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David D Nowell PhD
www.DrNowell.com
www.DrNowell.com

DavidNowellSeminars
DavidNowell
Overview
• Perspectives
• Curious compassionate nonjudgmental evaluation
• ADHDetc
– SPD
– CAPD
– ADHD/ADD

•
•
•
•

Ask 2 questions
Strategic behavioral inquiry (HËDŸDT)
Tools you can use now
75 strategies that just might change your life
Overview
• Perspectives
• Curious compassionate nonjudgmental evaluation
• ADHDetc
– SPD
– CAPD
– ADHD/ADD

•
•
•
•

Ask 2 questions
Strategic behavioral inquiry (HËDŸDT)`
Tools you can use now
75 strategies that just might change your life
www.slideshare.net/dnowell
PERSPECTIVES
Avoiding the most common
diagnostic error
What’s wrong with this brain model?
What’s wrong with this brain model?
What’s wrong with this brain model?
What are our data sources?
•
•
•
•
•
•

Record review
Interview
Collateral interview
Checklists
Mental status examination
Test scores
CURIOUS COMPASSIONATE
NONJUDGMENTAL EVALUATION
Curious Compassionate
Nonjudgmental Evaluation
•
•
•
•

Skillfully eliciting the chief complaint
HËDŸDT?
Forming a diagnostic impression
Defending your diagnosis / impression
Skillfully eliciting the chief complaint
• Too much of what? Or too little of what?
• Invoking the Pediatric Fairy (or the Psychiatric
Genie)
HËDŸDT?
• How exactly did you do that?
– Everybody’s doing the best he/she can
– Every behavior problem is either
• Skills deficit
• Contingency problem
Forming a diagnostic impression
• Where do you see it the most? And where do
you see it the least?
• Two disorders = two stories
Documenting and communicating your
conclusions
• The footprints in the butter
• Defend your diagnosis
SPD, CAPD, ADD/ADHD, SCT

ADHDETC
ADHDetc

SENSORY PROCESSING DISORDER
Sensory Processing Terminology
•
•
•
•

Sensory detection
Sensory discrimination
Sensory modulation
Sensory integration
– Performing a developmentally appropriate task in
a multi-sensory environment
Who doesn’t love a wedding?
Who doesn’t love a sensory
deprivation tank?
Sensory Processing Disorder
• Persistent atypical over-responsivity or
underresponsivity to sensation
SENSORY PROCESSING DISORDER

Sensory
modulation
disorder

Sensory
discrimination
disorder

Sensory-based
motor disorder

Postural
disorder
Overresponsive

Underresponsive

Sensation
seeking

Dyspraxia
Interventions for Sensory
Processing Disorders
Interventions for Sensory
Processing Disorders
• Top down
– Normalizing
– Patient and family education
– Environmental interventions
– Self-esteem / success experiences
– Treating comorbidities
The Sensory Defensive Adult
Consider your own self-stim strategies
•
•
•
•
•

Applying lotion
Clicking pen
Sewing machine leg
Gum
Whistling
Instant study carrel
Time “in”
Place the student with tactile
defensiveness at the edge of the group
Provide multiple cues for transitions
•
•
•
•

Verbal “two minute warning”
Visual schedule
Changes in lighting
Nonverbal cues
Heavy work
ADHDetc

CENTRAL AUDITORY PROCESSING
DISORDER
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Central auditory processes
• Auditory discrimination (same/different)
• Auditory localization (locate source of sound)
• Auditory performance with degraded acoustic
signal
• Auditory figure-ground (perceiving sounds in
background noise)
Central Auditory Processing Disorder
• Difficulty processing auditory information
despite normal hearing
– With functional impact
– Observable by SLPs, teachers, and parents
CAPD: what we notice
•
•
•
•
•

Poor communicator (terse, telegraphic)
Hears better when watching the speaker
Problems when I speak to rapidly to him
She interprets words too literally
Memorizes poorly
CAPD: what we notice
•
•
•
•

Often needs remarks repeated
Difficulty sounding out words while reading
Confuses similar-sounding words
Difficulty following directions in a series
CAPD
• the research challenge of “supramodal
influences”
CAPD or ADHD?
• Where do you see it the most? Where do you
see it the least?
Interventions for CAPD
• Bottom up
– Auditory integration training and similar programs
– Environmental modifications
• FM transmission
• Train the speaker to face her listener, and check for
understanding
• Preferential seating
• Untimed testing
• …..and…..
Interventions for CAPD
• Bottom up
– Auditory integration training and similar programs
– Environmental modifications
• FM transmission
• Train the speaker to face her listener, and check for
understanding
• Preferential seating
• Untimed testing

• Increased use of visual cues
Interventions for CAPD
• Bottom up
– Auditory integration training and similar programs
– Environmental modifications
• FM transmission
• Train the speaker to face her listener, and check for
understanding
• Preferential seating
• Untimed testing
• Increased use of visual cues
True or False?
• Sensory Processing Disorder will be included
in the DSM5
• Only individuals on the autistic spectrum
engage in self-stimulating behaviors
• Speech Language Pathologists formally
diagnose CAPD by way of screening tests
• CAPD and ADHD can be co-occurring
conditions in some clients
Interventions for CAPD
• Top down
– Metalinguistic strategies including schema
induction, context-derived vocabulary building,
phonological awareness, and semantic network
expansion
Interventions for CAPD
• Top down
– Metalinguistic strategies including schema
induction, context-derived vocabulary building,
phonological awareness, and semantic network
expansion
– Metacognitive strategies including self-instruction,
cognitive problem solving, and assertiveness
training
Skillfully eliciting the chief complaint
• Too much of what? Or too little of what?
• Invoking the Pediatric Fairy (or the Psychiatric
Genie)
HËDŸDT?
• How exactly did you do that?
– Everybody’s doing the best he/she can
– Every behavior problem is either
• Skills deficit
• Contingency problem
Forming a diagnostic impression
• Where do you see it the most? And where do
you see it the least?
• Two disorders = two stories
Documenting and communicating your
conclusions
• The footprints in the butter
• Defend your diagnosis
Adults with Auditory Processing
Challenge
Strengths and Weaknesses Checklist
(Sensory Processing Problems)
Appendix A
ADHDetc

ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY
DISORDER
The Executive Functions
•
•
•
•

Nonverbal working memory
Verbal working memory
Self-regulation of affect/motivation/arousal
Reconstitution
Barkley, RA, Murphy, KR., Fischer, M
(2008). ADHD in Adults: What the
Science Says . New York, Guilford
Press.
The Executive Functions
•
•
•
•

Sensing to the self
Speech to the self
Emotion to the self
Play to the self

Barkley, RA, (2012)
The Executive Functions
• Making movies in your head
• Talking to yourself

• Being your own boss
• Thinking and creating “what could be”
Arenas of Involvement
•
•
•
•

Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Environmental
Academic / symbol system

(McCloskey & Perkins, 2013)
Preschool
1. 1-step errands

2. Chores with cues
3. Basic inhibition

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Kindergarten 2nd Grade
1. 2-3 step directions
2. 20-30 minute assignments
3. Follow rules/inhibit/no grabbing

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3rd-5th Grade
1. Simple shopping list
2. Keep track of variable daily schedule

3. Inhibit and regulate even without teacher present
4. Simple delayed gratification (phone)

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6th – 8th Grade
1. Complex chores
2. Organizing system
3. Time management
4. Self soothe
5. Manage conflict

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Teenage-mid 20’s
1. Independent with assignments
2. Make adjustments based on feedback

3. Inhibit reckless behavior
4. Say “no” to fun activity if other plans already made
5. Take others’ perspective

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Knock 3 years off his age
Lending Your Brain

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Model and discuss attending
• Broad versus narrow
• Internal versus external
• Passive and active
ADHD and Brain Development
ADHD

Inattentive

Hyperactive

Combined
Appendix B
DSM-V Changes
•
•
•
•

Age of onset (12 years rather than 7)
Adult criteria (5 symptoms rather than 6)
Additional symptom examples provided
Strengthening of cross-situational
requirement
• Provision of comorbidity with autism
ADHD and Brain Imaging
Environmental Influences
•
•
•
•

Screens
Second-hand smoke
Toxic exposure
Sleep deprivation
Environmental Influences
•
•
•
•

Screens
Second-hand smoke
Toxic exposure
Sleep deprivation
Functional impact
of core symptoms
•
•
•
•

Arousal / alertness
Mental effort
Determination of saliency
Focal maintenance
Sleep hygiene
•
•
•
•

Strict bedtime
Use bed only for sleep
No caffeine after mid-afternoon
No activating media after 7pm
Establish bedtime routine
Fidget supports
Functional impact
of core symptoms
•
•
•
•

Arousal / alertness
Mental effort
Determination of saliency
Focal maintenance
Premack Principle
Reward small units of effort
Functional impact
of core symptoms
•
•
•
•

Arousal / alertness
Mental effort
Determination of saliency (what’s in it for me?)
Focal maintenance
There’s no such thing as
procrastination
• “There’s just choosing….and choosing
again…”
procrastinators-anonymous.org
Functional impact
of core symptoms
•
•
•
•

Arousal / alertness
Mental effort
Determination of saliency
Focal maintenance
EZ-C Reader
Functional impact
of core symptoms
• Satisfaction control (“post-synaptic dopamine
insensitivity”)
• Inhibition
• Tempo control
• Self-monitoring and correcting
DRO
Differential Reinforcement of Other
Fail-proof desk activities

Appendix C
Daily report card

Appendix D / E
Meet with your ADHD employee for
regular ongoing feedback
Functional impact
of core symptoms
•
•
•
•

Satisfaction control
Inhibition
Tempo control
Self-monitoring and correcting
There’s no such thing
as “disinhibited”
The “talking stick”
Functional impact
of core symptoms
• Satisfaction control
• Inhibition/Self-Regulation
– Arousal
– Motivation
– Mood
• ADHD or Bipolar Disorder?
• Too much “push” or too little “pull”?

• Tempo control
• Self-monitoring and correcting
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

ADHD is not
FRED-PG13
Flight of ideas
Racing thoughts
Euphoria
Decreased need for sleep
Periodicity
Grandiosity
Age of onset
Functional impact
of core symptoms
•
•
•
•

Satisfaction control
Inhibition
Tempo control
Self-monitoring and correcting
Time Horizon

1 hour 1 day

1 week

1 month

1 year
Functional impact
of core symptoms
•
•
•
•

Satisfaction control
Inhibition
Tempo control
Self-monitoring and correcting
Distraction delay training
COMPREHENSIVE ADHD
EVALUATION
Curious Compassionate
Nonjudgmental Evaluation
•
•
•
•

Skillfully eliciting the chief complaint
HËDŸDT?
Forming a diagnostic impression
Defending your diagnosis / impression
What are our data sources?
•
•
•
•
•
•

Record review
Interview
Collateral interview
Checklists
Mental status examination
Test scores
COMPREHENSIVE ADHD
TREATMENT
Comprehensive ADHD Treatment
• Medication
• Behavioral Support
• Working Memory
Training
• Movement
• Vestibular and
Cerebellar Interventions
• Neurofeedback
• Breathwork /
meditation

• Creative
visualization
• Mindfulness
• Bodywork
• Supplements / diet
• Hypnosis
• Coaching
• Counseling
Comprehensive ADHD Treatment
• Medication
– Stimulant
– Non-stimulant
– “Off-label” treatment
Image: wikimedia commons
Cortico-striatal loop
Increase salience
Two weeks from now, how will you
know whether it’s working?
Appendix F / G
Daily report card

Appendix D
Comprehensive ADHD Treatment
• Behavioral Support
A

B

C

ANTECEDENTS

BEHAVIOR

CONSEQUENCES

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A

B

C

ANTECEDENT

BEHAVIOR

CONSEQUENCES

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A

C

ANTECEDENTS

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B
BEHAVIOR

CONSEQUENCES

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Set them up for
success
A
ANTECEDENTS

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Identify exceptions
A

Where do you see
it the most?

ANTECEDENTS

Where do you see
it the least?
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Rules
A
ANTECEDENTS

•Waking up
•Bedtime
•Chores
•Homework
•TV / internet
Launching Pad
Expectations
A
ANTECEDENTS

•Specific
•Behavioral
•In advance
Communication

A
ANTECEDENTS

•Get eye contact
•Speak clearly
•Provide behavioral info
•Check for understanding
Ask for What You Want
• Talk like a behaviorist
• Tell your partner what you want
• Post classroom expectations visibly
(for the non-ADD partner)
Ask for what you want
A

Provide prosthetic
cues at the “pointof-performance”
(Barkley)

ANTECEDENTS

• Staff mentor
• “Fall-back” peer
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A

Provide prosthetic
cues at the “pointof-performance”
(Barkley)

ANTECEDENTS

Appendix H
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Behavioral Support

A

B

C

ANTECEDENT

BEHAVIOR

CONSEQUENCES

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“A healthy highfunctioning 26
year old”
B
BEHAVIOR

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More
B
BEHAVIOR

3/5/2014

• Behavioral control
• Choices and options
• Self-regulation
• Arousal
• Motivation
• Mood
• Attention

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A

B

C

ANTECEDENT

BEHAVIOR

CONSEQUENCES

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Don’t reward them with stuff
Rotate rewards frequently
Determine what basic provisions are
unconditional…
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Love
Respect
Safety
3 meals
Essential clothing
Temperature-controlled environment
30 minutes of video games
…and which are contingent
• Special foods
• Expensive or trendy clothing
• Extra video game time
Appendix I
Clip and share horrible articles about
teens falling out of the back of pickup
trucks
• Review cause and effect
• Discuss consequences
• Emphasize behavioral agency
Working Memory Training
• CogMed
• Lumosity
Movement Techniques
•
•
•
•
•

Exercise
Rhythm and timing and cognition
Integrated movement
Yoga
Martial arts
Turn 30 minutes into 45
Balance screen time and “green time”
Balance screen time and “green time”
Movement Techniques
•
•
•
•

Exercise
Rhythm and timing and cognition
Yoga
Martial arts
Bal-A-Vis-X
Vestibular and Cerebellar Exercises
• Dyslexia Dyspraxia Attention Treatment
• Interactive metronome
Managing our Cave(wo)man
•
•
•
•

Meditation
Creative visualization
Mindfulness
Neurofeedback
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Managing our Cave(wo)man
•
•
•
•

Meditation
Creative visualization
Mindfulness
Neurofeedback
Mindfulness
Mindfulness
Managing our Cave(wo)man
•
•
•
•

Meditation
Creative visualization
Mindfulness
Neurofeedback
Bodywork
•
•
•
•

Massage
Chiropractic
Acupuncture
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Supplements and Diet
•
•
•
•
•

Omegas
Food additives
Food allergies
Pesticides
Dietary recommendations
Supplements and Diet
• Omegas
– Zinc

•
•
•
•

Food additives
Food allergies
Pesticides
Dietary recommendations
Nutrition essentials
•
•
•
•

Emphasize protein at every snack and meal
Eat fewer processed foods
Choose local
Pay close attention to patterns between food
and focus/mood
Hypnosis
ADD Coaching
Comprehensive ADHD Treatment
– May be expensive
Consider online peer support

www.reddit.com/r/ADHD/
Counseling Goals with the ADHD Client
Basic Brain Supports (without these the rest may
not matter)
• Sleep
• Nutrition
• Exercise
Family Supports (any ADHD treatment should
include support for the spouse or parents)
• Rules
• Expectations
• Communication
Rules,
Expecations, and
Communication
A

C

ANTECEDENTS

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B
BEHAVIOR

CONSEQUENCES

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The
Self-esteem
Abacus
Counseling Goals with the ADHD Client
Therapeutic Interventions (traditional counseling tasks)
• Self-esteem
• Self-efficacy

Lend-Me-Your-Brain Interventions (executive function
support)
• Reading skills
• Study skills
• Time/goal management
– Calendar
– To-do list
The “Big Five”
•
•
•
•
•

Daily focus time
Nutrition
Movement
Sleep
Connection
10-Minute
Morning Review
…the most
important 10
minutes of the
day….

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The “Big Five”
•
•
•
•
•

Daily focus time
Nutrition
Movement
Sleep
Connection
Barter Social/Practical Support
• Food prep for optimal nutrition
• Domestic organization
• Pre-tax paperwork
The “Big Five”
•
•
•
•
•

Daily focus time
Nutrition
Movement
Sleep
Connection
“Exercise for focus” is different from
"exercise for fitness”
The “Big Five”
•
•
•
•
•

Daily focus time
Nutrition
Movement
Sleep
Connection
The “Big Five”
•
•
•
•
•

Daily focus time
Nutrition
Movement
Sleep
Connection
Marry well and get a crackerjack
assistant at work
The ADHD Couple
The ADHD Couple: The Problems
The ADD Partner May Have:
• High need for stimulation
• Poorer impulse control
• Inattention to detail

The Non-ADD Partner May Have:

• Rigid style
• Mild anxiety
• Unrealistic expectations
The ADHD Couple: Counseling Goals
•
•
•
•
•

Remembering what drew you to your partner
Getting to “fair”
Outsourcing / professional supports
Feeling your contributions are valued
Communication skills training
Positive characteristics of many people
with attentional / executive challenges
Appendix J
The ADHD Couple: Counseling Goals
•
•
•
•
•

Remembering what drew you to your partner
Getting to “fair”
Outsourcing / professional supports
Feeling your contributions are valued
Communication skills training
Allow your non-ADHD partner or
roommate to tackle longer-term
projects: You take on more of the
easy/quick tasks.
Don’t do anything for your ADHD
partner or teenager which could just
as easily be managed by a machine or
an app
Shower Coach
“Walk Me Up” app
MORE STRATEGIES THAT JUST
MIGHT CHANGE YOUR LIFE
Tickler System
Why Don’t Nuns
Worry about What to Wear?
Strategy to rule to habit
• Let’s spend 30 seconds right now determining
where you’ll put your keys from now on upon
entering your home.
Strategy to rule to habit
3. habit

2. rule
1. strategy
Upstairs downstairs box
60-Second
Bathroom Cleaning Routine
Clear (see-through) storage
Model and practice self-talk
• “I’m checking email then returning phone
calls”
• “When do I need to be ready?”
• “How long will this take?”
Reck, S.G. et al (2013)
Self-talk proficiency

ASK TWO QUESTIONS
Am I having fun now?
Is this important?

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What does dopamine feeeel like?
Am I having fun now?
Is this important?
Yes
Yes
Yes
No

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No
Yes
No
No

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Am I having fun now?
Is this important?

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Yes
Yes

No
Yes

Yes
No

I’m having fun.
I’m on task.

No
No

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Am I having fun now?
Is this important?

Yes
Yes

I’m having fun.
I’m not on task.

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No
Yes

Yes
No

No
No

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Beware dopamine tricksters!
•
•
•
•
•

Facebook
Gambling
Shopping
Video games
Free online Aramaic course
StayOnTask app
The best defense against the
manipulation of our attention is
to determine for ourselves – in
advance - how we want to
invest it.
- E. Goldberg
Key features of a great planner system
Key features of a great planner system
• 2 pages per day
• Master to-do list
• With the client at all times
Yoga / read
Phone calls
Staff meeting
Planning
session

billing
Vh: jeff w/ puritan oil
Vc: kate re: brimfield
TC umass dermatology.
Spoke w/ cindy 508 8564000
Key features of a great planner system
• 2 pages per day
• Master to-do list
• With the client at all times
What’s a To-Do list for anyway?
Key features of a great planner system
• 2 pages per day
• Master to-do list
• With the client at all times
Key features of a great planner system

• The “technology”
• The “practice”
Key features of a great planner system
• The “technology”

• The “practice”
Weekly Overview
10-Minute Morning Review
Where will I most likely feel
distracted today?
What will you do today that you'll
still remember one year from now??
Am I having fun now?
Is this important?

Yes
Yes

No
Yes

Yes
No

No
No

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I’m not having fun.
I’m on task.

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Increase salience
Use extrinsic reward
creatively

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Emphasize the sensory details of your
desired outcome
If It’s Harder than a “3” Find Some
Way to Make It Easier

easy

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hard

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Assign separate due dates for smaller
parts of big projects
Barter Social/Practical Support
• Food prep for optimal nutrition
• Domestic organization
• Pre-tax paperwork
Am I having fun now?
Is this important?

Yes
Yes

Yes
No

3/5/2014

No
Yes

No
No

I’m not having fun.
I’m not on task.

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MORE STRATEGIES THAT JUST
MIGHT CHANGE YOUR LIFE
Celebrate Boxing Day
•
•
•
•

Valentine’s Day
Memorial Day
Arbor Day
Diwali
Celebrate Boxing Day
• Valentine’s Day
• Earth Day
• Diwali
Using your phone’s navigator as a
time-management tool
STRATEGIC BEHAVIORAL INQUIRY
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Objectives of SBI
• Specific behavioral strategy
• What was the feeling-goal?
• Motivational level on a scale from 1-10
Benefits of SBI
• Affirms the value of clients’ unique internal
experience
• Emphasizes the culture of self-regulation
• Encourages metacognition
Assumptions of SBI
• Everybody’s doing the best they can
• Behavior is not incomprehensible or random
• Behavior follows patterns which reveal
themselves to the curious observer free of
prejudice or blame or theory
How to do SBI
“How exactly did you do that?”
3/5/2014

© 2011 David D. Nowell, Ph.D. All rights
reserved.

394
Personal Application
…and How Exactly
Did You Do That?
…and How Exactly
Did You Do That?
Personal Application
• What bad habit persists? And How Exactly Do
You Do That?
ADHD and Insight
Fall in Love with the Truth
• Self-monitor and collect data:
– How long does your morning routine take,
exactly?
– How much time – exactly – do you need to
complete expense forms?
– How, exactly, do you follow through on
commitments to others and not to yourself?
Learn from your To-Do list
• Which things are not getting completed?
• How – exactly – are these not getting
completed? How do you do that?
Clinical Application
• Who in your clinic or classroom is
demonstrating remarkable “resilience” –
persistence despite significant obstacles? And
how, exactly, does he/she do that?
Clinical Application
• Who in your clinic or classroom is
demonstrating remarkable “resilience” –
persistence despite significant obstacles? And
how, exactly, does he/she do that?
• What recurring behavioral problem is showing
up in your clinic or classroom?
Clinical Application
• Who in your clinic or classroom is
demonstrating remarkable “resilience” –
persistence despite significant obstacles? And
how, exactly, does he/she do that?
• What recurring behavioral problem is showing
up in your clinic or classroom?
• Note: we aren’t asking “why did you do that,”
but rather “how exactly did you do that.”
Living in The Gap
• Compassion
• Self-compassion
www.slideshare.net/dnowell
David D Nowell PhD
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