnishings.truly, a fusion of the best!
 The interiors of the palace are composed in the ancient architectural style
of Rajasthan: marble floors, intricately ornamented pillars, mosaic walls
(with tiny pieces of small inlaid stones), with luxurious carpets, and
decorated with old wall paintings.
 At the entrance gate of the palace is a unique piece of a large sized treasure
chest made of dark wood with marble settings and gleaming glass. The fort
area is overgrown with vegetation but stone paved paths have been built to
reach the fort heights.
2.3.6 COURTYARD:
Internal courtyard with high building mass all around it leads to induced
ventilation, lowering of temperatures by convective cooling and natural lighting .
it helps in shading the streets thus allowing less of direct sunlight during daytime
and makes the movement easy for people.
Fig 17: Inside Courtyard View of Fig 18: Inside View of Haveli
Haveli
2.3.7 TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION:
 Haveli consisited of the 43 spacious rooms and suites, all with a balcony or patio,
are exclusively decorated in the warm colours and textures of local Rajasthani
hand block print textiles and adorned with traditional artefacts. They have marble
and mosaic floorings, high ceilings, woven cotton rugs or "dhurries", antique
furniture and beautifully carved four-poster beds.

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 A yellow sandstone for elevation wall were brought from a nearby village
was used primarily for construction whereas few more local stone from
surrounding quarries were used for the various other elements of the
building.
 Traditional forms of constructing precast jails and chajjas for windows
were used as well as other local crafts which were identified through
intensive workshops with artisans from the villages.
Fig 19: Plan of Haveli
Fig 20: Entry of Haveli Fig 21: Interior of Haveli

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2.3.8 Walls:
 The palace is built on three levels (planned in a sequence of courtyards of
increasing height) with a patio on each floor. It has a 15 feet (4.6 m) high wall is
spread over an area of 20 acres (8.1 ha)
 Walls are made of local stone,sand,mud constructed by local people of village.
sandstone used for masonary are light in colour and provide a permanent natural
finish .
 The east or the north walls are made more open to light and air as the west is
the heat gaining side in the warm humid climates of india.
 Wall Height of haveli from G to G+2 .
 Brick walls or concrete floor (thermal mass) Capture and store solar energy in a
solid material.
 Walls are insulated with reflective foil & bulk insulation, to reflect heat and
retain warmth or coolness.
 Use a more compact floor plan with less external wall area than in the tropics to
minimise the length of eastern and western wall.
Fig 22: Roof of Haveli
2.3.9 ARCHED ROOF:
 Roof is to be self-ventilating or cooling and to be constructed of materials that have a
higher thermal value Mud or mud brick wall normally 400 – 800mm thick,mixtures
often include earth, soil, dry vegetation, stone & aggregate.

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2.3.10 ANALYSIS:
 This behive structure has walls of double height.
 The elegant yellow color of the structure is due to the use of local sandstones in
its construction.
 The ‘jharokhas’ or windows make the structure highly popular amidst tourists.
These windows help in free circulation of air inside the palace.
 By using local materials and local expertise in construction makes the building
vernacular.

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3.2.1 Live Case study 1
1. BAGORE KI HAVELI ,UDAIPUR
3.2.2 PROJECTS FACTS:
 Year of completion: 1865
 Architectural style: Rajput architecture
 Structural system: marble and masonry
Fig 24: Bagore ki Haveli View
3.2.3 PROJECT:
 Bagore ki haveli is a perfect place to explore the traditional material of Rajasthan
architecture and life style of the royal family.
 The palace has over a hundred rooms, with displays of costumes and modern art.
The glass and mirror in the interiors are haveli work. It also preserves an example
of mewar painting on the walls of the queen's chamber.
Fig 25: Outer View of Haveli Fig 26: Front View of Haveli

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3.2.4 LOCATION:
 The bagore ki haveli is located in Udaipur Rajasthan has been inspired by the
traditional art and craft of the city. Located right on the waterfront of lake
pichola at gangore ghat.
Fig 27: Location Map of Haveli
3.2.5 CLIMATE :
Udaipur has a tropical climate, receiving an annual rainfall of 950 millimeters but
most of the rains occur in the monsoon months between june and september.
Temperature remain relatively high throughout the year, with the summer months
of april to early june having average daily temperatures of about 30oc (86 f).
During the monsoon there are frequent, heavy rainfalls and thunderstorms, but
flooding is not common. The winter months of november to february are mild and
pleasant, with average temperatures ranging from 16-19 degrees and with little or
no humidity though occasional cold waves lead to temperatures near freezing.

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3.2.6 ARCHITECTURE:
It is a unique and arresting complex of several palaces, pavilions, gardens and
temples
The haveli has over a hundred rooms, with displays of costumes and modern
art. The glass and mirror in the interiors are haveli work. It also preserves an
example of mewar painting on the walls of the queen's chamber.
While strolling in the haveli, you can also see the private quarters of the royal
ladies, their bath rooms, dressing rooms, bed rooms, living rooms, worship
rooms and recreation rooms.
He architectural built form of havelis has evolved in response to the climate,
lifestyle and availability of material. In hot climates where cooling is a
necessity, buildings with internal courtyards were considered the most
appropriate. It acted as a perfect shading technique, while also allowing light
inside. The arcade along the court, or the high wall around it, kept the interiors
cool.
3.2.7 COURTYARD:
 The main entrance to the haveli is through a door that opens into a
spacious courtyard. This courtyard has a double storeyed building on three
sides.walls of courtyard made of local stone. Centrally Located courtyard plays
a great role in reducing the indoor temperature. They help in cross ventilation
in indoors as well as corridors. The corridors open into the courtyard with large
arched openings, which also helps in increasing the flow of wind.
Fig 28: Central Open Space In Haveli

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3.2.8 DESIGN TECHNIQUES:
 There are various design elements and materials have been used in different
part of world ,like orientation of building, thermal mass, water body, open
courtyard, various kind of shading devices, vegetation, lattice screen, domes,
jharokhas & wind towers & air vent etc.
 From above elements above mentioned mostly perform multiple functions. For
example water body behaves like aesthetical feature in the building as well as a
source of thermal cooling. open courtyard functions like a source of ventilation
as well as a part of integrated indoor- outdoor living area, shading devices
provides shade but also capable to change direction of wind at micro level.
Lattice screen provides ventilation as well as privacy from outside. Domes causes
the high volume in building so stores hot air in it as well as behaves as a
ventilation source if vent is provided. with this it causes thermal comfort
because of self-shadow produced by dome on itself. With all these features it is a
important architectural as well as structural element.
 All these design elements was used extensively in our ancient buildings of
different regions for the purpose of thermal comfort & ventilation.
 There are major architectural construction material and elements which were
used extensively in our past and can play import role in form of a igreen building
design as well as in conventional designs.
3.2.9 TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION:
MATERIALS:
 Baked bricks, sandstone, marble, wood, plaster and granite are commonly used
materials. Decorative aspects are influenced by various local culture and
traditions.
 The common building used in haveli light yellowish sandstone is used for walls
,which are .35m or more in thickness .in better quality construction stone is
dressed and joints are made accurately .the individual stone are held together by
stone keys cut into blocks themselves. Voids in parapet walls helps in decreasing
the temperature at terrace floor level.

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Fig 29: Internal Walls of Room
3.2.10 WALLS :
 Walls are made of local stone,mud mortar and finished with mud plaster
constructed by local people of village. At upper floor level where the building
façade projects out ,50 mm thick panels of limestone are used as wall element .
 These are deeply carved in various geometrical pattersn and from outside the
building the give a latticework (jaali).both the limestone are carved and sandstone
used for masonary are light in colour and provide a permanent natural finish .
 The east or the north walls are made more open to light and air as the west is the
heat gaining side in the warm humid climates of india.
 The height of the wall of room is two times to create shaded cool environment.

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Fig 30: Roof of Haveli Fig 31: Internal Walls of Room
3.2.11 ARCHED ROOF:
 The traditional method is to lay closely spaced timber beams and cover them
with the layer of reed matting and a thick layer (0.45 to 0.60m)of earth on
top,because of the difficulty of finding timber in the desert ,later the timber stone
slabs have replaced beams and are finished by mud plaster some of the doors
and ceilings are notable examples of old carved wood from many hundreds of
years ago.
Fig 32: Jaali Work In The Room Fig 33: Haveli Entrance Gate
3.2.12 JALI WORK:
 Stone jali work is used for elevation both room, staircase side,and ventilation
site .It is good looking and made up of stone and local materials. Element
related to privacy mainly used in Mughal architecture . But its use as an exterior
element, apart from serving the purpose of privacy, is also to direclty interact
with Sun, Wind and light. jaali works on the principle of contration of hot air
while passing through the small holes of jaali and coming out in the form of
cool air. However nowdays jail work is made up of concrete,wood etc.

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3.2.13 ANALYSIS:
 The ‘jharokhas’ or windows make the structure highly popular amidst tourists.
These windows help in free circulation of air inside the palace.
 By using local materials and local expertise in construction makes the building
vernacular.
 Compared to hot-arid regions full of sandstone, which is easy to cut, the stone
had to be used considerably to its strength. In both cases stone served as the
thermal mass, accumulating the heat or coolness. Later crashed stone became an
important aggregate for another materials. The material gives not just durability
to a construction, but also a lifespan of Thousands of years.

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3.3 Live Case study 2
AMET HAVELI, UDAIPUR
3.3.1 PROJECTS FACTS:
 Year of completion: 1752 AD
 Architectural style: Rajput architecture
 Structural system: Stone work, marble and masonry
Fig 33: Haveli Entrance Gate
3.3.2 PROJECT:
 The architectural design of Amet Haveli is basically influenced by the Mughal
gardens of forts of Delhi and Agra.
 Amet Haveli is a perfect place to explore the traditional material of Rajasthani
architecture and life style of the royal family.
 The palace has over a 25rooms, with displays of old heritage paintings. The glass
and mirror in the interiors are Haveli work. It also preserves an example
of Mewar painting and history on the walls.

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3.3.3 LOCATION:
Fig 34: Map of Amet haveli Fig 35: Location of Haveli
 One of the finest heritage haveli in the Udaipur city, Amet Haveli is located on
a corner of Lake Pichola Located outside Chandpole,
inspired by the traditional art and craft of the city.
3.3.4 CLIMATE:
Udaipur has a tropical climate, receiving an annual rainfall of 950 millimeters but
most of the rains occur in the monsoon months between june and september.
Temperature remain relatively high throughout the year, with the summer months of
april to early june having average daily temperatures of about 30oc (86 f). During the
monsoon there are frequent, heavy rainfalls and thunderstorms, but flooding is not
common. The winter months of november to february are mild and pleasant, with
average temperatures ranging from 16-19 degrees and with little or no humidity
though occasional cold waves lead to temperatures near freezing.

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3.3.5 ARCHITECTURE:
It is a unique complex of several palaces, pavilions, gardens and traditional
architecture.
The Haveli has over a 25rooms, with displays of old heritage paintings. The
glass and mirror in the interiors are Haveli work. It also preserves an example
of Mewar painting and history on the walls.
While strolling in the Haveli, you can also see the private quarters of the royal
bedrooms,suites,dinning room, living
room,courtyard,restaurant,ghat,swimming pool,darbar hall.
The architectural built form of Havelis has evolved in response to the climate,
lifestyle and availability of material. In hot climates where cooling is a
necessity, buildings with internal courtyards were considered the most
appropriate. It acted as a perfect shading technique, while also allowing light
inside. The arcade along the court, or the high wall around it, kept the interiors
cool.
Haveli had a grand reception room for receiving formal visitors and for festival
gatherings or family celebrations. Some had a further reception room in the
zenana, and some had screened viewing windows to allow the women to watch
certain of the men’s festivities. Smaller reception rooms were required for
business offices, and raised platforms (chabutras) served as the inevitable
waiting room.
Haveli had cool underground rooms, but less extravagant cooling methods
included screens of khas grass soaked in water, hand held fans, and awnings.

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Fig 36: Open Space In Haveli Fig 37: Exterior Jali Work In Haveli
3.3.6 COURTYARD:
 The main entrance to the Haveli is through a door that opens into a spacious
courtyard. This courtyard has a double storeyed building on three sides.walls of
courtyard with swimming pool made of white coloured local stone . Similarly, in
Havelis, a courtyard has several functions, commonly used for weddings and
festive occasions.
 Courtyard of Haveli also helped to keep the interior private, but the need to
separate men and women required more complicated arrangements. Where
possible, women were kept to their own inner part of the house, the zenana. This
might be a rear courtyard, or an upper floor.
 Internal courtyard with high building mass all around it leads to induced
ventilation, lowering of temperatures by convective cooling and natural lighting.
3.3.7 TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION:
MATERIALS :
Enclosed area of the Haveli was 24,000 sq.ft (2,230 sq. meters) which consisted of
two stories with a total of 25 rooms. The rooms had large windows and were lit on
evenings by large lamps and chandeliers. The embellishments and the wooden
decoration of the Haveli borrowed a lot from Central Asian and European
architectures.
 The main materials used in the building are baked bricks, white stone, marble,
wood, plaster and granite are commonly used materials. Decorative aspects are
influenced by various local culture and traditions.
 The stone was used along with lime mortar. Lime mortar allowed keeping lower
temperatures inside the building.

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 Stone helped in creating time lag due to high thermal capacities.
 The local stone is still the cheapest building material available but it implies thick
walls and wastage of usable space. The labour for the work of stone is also not
available at cheaper costs. This has reduced the use of stone. Since stone is less
used.
 The common building used in haveli light white marble and local stone is used
for walls ,.in better quality of construction .
DIFFERENCE IN THE PAVING OF INNER AND OUTER COURTYARD:
 Inner courtyard was generally kept soft stones with some vegetation (generally
Tulsi) in the centre while the outer courtyard was paved with local available stone.
EXTERNAL SMOOTH SURFACE PAINTED IN LIGHT COLOURS:
 Carving was not possible on the local stone available around udaipur. Thus
instead of providing a rough surface, which would also have allowed inter
granular shading, the flat white surfaces a smooth surface was created.
CEILING HEIGHTS:
 The rooms were found to have ceiling height larger than 3.5 m while the other
spaces like the ones made as viewing gallery for women which were to be used
temporarily and occasionally, were only 2.5 – 1.8 m high. This meant a larger air
mass resulting in lower temperatures.

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Fig 38:Passage View In Haveli With Jaali Work
 Walls are made of local stone, mud mortar and finished with mud plaster
constructed by local people of village. At upper floor level where the building
façade projects out, 50 mm thick panels of limestone are used as wall element.
 High walls, with pierced screens (jalis), for air and limited views, helped maintain
privacy,
 The careful use of bamboo blinds (chiks) and curtains (pardas).
 Windows be used to provide shade whilst maintaining air flows, and pardas could
be hung over openings if more warmth was required.
 Stone rings, built into the walls, provided anchorage for the awnings which were
stretched across courts and terraces, and wooden platforms covered in matting
were used to extend the floor areas.
 These are deeply carved in various geometrical patterns and from outside the
building the give a latticework (jali).both the limestone are arved and sandstone
used for masonry are light in colour and provide a permanent natural finish .
 The east or the north walls are made more open to light and air as the west is the
heat gaining side in the warm humid climates of India.
 The height of the wall of halls is two times to create shaded cool environment.

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Fig 39: View Of Haveli With Jaali Work & Local Stone
FLAT ROOFS WITH INSULATION LAYER:
 The roofs are constructed flat with stone slabs jointed with lime mortar. Above
that a layer of inverted earthen pots to create an air layer for insulation. On the top
of it again a layer of lime mortar finished with reflective smooth material like
broken pieces of porcelain pots of white wash to reflect most of the sunlight
falling on it.
Fig 40: Jaali Work Made Of Local Stone
3.3.8 JAALI WORK:
 Stone jali work is used for elevation both room, staircase side, and ventilation site
.It is good looking and made up of stone and local materials.
 The staircase was taken higher and each room was provided an opening jali work
from it to allow forced ventilation. This allowed convective cooling during night
and induced ventilation during day.

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 Small openings with thick shutters, jali screens due to hot and dusty winds,
natural ventilation inside the building during day is not desirable. Thus small
openings are provided. These openings allow convective cooling. All the
openings are shaded with projections covered all around with perforated stone
screens .
3.3.9 ANALYSIS:
 The architectural built form of havelis has evolved in response to the climate,
lifestyle and availability of material. In hot climates where cooling is a necessity,
buildings with internal courtyards were considered the most appropriate. It acted
as a perfect shading technique, while also allowing light inside. The arcade along
the court with swimming pool, or the high wall around it, kept the interiors cool
 The jali work or windows make the structure highly popular amidst . These
windows help in free circulation of air inside the palace.
 By using local materials and local expertise in construction makes the building
vernacular.
 Compared to hot-arid regions full of sandstone, which is easy to cut, the stone had
to be used considerably to its strength. In both cases stone served as the thermal
mass, accumulating the heat or coolness. Later crashed stone became an important
aggregate for another materials. The material gives not just durability to a
construction, but also a lifespan of Thousands of years.

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3.2.4 Comparative analysis of Case studies
ANALYSIS
TOPIC LIVE CASE STUDY 1 LIVE CASE STUDY 2
PROJECT NAME BAGORE KI HAVELI AMET HAVELI
ARCHITECTURE
STYLE
RAJPUT
ARCHITECTURE
RAJPUT
ARCHITECTURE
LOCATION UDAIPUR UDAIPUR
DESIGN Courtyards:
It has a compact
planning with well-
designed courtyards
which helps in
connecting various
spaces of the haveli.
Furthermore the courts
also help in altering
the micro climate of
the environment by
increasing the heat
loss through
ventilation.
Shading devices:
The small high-level
glazing panel
supplements window
light by throwing
more daylight at the
back of the room to
give a fairly even
illumination level
Courtyards:
It has different courts
the internal and the
external courts. The
internal helps in
reducing the heat and
also gives a private
semi open space as all
the important room are
aligned along his court.
Shading devices:
as the design has a
contemporary look it
does not have jhajjas
But has huge
overhangs which help
to reduce glare and
heat penetration in the
buildings keeping the
internal areas cool.

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across the depth of
the rooms. The
ventilator below the
window sill serves
dual purpose: by
cooling the space
without blocking the
light and view and
also have box
windows with jail
work.
Landscape:
The area around the
building has green
covers which helps to
block glares and also
keep the ground cooler
as compared to
pavements.
BUILDING
MATERIAL
Yellow and Red
sandstone used all
over the building in
uncoursed masonry.
Yellow sandstone is
used in the
courtyards in coursed
masonry. Generally
kota is been used for
flooring purposes.

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4. CONCLUSION:
After studying the havelis of udaipur in detail, following conclusion can be made-
 The Havelis respond most appropriately to the climate and society of the place
in terms of material selection, spatial organization, construction techniques and
use of passive design features.
 With the combined effect of all features, the inside of the building always
provided a comfortable environment when the environment outside was
uncomfortable (throughout the year)
 Thus it is clear from the study that an appropriate use of traditional materials,
local construction techniques and passive design features could bring about the
much-desired comfortable environment inside the haveli. Hence incorporation of
such traditional techniques would certainly enhance the energy efficiency and
reduce our dependency on artificial means for comfort. This would help us in
reducing the energy consumption level at national and global level.
 The same space could not provide the desired comfort in all seasons. Thus there
were a variety of spaces (open, semi open and enclosed), which were used, in
different seasons and times of day.
 The incorporation of passive design features needs a comprehensive approach to
design right from the inception of the building. This implies that the construction
techniques to be adopted, the planning at cluster level and building level, the
materials to be used and all other issues needed to be addressed simultaneously to
solve the problem in an ecologically, socially, climatically and economically
efficient manner.
 Thus it is clear from the study that an appropriate use of traditional materials,
local construction techniques and passive design features could bring about the
much-desired comfortable environment inside the haveli. Hence incorporation of
such traditional techniques would certainly enhance the energy efficiency and
reduce our dependency on artificial means for comfort. This would help us in
reducing the energy consumption level at national and global level.

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5. REFERENCE:
[1] Urvashi Shrivastava, “Shekhawati-Hues and Rues”, A+D, Nov-Dec 2003, 114-
115 [2] T S Randhawa , The Indian Courtyard House, New Delhi: Prakash Books, 1999
[3] CBRI, Climatological and Solar Data for India, Meerut: sarita Prakashan, Second
rev. ed. 1969 [4] Shikha Khanna Jain, “Haveli Spaces- an anthropological
interpretation”, A+D, May-Jun 2003, 100-106
[5] Kulbhushan Jain and Minakshi Jain, Architecture of the Indian Desert , Ahmedabad:
AADI Center, 2000 [6] Koenigsberger, Ingersoll, Mayhew and Szokolay, Manual of
Tropical Housing and Building, Madras: Orient Longman Ltd. , 6
th
ed. 1994, pp. 203-
220
[7] ibid [8] Arvind Krishan, Nick Baker, Simos Yannas and S V Szokolay, Climatic
Responsive Architecture , New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Publication Company Ltd. ,
2001, pp. 22-46 [9] Raj Rewal, Jean Louis Veret and Ram Sharma, Architecture in
India, Paris: Electa France Milan, 1985, pp. 12-29 [10] Avlokita Agrawal, “Architecture
of Shekhawati- Aesthetic prevails”, National symposium on Aesthetics in Indian
Architecture, at MES School of Architecture, Kuttipuram, Kerala, India. [10] Giles
Tillotson, Paradigms of Indian Architecture , New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998,
pp. 159-175 [11] Vibhuti Sachdev, “Mandala by Design- The courtyard of a Haveli
temple in Jaipur”, Marg, (Vol 52, No 4). [12] Giles Tillotson , “Palaces of Rajput
Kings”, Marg, (Vol 52, No 4).

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ASSIGNMENT 3
REVIEW ON RESEARCH ARTICLE
REVIEW ON TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS OF
RAJASTHAN
AUTHORS: Josiane R. Pires, Marco A. S. González, Bruna L. Brenner, Luciana S. Roos
JOURNAL: World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International
Journal of Civil, Environmental, Structural, Construction and Architectural Engineering
Vol:8, No:1, 2014
DATE: 2008, online publish.
INTRODUCTION:
Rajasthan is one of the states in India. India, a culturally rich country, have very old
history and with it comes its ancient architecture. Rajasthan contributes to a huge chunk
of traditional and ancient styles of architecture. It also contributes to countries maximum
forts and palaces and their conservation. In Indian architecture there are features like
pavilions, courtyards, terraces, as well as threshold and realm accentuating transition. All
these come together to articulate the space. In ancient historic buildings, the materials
have always been important issue in the design to provide a series of appropriate
responses according to the best compatibility.. Furthermore, in traditional architecture,
based on geographical location, construction materials of buildings were designed to
deal with the outside environment through the roofs, external surfaces, windows,
ventilators, courtyards, basements and other elements. It is important to understand the
materials to be used.
AIM:
The Aim of this research is to understand the local construction materials used in
Rajasthan.
OBJECTIVE:
 To study the heating and cooling of different construction materials used.
 To study different types of architecture blocks and their materials used for
construction.
 To study materials locally available.

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RESEARCH QUESTION:
 To study heating and cooling of materials used in roofs and walls.
 To study behaviour of materials used at different climatic condition of time.
 How it will help in maintaining temperature from outside climatic condition.
 What the difficulties going to come?
METHODOLOGY:
 Personal interview with users of the property to be studied.
 Listing of different materials used
 Heating and cooling charts of different construction materials.
SCOPE:
The heat inside of the building is controlled by the use of textures . This is organized at
three levels. At the town scale the buildings are of unequal height with parapets and high
walls, creating uneven sky lines and desired shading of each other. Secondly, the building
facades have large number of projections like jharokhas and chajjas which provide shade
to the facades. Thirdly, the front part of the facade which remains exposed are controlled
by creating deeply carved patterns. Use of such devices minimizes the heat gain by
providing shading due to texture. Such devices also result in increased convective
transfer of heat because of increased surface area. In summer in day time when the major
heat source is Sun the exposed textured surfaces will be cooler than plain surfaces.
CONCLUSIONS:
 Based on buildings studied, it can be concluded that the texture in the
building are often used for cooling.
 Among the alternatives studied can be considered that, the use of
appropriate materials for composite climates in walls and roofs
improve the climatic performance of the building because the city has
hot and dry climate.
 The use of ventilation and shading the facade can enhance the better
performance of buildings located in this climate, the warm periods of
the year.

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ASSIGNMENT 5
LITERATURE REVIEW
ARTICLE 1
INDIGENOUS ARCHITECTURE AND NATURAL COOLING
Vinod gupta, assistant professor of architecture school of planning &
architecture, New Delhi
‘Jharokha’ literally means ‘a small window’. It is a term which when one hears, is forced
to think of some famous Bollywood songs of the 1960’s, the heroine waiting for the
protagonist leaning against the ‘jharokha’ in a moonlit night and also the hero trying to
meet the heroine at the jharokha after facing all odds and so on, the imagination does not
cease. Jharokha has come a long way from being a mere source of light and ventilation to
be conceived as a divine concept. It has been seen in numerous paintings of Indian art
primarily that of the Mughals, during the period of Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan. The
same stands for the Indian Architecture where the jharokha has been represented
irrespective of any religion, whether in the form of a ‘false window’ as a mere decorative
element or a part of the daily routine or ‘ritual’ where the king would appear to assure of
his good health and well-being to his subjects. The Indian Architecture has witnessed
some of the simplest jharokhas to the most ornately carved ones. Similarly, it is also an
important element of theatre of the past and the present as well. Here, in this research
paper, I aim to trace a brief history of the relevance of jharokha in Indian Art and
Architecture and its role and use in folk theatre focusing essentially on its changing faces
with the changing time.
ARTICLE 2
OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS (JAALI)
A jaali is the term for a perforated stone or latticed screen, usually with an ornamental
pattern constructed through the use of calligraphy and geometry. This form of
architectural decoration is found in Indian architecture, Indo-Islamic
Architecture and Islamic Architecture. Early jaali work was built by carving into stone,
generally in geometric patterns, while later the Mughals used very finely carved plant-
based designs, as at the Taj Mahal. They also often added pietra dura inlay to the
surrounds, using marble and semi-precious stones. The jaali helps in lowering the
temperature by compressing the air through the holes. Also when the air passes through
these openings, its velocity increases giving profound diffusion. It has been observed that
humid areas like Kerala and Konkan have larger holes with overall lower opacity than
compared with the dry climate regions of Gujarat and Rajasthan.With compactness of the
residential areas in the modern India, jalis became less frequent for privacy and security
matters.

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ARTICLE 3
COOLING THROUGH NATURAL VENTILATION (DOORS &
WINDOWS)
Gaurav Sarswat and Mohammad Arif Kamal, department of Architecture, Aligarh
muslim university Aligarh-202002 UP
Natural ventilation relies on the wind and the “chimney effect” to keep a home cool. The
wind will naturally ventilate your home by entering or leaving windows, depending on
their orientation to the wind. When wind blows against your home, air is forced into your
windows. Heat accumulates in your home during the day, and the cool night air can flush
it out. Depending on the house design and wind direction, a windbreak—like a fence,
hedge, or row of trees that blocks the wind can force air either into or away from nearby
windows. Wind moving along a wall creates a vacuum that pulls air out of the windows.
The chimney effect occurs when cool air enters a home on the first floor or basement,
absorbs heat in the room, rises, and exits through upstairs windows. This creates a partial
vacuum, which pulls more air in through lower-level windows. Natural ventilation works
best in climates with cool summers or cool nights and regular breezes. Using Windows
and Doors for Cross-Ventilation You can create natural cross-ventilation by adjusting the
size and location of the openings to ventilate different parts of the home. Inlets and
outlets located directly opposite each other cool only those areas in between, in the direct
path of the airflow. Increases air speed and improves the cooling effect. Air from cooler,
shaded outdoor areas provides the best intake air.
ARTICLE 4
BUILDINGS AND THERMAL COMFORT
Vinod Gupta School of Planning and Architecture G-4 Masjid Moth
A new consciousness evident in modern architecture is the need to design buildings so
that they stay cool in the summer and warm in the winter without consuming a great deal
of energy in the process. "Passive solar architecture", as It Is called, is the architect's
response to the global energy crisis. The availability of cheap fossil fuels in the decades
past was responsible for distorting people's expectations from buildings. Glass, concrete
and steel boxes were built by the thousands and each of these had to have air conditioning
plants to control the internal temperature within the narrow range defined as
"comfortable". While It Is likely that the working efficiency in such buildings is high, it
is equally likely that continuous exposure to the controlled environment makes people
lose, at least partially, their natural ability to adapt to different thermal conditions. A
much better situation is one in which buildings are designed to ameliorate the worst of
the weather, and man can then Interact positively with the environment to find
comfortable working and living conditions. In the cities of northern India this has been
achieved by appropriate organization of social and economic activities, In addition to

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good town planning and building design. Even though there is a superficial similarity
between them, the northern Indian cities of Jailsalmer and Delhi have been built and
function differently. It is Interesting to see how the builders of these cities overcame the
problems of building in the harsh climate.
.

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ASSIGNMENT 5
SYNOPSIS
INTRODUCTION
Traditional materials plays a very important role in design of structure,where climatic
condition differ . In ancient historic buildings, the materials have always been important
issue in the design to provide a series of appropriate responses according to the best
compatibility..
AIM:
 The Aim of this research is to understand the local construction materials
used in Rajasthan and to study different types of architectural elements and
their materials used.
OBJECTIVE:
 To study the type of techniques of construction materials used in old
structure context.
 To study traditional materials which are locally available.
 To study various materials and techniques to achieve cooling in desert
climate.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
 How the heating and cooling will take place in local material used in construction
of the structure.
 How traditional materials help in roofs and walls.
 How it is going to affect in environment conditions.
TYPE OF RESEARCH:
Analytical research
METHODOLOGY:
 Literature review based on materials.
 Information through websites.
 Study already existing centers nearby.
 Live case study and observation of spaces.
 Heating and cooling charts of different construction materials.

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LIVE CASE STUDIES
 Pearl academy of fashion Jaipur
 Step-well,Gujarat
 Swami vivekanad vidhya vihar ,Nadiad