About FRM

Pristine www.edupristine.com
FRM and PRM Exam : Analysis
2011

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Agenda
• About Pristine
• FRM and PRM Exams
• Resources
• Overall Exam Analysis
• Analysis of Quantitative Analysis
• Analysis of Market Products
• FAQs
• Contact Us
• Pristine FRM Offering
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Pristine
Finance trainings for individuals/corporate/colleges
Trainings for
International
Certifications
Corporate
Trainings
Pristine
Certifications
- Authorized training providers for prestigious
international certifications like CFA*, FRM, PRM, CFP*
etc.
- Pan India class-room trainings and web-based live
online trainings for international students
- Advanced training in financial modeling, valuation, risk,
etc. to large corporate clients like HSBC, CSFB, IDBI,
Mizuho Bank etc.
- Own certification programs in financial modeling,
finance training for corporate lawyers, risk
management etc.
- Certification programs in Equity Research, Derivatives
being launched
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About Pristine

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Pristine Offerings
*All cities include Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Pune and Hyderabad ;
Course Classroom
Trainings
Online
Trainings
Content Crash Course/
Mock Test
Hours of
training
Accreditation Price
CFA Level I All* + Singapore Yes Original Yes 100 CFA Institute USD 595;
INR 17,950
CFA Level II Mumbai, Delhi Yes Original Yes 100 CFA Institute USD 595;
INR 16,950
FRM Level I All + Singapore Yes Original Yes 75 GARP USD 495;
INR 12,950
FRM Level II Mumbai Yes Original Yes 60 GARP USD 495,
INR 10,000
PRM All + Singapore Yes Original Yes 135 PRMIA USD 795,
INR 20,000
APRM Corporate Yes Original Yes 80 PRMIA INR 10,000
Financial
Modeling
Mumbai, Delhi,
Bangalore,
Pune, Hyd,
Chennai
Yes Original NA 50 - INR 10,000
Finance for
Lawyers
Mumbai No Original NA 50 - INR 45,000
CFP Mumbai, Delhi Yes Original NA 120 Under Process INR 20,000
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GARP (2007-11)
Authorized Training provider -FRM
Largest player in India in the area of risk
management training. Trained 1000+ students
in risk management
PRMIA (2009-11)
Authorized Training provider – PRM/ APRM
Sole authorized training for PRM Training in
India. Largest player in India in the area of risk
management training. Trained 1000+ students
in risk management
CFA Institute (2010-11)
Authorized Training provider – CFA
Pristine is now the authorized training provider
for CFA Exam trainings . Pristine is largest
training provider for CFA in India with presence
across seven major cities.
FPSB India (2010-11)
Authorized Training provider -CFP
An authorized Education Provider for
Chartered Financial Planner Charter.
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Key Authorizations…

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HSBC (2008)
Risk Management and Quant.
Analysis
New joinees in HSBC had a gap in
knowledge of Risk Management
and quantitative skills. Conducted
trainings (On campus) to bridge the
gap
*Indicative List
Mizuho (2010)
Financial Modeling in
Excel
Bankers were using excel
models that they could
not understand.
Conducted financial
modeling in Excel
trainings to bridge the
gap
Bank Of America
Continuum Solutions
(2010)
Finance for Finance
Associates were trained on
valuation and mergers
and acquisitions
J. P. Morgan (2010)
Financial Modeling in
Excel
The Real Assets Group
were trained in Excel for
infrastructure and real-
estate modeling
Franklin Templeton
CFA (2010)
Students were facing a gap in
the overall understanding of
finance topics like corporate
finance, FSA and valuation.
Provided training for over 100
hours to bridge the gap
Credit-Suisse India (2009)
Risk Management and Quant.
Analysis
IT Professionals of Credit-
Suisse India were trained on
risk management.
Ernst & Young (2010)
Real Estate Modeling
Senior Associates were
trained on building
valuation models for real
estate
ING Vyasa (2010)
Infrastructure & Project
Finance
Bankers were trained on
making integrated
models for project
finance and
infrastructure.
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Key Associations*

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IIM Calcutta (2010-11)
Financial Modeling in Excel
Students about to go for
internships and join jobs found a
gap in their grasp of knowledge of
excel for financial modeling.
Conducted training for 75+
students with an average rating of
4.5+
BITS Pilani (2009)
Workshops on Basics of
Finance
Most of the students desire a
career in finance. Conducted
training for 350+ students with
an average rating of 4.5+
IIT Delhi (2009)
Corporate finance
Students get placed in finance
companies (UBS, GS, MS, etc)
with no understanding of the
subject/ Job Profile. Conducted
workshop to bridge the gap
NUS Business School (2011)
Second year MBA students were
given a full 2-day workshop on
creating financial models. They
learnt how to create integrated
models of valuation.
NISM (2008-11)
Derivatives in Hedging (2008)
Financial Modeling (2011)
Corporate in Ludhiana incurred huge
losses because of derivative trades
(for hedging). Conducted trainings
for directors and CFOs for better
understanding of derivative products
FMS Delhi (2010-11)
Final Year MBA students of Faculty
of Management Studies, Delhi
University were trained in financial
modeling so as to prepare them
better for a job in finance.
IEMR Delhi (2010-11)
Final Year MBA students of IEMR
went through extensive financial
modeling workshop to acquire skills
of financial modeling.
SIMSREE (2010)
Final Year MBA students of
Sydenham MBA, Mumbai were
trained in financial modeling so as
to prepare them better for a job in
finance.
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…Key Associations

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Largest Authorized
FRM Course Provider in India
Trains 600+ FRM Aspirants each year
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Most Importantly

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About Pristine
• Founded by professionals and alumnus of Standard Chartered, Goldman Sachs, Reliance Private
Equity, SBI, Accenture, IBM and CRISIL, IIM, IIT and SIBM.
• Last Year Results: Have delivered trainings to more than 4,500+ candidates in last four
years with a success rate of 65% to 85% for various batches for CFA/ PRM/FRM exams.
• Training centers: in Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Pune, Hyderabad, Chennai, Singapore & Online.
• Faculty : FRM/PRM Certified or working professional with significant experience in Finance
industry with education background of IIT/IIMs.
• Provided FRM/PRM Online trainings to 350+ professionals from US, Europe, Middle East, Asia
Pacific, Africa and Australia.
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Agenda
• About Pristine
• Resources
• FAQs
• Contact Us
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CFA – Eligibility
• Minimum Eligibility
– FRM Part I exam : Even a undergraduate can appear for FRM Part I exam.
– FRM Part II exam : you should have cleared FRM Part I exam.
• FRM Certificate Requirements
– In order to be certified as a Financial Risk Manager (FRM®) and be able to use the FRM acronym after your name, the
following is required:
• A passing score in the FRM Part I and Part II Exams
• Active Fellow membership in the Global Association of Risk Professionals
• A minimum of two years experience in the area of financial risk management or another related field including, but not limited
to, trading, portfolio management, academic or industry research, economics, auditing, risk consulting, and/or risk technology
• About the Exam
– Administered by GARP Institute, USA
– Minimum time to pass the two exams: 6 months
– Average time: 1 year
• Benefits of FRM® designation
– Lucrative career options in Risk Management, Trading, Structuring, Modeling, etc. FRM holders have positions such as
Chief Risk Officer, Senior Risk Analyst, Head of Operational Risk, and Director, Investment Risk Management, to name a
few.
– Strong value addition to your skills, credentials and resume
– Complete coverage of risk management concepts
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FRM : Exam pattern
– Each Part is 4 hours exam ( Two sessions of 2 hrs each)
• 100 multiple choice question exam for both Part I
• 80 multiple choice questions for Part II
• Necessary to Pass Part I before evaluation of Part II
• Both the parts are held in May and November
.
• Part I topics , test weights and question allocation is as follows:
– Foundations of Risk Management 20% 20 questions
– Quantitative Analysis 20% 20 questions
– Financial Markets and Products 30% 30 questions
– Valuation and Risk Models 30% 30 questions
The exam is a percentile based exam and there is a sectional cut-off for all the subjects,
thus it's necessary to pass in all the subjects separately and clear the cutoff overall as well.
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FRM Exam Dates, Centers & Fees
• Exam Dates
– FRM Lev I & Lev II exam : 3rd Saturday of May & November month every year.
• Exam Centers
– Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore , Hyderabad, Calicut & Kolkata.
• Fees
Part I – For November Exam
• Early Registration Fees : Dec. 1, 2010 - July 31, 2011 : $650
• Standard Registration Fees : Aug. 1 - Aug. 31, 2011 : $775
• Late Registration Fees: Sept. 1 - Oct. 15, 2011: $950
Part II –For November Exam
• Early Registration Fees : Dec. 1, 2010 - July 31, 2011 : $350
• Standard Registration Fees : Aug. 1 - Aug. 31, 2011 : $475
• Late Registration Fees: Sept. 1 - Oct. 15, 2011: $650
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FRM Exam Curriculum
Subjects Weightage
Quantitative Analysis 20%
Financial Market & Products 30%
Valuation & Risk Models 30%
Portfolio Theory & Performance measurement 20%
Market Risk Measurement & Management 25%
Credit Risk Measurement & Management 25%
Current Issues in financial markets 10%
Operational & Integrated risk Management 25%
Risk Management & Investment management 15%
Part I
Part II
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PRM Exam
Exam I Finance Theory, Financial Instruments and Markets (120 minutes)
Exam II Mathematical Foundations of Risk Measurement (120 minutes)
Exam III Risk Management Practices (90 minutes)
Exam IV Case Studies, PRMIA Standards of Best Practice, Conduct and
Ethics, Bylaws (60 minutes)
• The exams are computer-based and the
questions are all multiple choice.
• Extremely Flexible - Can take PRM exams any
business day of the year and in any order
• Passing marks 60% for each exam
Any one Exam USD 195
Full PRM Exam USD 500
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FRM vs PRM
FRM PRM
Conducted by GARP (www.garp.com) PRMIA (www.prmia.org)
Fee (Indicative and Overall) $1000 - 1350 $500-800
Pass rate ~60% ~50%
Incepted since 1997 2002
Parts/ Parts 2 4
Exam Dates May/ Nov Any day
Flexibility in giving Exam Either both in the same month or
different months
Either all modules on
same day or on different
days
Scheduling of Parts/
modules
Part I has to be cleared before
attempting the Part II
Any order
Course Structure 65% same as PRM 65% same as FRM
Kind of Questions Asked Case based long questions,
requiring calculations
Conceptual questions
Pristine Official Course
Provider-ship
Yes Yes
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Agenda
• About Pristine
• Resources
• FAQs
• Contact Us
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FRM Exam – Resources
• Core Reading : Approx 4000 Pages
• FRM Phillip Jorian Hand Book : 800 Pages
• Options Futures and Other Derivatives : 700 Pages
• Must haves
– GARP AIMS
– FRM Practice Papers
– Last year exam papers
Focused Study is the order of the Day
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Agenda
• About Pristine
• Resources
• FAQs
• Contact Us
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FRM Exam : Question Pattern Analysis
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
C
redit
R
isk
FinancialM
arkets
&
Products
Foundations
ofR
isk
M
anagem
ent
M
arket
Risk
O
perational&
Integrated
R
isk
Q
uantitative
Analysis
R
isk
&
Investm
ent
M
anagem
ent
V
aluation
and
Risk
M
odels
Not Formula Based Formula Based
50% of the questions are purely formula based questions
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FRM Exam : Question Pattern Analysis
• Most common question
– Calculating the portfolio VaR requires the calculation of portfolio volatility, for which we have the simple
formula:
VaR(Portfolio)= wa^2*σa^2 + wb^2*σb^2 + 2*wa*wb*σa*σb*Corelation(a,b)
• Similarly another common formula is calculating the annual VaR from daily VaR (or changing the time
duration of VaR) or calculating the significance intervals. These again use simple formulas:
VaR (for time period T) = VaR(Daily) * Sqrt(T)
• VaR (Significance Part alpha) = Z (Alpha) * Sigma
• Similarly Questions on Quantitative Analysis, which are formula based, are based on EWMA, GARCH
formulas, which are quite simple to calculate, if you know the formula and can apply it in the question.
• Typical formulas would be:
Return = ln(P(t)/P(t-1))
(Sigma(n))^2 = lambda * (Sigma(n-1))^2 + (1 – lambda) * U(n-1)^2
• Similarly the formula based questions from the rest of the parts are not very difficult. If you are
able to remember them and apply them in the FRM Exam, rest assured, your chances of
success would be very high.
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• About Pristine
• Resources
• FAQs
• Contact Us
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FRM Exam Question Pattern Analysis: Quant
• If we broadly divide the syllabus, it would consist of:
– Probability (Including Counting Principles and Joint Prob. Etc.)
– Probability Distributions
– Moments (Mean, Variance, Skewness, Kurtosis)
– Sampling Theorem
– Hypothesis Testing
– Correlation and Regression (And its Hypothesis testing)
– Volatility (Variance as a random variable)
– Monte Carlo Simulation
If you take a look at it, the syllabus is HUGE!
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• If we were to see the pattern for FRM Exam 2009, we find that more than 50% of the syllabus is
covered by non-quant and stats topics. These are essentially Estimating Volatility and Monte Carlo
Simulations. I will take them one by one:
• Estimating Volatility:
Return = ln(P(t)/P(t-1))
• EWMA:
(Sigma(n))^2 = lambda * (Sigma(n-1))^2 + (1 – lambda) * U(n-1)^2
• GARCH:
(Sigma(n))^2 = alpha * V(L) + Beta* (Sigma(n-1))^2 + Gamma * U(n-1)^2
Where, alpha + beta + gamma = 1
Another variant, alpha * V(L) = omega
• Monte Carlo is again simple! There is hardly any scope of a numerical question from simulation
• Correlation Regression: Again here, one of the easiest questions would be to find the %age variance
explained by your regression line. This is simple R^2, and the easiest thing to calculate:
– SST = SSR + SSE
– R^2 = SSR/SST
– SEE = (SSE/(n-2) )^1/2
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• The other kind of question can be based upon finding the significance of regression parameters. Again
this is simple – Look at the p-value in the table given, and find the parameters that are significant.
This is ONE question, you should not miss!!
• Portfolio Variance: Again questions (Usually multiple) from this concept have been coming in the
examination for the last so many years. Again something that you should not miss!!
VaR(Portfolio)= wa^2*σa^2 + wb^2*σb^2 + 2*wa*wb*σa*σb*Corelation(a,b)
• Probability Distributions: Usually there is either a question on Normal Distribution, where you have
to identify the rePartant area and find the value or you are given a binomial distribution, and you have
to find the chances of none-of the bonds defaulting!! If you have practiced well, you can get these
questions right!!
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• About Pristine
• Resources
• FAQs
• Contact Us
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FRM Exam Question Pattern Analysis: Market Products
• The broad classification of topics covered in Financial Markets and Products is:
– Financial Markets (Primarily defining the role of various players)
– Futures and forwards (Definitions, Valuation and Hedging)
– Interest Rate and Currency (Some part is included here,
– Fixed Income Instruments (Again part is covered in Valuation and Risk Models)
– Swaps
– Options (Again trading strategy is included here, some part is in Valuation and Risk Models)
– Commodities
If you take a look at it, the syllabus is HUGE!
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• If we look closely at the last 3-4 years Sample papers, there are practically 2-3 questions from each of
the topics! So it is difficult to single out any topic, which is important!! Anyways.. lets analyze it closely
and give it a shot
• By default, remember to use continuous compounding, unless otherwise mentioned!! For example, if
you want to calculate returns, then use
– R = Ln(P(t)/P(t-1))
• If it is expressly mentioned that you have to use discrete compounding, then only use:
– R = {P(t) – P(t-1)}/P(t-1)
• Similarly to value futures/ other instruments, use:
– F(0,T) = S(0)*e^(rT) + C
• There are normally atleast two questions on converting rates based on different compounding
frequencies. It is one of the low hanging fruits as far as this section is concerned.
• Please learn the usage of the calculator. You should be a master in usage of calculator, to make
sure that you crack the exam.
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• If we look closely at the last 2-3 years sample papers, the question that is always there relates to
finding duration and modified duration. Normally not a tough question and just a couple of formulae
to remember:
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• FRM 2009 sample exam has a lot of questions on trading strategies.
• Can just draw curves of payoffs, and remember the various payoffs like
– Straddle,
– Strangle,
– Butterfly spreads, etc.
• you would have done 5 questions correct!
• Remember the Payoffs of
– Long Call,
– Short Call,
– Long Put,
– Short Put,
– Long Spot,
– Short Spot and similarly for futures.
• Apart from the above topics, there have been questions on Greeks.
• Delta Hedging of portfolio has been one of the favorites of the examiners because of its simplicity of
calculation and the concept checks on the understanding of the examinee about various aspects of
Options Pricing. For delta hedging,
Number of shares = (Number of calls) x (New delta – Old delta)
• Apart from this there is generally a question on relationship between delta of options and Black-
Scholes model.
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• About Pristine
• Resources
• FAQs
• Contact Us
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FAQs
• Will there be separate Study Guides for the FRM Exam Full and FRM Exam Part I and FRM Exam
Part II?
No, there will only be one Study Guide which will include the syllabus outline and recommended
reading materials for all FRM Exam formats (Full, Part I and Part II).
• Will there be separate Course Packs for the FRM Exam Full, FRM Exam Part I and FRM Exam
Part II?
Yes. The Course Packs will be customized according to the FRM Exam format and be made available
for purchase either in physical format or through the GARP Digital Library.
• How many hours of study are required to prepare for the FRM exams?
Approximately 150 to 200 hours for each Part of the exam. Since the last FRM Exam Full covers both
Parts, approximately 300 to 400 hours of preparation would be required.
• Is there any change to the format of the FRM Exam Full that would make it different from past
FRM Exams?
No, the FRM Exam Full will be offered in exactly the same way as past FRM exams.
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FAQs
• What topics will be covered in the FRM Exam Part I and the FRM Exam Part II?
– The FRM Exam Part I will cover the following topics:
– Foundations of Risk Management
– Quantitative Analysis
– Financial Markets and Products
– Risk Modeling
• The FRM Exam Part II will cover the following topics:
– Market risk measurement and management
– Credit risk measurement and management
– Operational and integrated risk measurement and management
– Risk management and investment management
– Current issues in financial markets
• How many questions will there be on FRM Exam Part I and FRM Exam Part II?
• FRM Exam Part I will have 100 multiple-choice questions. FRM Exam Part II will have 80 multiple-
choice questions. The exact number of questions is subject to minimal change.
• How long are the test sessions for FRM Exam Part I and FRM Exam Part II?
• Both Parts will be 4 hours in length and broken down as follows: 2 hours for the morning session and
2 hours for the afternoon session with a 90 minute break in between.
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FAQs
• Are there review courses I can take or study groups I can join?
• GARP does not offer FRM preparation courses as the Association considers this to be a conflict of
interest. GARP also does not endorse any FRM review course or FRM course provider. However, as a
service to our FRM candidates GARP does provide a listing of FRM course providers on its
website. These Course Providers have asked to have their information posted for your review and
have not been preselected by GARP.
• GARP also facilitates the finding and development of local FRM study groups via its website. Click
here to see and post information about local study groups.
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Agenda
• About Pristine
• Resources
• FAQs
• Contact Us
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Offering for FRM Part I Preparation
• FRM Part I Preparation
– FRM Certified Faculty from IIT/IIM’s with significant experience
– Training Offering
• 10 days of Comprehensive Classroom Trainings for all the subjects.
• 3 days revision classes FRM Practice papers (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010) will be discussed and the important
concepts of all the subjects will be revised again
• 2 days - Mock Tests specially designed by our trainers based on AIMS 2010, to evaluate your relative performance
vis-à-vis other candidates
• 20 hrs of Online Tests ( topic wise) - 1500 + questions
• Free online classes for students who register for classroom trainings
– Material
• Free Pristine FRM Handbook and Visulized FRM Charts to all the FRM Training Participants
• Online access to all the presentations and practice tests
– Training timings: Saturday 2pm to 7.30pm ; Sunday 10am to 3.30pm
– Training Fees: Rs 12,950 per participant
• Visualize FRM
– Comprehensive Charts covering major concepts, formulas and questions
– Rs. 500* + Shipping Charges
• Pristine FRM Exam Instructor Notes
– Summarized handbook (~300 pages), covering all the learning objectives given by GARP
– Rs. 500 + courier charges
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Quantitative Analysis
Random
variables
Measures of Central
tendency
Prob. & Prob.
distribution
Hypothesis
Testing
Correlation & Regression
Mean: ∑xi/n
B
Mode:-Value that occurs more
frequently
Median:-Midpoint of data arranged
in ascending order
A
C
Q. 25 observation are taken
from a sample of unknown
variance. Sample mean of 70
and σ = 60. You wish to conduct
a two - tailed test of null
hypothesis that the mean is
equal to 50. What is most
appropriate test statistic?
Ans. Standard Error of mean
(σx) = σ/ √(n)
= 60/sqrt(25) = 12
Degrees of freedom = 24
Use T statistic = (x - μ)/ σx =
(70 - 50)/12 = 1.67
Binomial Random Variable
E(X)=n*p
Var(X)=n*p*(1-p)=n*p*q
Standardized RV is normalized
mean = 0, σ = 1.
Z-score: # of σ a given
observation is from population
mean.
Z=(x-µ)/σ
Q. At a particular time, the market
value of assets of the firm is $100 Mn
and the market value of debt is $80
Mn. The standard deviation of assets
is $ 10 Mn. What is the distance to
default?
Ans. z = (A-K)/ σA
= (100-80)/10
= 2
Standard Error
(SE)
SE (σx) of the sample mean is σ of the dist. of sample means
•Known pop. Var. σx= σ/ √(n)
•Unknown pop. var sx= s/ √(n)
Binomial Random Variable
E(X)=n*p
Var(X)=n*p*(1-p)=n*p*q
Standardized RV is normalized
mean = 0, σ = 1.
Z-score: # of σ a given
observation is from population
mean.
Z=(x-µ)/σ
Variance
D
Correlation Coefficient
(CC)
-1 < CC < 1
if CC = 0, X & Y are uncorrelated
rx,y=cov(x,y)/σxσy=√R2
C
Appropriate Test structure:
H0:b1=0; Ha:b1≠0
Test: tb1=(b^
1-b1)/sb^1
Decision Rule:
reject H0 if t>+t critical or if t< -tcritical
Simple linear
regression
Regression
coefficient
Coefficient of
Determination(R2)
%age of total var. in Y explained by X
R2 =( SSR / SST )=1-( SSE / SST)
=explained variation/total variation
LR model: Yi=b0+b1Xi+Ei
Yi = Dependent variable estimated value of
Yi, given value of Xi
Xi = independent variable
b0 =intercept term; represents
Y if X =0
b1 = slope coefficient; measures
change in Y for 1 unit change in X b^
1=cov
(X,Y)/ σ2(X)
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Online platform for enhanced learning experience
• All the courses materials are uploaded on website and available 24*7 online
for reference
• Chapter wise quiz to monitor your performance and gauge the Part of
preparation by the students
• Interactive forums for doubt clearing and exchanging the ideas for
preparation
• News forums to provide most updated news on websites.
• Feedback mechanism, which enables us to provide you real time solutions for
your needs
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Trained professionals from various institutions
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Content management introduces discipline in learning
Neev provides solution for content management and scheduling
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Practice Questions
Neev provides solution for instantaneous feedback and collective learning opportunity for students
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Pristine’s teaching methodology and faculty has got rave
reviews from the students of previous batches
The coaching classes conducted by Pristine
Careers for FRM 2007 have helped me immensely
in passing FRM 2007 exam. The classes were
simple, lively and conducted by practicing
finance professionals. Open discussions
helped in understanding and remembering many
of the concepts.
Mr Mohan Rao, Senior Manager of a leading
Public Sector Bank.
It was a great experience to attend the FRM Classes
organized by Pristine Career .Most of the concept which one
has to understand to clear the FRM Exam were explained in
the best way and doubts were clarified. Pristine Careers
was very helpful in clearing the FRM Exam for a candidate
like me who had Zero experience of Credit and Market Risk.
I would recommend all the prospective FRM Candidates
and to all Risk Management Student to attend the classes
organized by Pristine Careers.
Ujjwal Jain, Deputy Manager Treasury Mid-Office,
Investment Bank
I am glad to see that I passed all the four PRM exams at the same sitting. The exams are fairly tough and contain
just the right mix of quantitative and theoretical questions. Thanks to Pristine, I knew beforehand what kind of
questions to expect in actual PRM and how to approach the questions. I owe my success to valuable question bank
provided by Pristine.
Girish Khare, December 2010
43Karuna - +91 8080 00 5533

www.edupristine.com
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