System of Systems pose significant technical challenges in terms of information interoperability that require overcoming conceptual barriers (both syntax and semantic) and technological barriers. This paper presents an approach to System of Systems information interoperability based on the Dataspace data management abstraction and the Linked Data approach to sharing information on the web. The paper describes the fundamentals of the approach and demonstrates the concept with a System of Systems for enterprise energy management. Curry E. System of Systems Information Interoperability using a Linked Dataspace. In: IEEE 7th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering (SOSE 2012) Further Reading: http://www.edwardcurry.org/publications/Curry_LinkedDataspaceForSOS_SOSE.pdf

1. Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
System of Systems Information
Interoperability using a
Linked Dataspace
Edward Curry (ed.curry@deri.org)
IEEE 7th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering (SOSE 2012)
© Copyright 2011 Digital Enterprise Research Institute. All rights
reserved.
Digital Enterprise Research Institute
National University of Ireland, Galway
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2. Further Reading
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Curry E. System of Systems Information Interoperability
using a Linked Dataspace. In: IEEE 7th International
Conference on System of Systems Engineering (SOSE
2012). 2012.
www.edwardcurry.org
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3. Overview
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
n Introduction to DERI
n Use Cases
¨ Smart Enterprise Energy Management
¨ Smart Cities
n SoS Interoperability Challenges
n Technology Overview
¨ Dataspace
¨ Linked Data
n Linked Dataspace for SOS Interoperability
n Related Work
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4. About DERI
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
n Founded June 2003 as a CSET (Centre for Science,
Engineering and Technology).
¨ Link scientists and engineers / academia and industry
¨ Fundamental research
¨ Development of Irish-based technology companies
¨ Attract industry
¨ Education & outreach
n DERI Institute
¨ CSET
¨ Commercialization, DAI
¨ EU, EI, direct industry, IRCSET
n DERI strategic plan responds to priorities
¨ Local: University focus on Informatics, Physical &
Computational Sciences
¨ National: SMART Economy, Program for Government
¨ International: EU Digital Agenda
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5. About DERI
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
n Number one in our core space
¨ Research Publications > 1000
¨ Participation in 17 standardisation groups (W3C, OASIS)
¨ Approx. 140 members from 30 nations
¨ 57 PhDs /Masters
¨ 42 completed PhDs/Masters
n Core Industrial Partners:
¨ MNC’s: Cisco, Avaya, Bel-Labs, Ericsson…
¨ SME’s: Storm, Celtrak, OpenLink……
¨ Research: FBK
n Total Research Grants: > €60 million
¨ SFI, EU Framework, Enterprise Ireland, Industry
¨ Currently 18 EU project running
¨ Industry funded projects with Fujitsu Labs Japan, Cisco,
Google, Renault, EADS, Fidelity,…
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6. Key Industry Collaborations
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
CSET
Partners
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6

7. The DERI House
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
DERI Applied
Research Commercialisation
eBusiness Green &
eLearning
Financial Services Sustainable IT
Data Health Care Cyber
eGovernment
Life Sciences Security Linked
Cloud Analy
Data
tics
Information Security,
Cloud Data Sensor
Social Software Mining Privacy
Management Middleware
and Retrieval & Trust
Data Natural Service
Reasoning and Knowledge
Visualisation Language Oriented
Querying Discovery
and Interaction Processing Architecture
DERI is designed to provide an integrated solution
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8. Enterprise Energy Management
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
How should an Enterprise Manage its Energy?
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9. Holistic View of Consumption
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Facili'es
Data
Centre
Business
Travel
Office
IT
Daily
Commute
Holis1c
Energy
Management
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10. Cross-Domain Perspective
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
ENERGY
FINANCE ERP
CARBON BMS
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11. Multi-Level Analysis
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
CIO
Strategic Analysis CEO
Example KPI:
• CIO needs high-level Energy used by
business function power global IT department
usage
• CSO real-time carbon Helpdesk
emissions CSO Example KPI:
PUE of the
Operational Analysis Data Center in Dublin
• Technician needs
equipment power usage Maintenance Personnel
• Events driven business Example KPI:
processes kWhs used by
server 172.16.0.8
Real-time Environment
• Event cloud of primitive
observations Building
• Low-level monitoring
Sensors, events Data Center
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11 of XYZ

12. What is a Smart City?
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
n Invests in
¨ human and social capital
¨ traditional/modern infrastructure
n that
¨ fuels sustainable economic development
¨ and high quality of life
n while
¨ managing natural resources
n through
¨ participatory governance
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http://ideas.repec.org/p/dgr/vuarem/2009-48.html

13. Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
A Smart City driver of change will be Data.
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14. Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
bstr acts
a
A Smart City removes silos moving
towards a connected digital layer.
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15. Silos’ Value Untapped Value
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
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http://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/publications/ig_data/pdfs/MGI_big_data_full_report.pdf

16. Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
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17. Interoperability
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
!
D. Chen, et al. “Architectures for enterprise integration and
interoperability: Past, present and future,” Computers in Industry 59(7)
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18. Barriers
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
n Conceptual barriers
¨ Syntactic differences (format)
¨ Semantic (interpretation of meaning)
n Technological barriers
¨ Incompatibility of protocols, encoding,
platforms, infrastructures, etc.
n Organizational barriers
¨ Incompatibility of definitions of
responsibility, authority, and
organizational structures
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19. Integration Approaches
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
n Integrated approaches
¨ Common format for all models
exists
n Unified approaches
¨ Uppermodel exists to facilitate
mapping between models
n Federated approaches
¨ No common format exists but rather
is done on the fly
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20. Types of SoS (Maier ‘98)
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
n Directed SoS
¨ Centrally managed, specific purpose, components operate
independently but subordinate to SoS
n Acknowledged SoS
¨ Defined objectives, dedicated resources, components
independent, SOS based on collaboration
n Collaborative SoS
¨ Component interact voluntarily, agreed central purpose,
collectively enforce and maintain standards
n Virtual SoS
¨ No central management authority, no agreed upon
purpose, SOS based on invisible mechanisms
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21. SoS Interoperability
Challenges
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
n SoS types have varying interoperability
requirements
n Directed SoS
¨ Integrated or Unified approach (i.e. Many-to-One)
n Virtual SoS
¨ Federated approach (i.e. Many-to-Many)
– Constitute system may not be aware of SoS
n Current system design mind-set views
interoperability as an external responsibility
¨ Outsources interoperability to external systems
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22. Open SoS Information
Interoperability Approach
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
n To support flexible and dynamic SoS
¨ (i.e. Virtual SoS)
n A common SoS information interoperability
infrastructure is needed
¨ Open Standards-based
¨ Lightweight approach
¨ Minimize complexity, hierarchy, control, and acquisition
cost
¨ Minimize re-engineered as systems are added, removed,
modified, or replaced
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23. Proposed Approach
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
n Leverage two key trends in
information management
¨ Dataspace approach to
information management
¨ Linked data approach to sharing
information on the web
– W3C Standards based
n Information Interoperability
¨ Overcome technical and
conceptual barriers
¨ Supports overcoming
organizational barriers !
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24. What is a Dataspace?
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
n Emerging data management architecture
n Recognizes expense obtaining upfront
unifying schema across all sources
¨ Co-existence of data without unifying schema
¨ Loosely integrated set of data sources
n Data integrated on “as needed” basis
¨ Tighter integration achieved in an incremental
"pay-as-you-go" fashion
Franklin, A. Halevy, and D. Maier From databases to dataspaces: a new
abstraction for information management,” Sigmod Record, 34(4) 2005.
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25. DBMS vs Dataspace
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
DBMS Dataspace
Model Relational All
Formats Homogenous Heterogeneous
Control Complete Partial
Query Precise Approximate
Integration Explicit Implicit/
Incremental
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26. What is Linked Data?
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
26
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27. The Linked Open Data cloud
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
2008
2007 2008 2010
2009
2008 2009
2008
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27

28. Linked Open Data cloud
- domains
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
BestBuy
http://lod-cloud.net/ Overstock.com
Facebook
US government
UK government
Media
User-generated
Government Publications
BBC
New York Times
Cross-domain
Geo
Life sciences
LinkedGeoData
Over 300 open data sets with more than 35 billion facts,
interlinked by 500 million typed links.
Linking Open Data cloud diagram, by Richard Cyganiak and Anja Jentzsch.
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29. Two Key Ingredients
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
1. RDF – Resource Description Framework
Graph based Data – nodes and arcs
¨ Identifies objects (URIs)
¨ Interlink information (Relationships)
2. Vocabularies (Ontologies)
¨ provide shared understanding of a domain
¨ organise knowledge in a machine-comprehensible way
¨ give an exploitable meaning to the data
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30. Why Graphs and Ontologies?
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Cities:Dublin
Geo:hasLargestCity
84421km2
Wikipedia.org Geo:IslandOfIreland
Geo:hasCapital
Geo:area
Geo:locatedOn
EU:RepublicOfIreland
EU:RepublicOfIreland
Gov:hasDepartment
Gov:hasTaoiseach
Gov.ie Person:EndaKenny
IE:DepartmentOfFinance
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31. Linked Data Principles
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
1. Use URIs to identify the “things” in your data
2. Use HTTP URIs so people (and machines) can
look them up on the Web
3. When a URI is looked up, return a
description of the thing in a structured
format (RDF)
4. Include links to related things to provide
context
http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html
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32. Linked Data Example
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Resource Description Framework (RDF)
subject - predicate – object
Edward Curry is the Occupant of Room 202e
Edward Curry is the Occupant of Room 202e
http://www.deri.ie/about/team/member/edward_curry/
http://vocab.deri.ie/rooms#occupant
http://lab.linkeddata.deri.ie/2010/deri-rooms#r202e
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32

33. Dereferenceable URI
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rooms: <http://vocab.deri.ie/rooms#> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1#> .
@prefix deri-energy-ont: <http://energy.deri.ie/ontology#> .
@prefix deri-energy: <http://energy.deri.ie#> .
@prefix ssn: <http://purl.oclc.org/NET/ssnx/ssn> .
@prefix deri-rooms: <http://lab.linkeddata.deri.ie/2010/deri-rooms#> .
deri-rooms:building rdf:type rooms:Building;
rooms:contains deri-rooms:1st-floor.
deri-rooms:1st-floor rdf:type rooms:Floor;
rooms:contains deri-rooms:1st-floor-south-wing.
deri-rooms:1st-floor-south-wing rdf:type rooms:Wing;
rooms:contains deri-rooms:r202e.
deri-rooms:r202e rdf:type rooms:Desk;
rooms:occupant <http://www.deri.ie/about/team/member/edward_curry#me>.
<http://www.deri.ie/about/team/member/edward_curry#me> rdf:type foaf:Person;
deri-energy-ont:has_a deri-energy:macbook15698;
deri-energy:macbook15698 rdf:type deri-energy-ont:Laptop;
ssn:observedBy deri-energy:sensor123.
deri-energy:sensor123 rdf:type ssn:Sensor;
ssn:observes deri-energy-ont:PowerConsumption.
deri-energy:observation1236 rdf:type ssn:Observation;
ssn:observationResult deri-energy:observationResult1236;
ssn:featureOfInterest deri-energy:macbook15698;
ssn:observedBy deri-energy:sensor123.
deri-energy:observationResult1236 rdf:type ssn:SensorOutput;
ssn:hasValue deri-energy:vale1236.
deri-energy:vale1236 deri-energy-ont:hasQuantityValue 31.5;
deri-energy-ont:hasQuantityUnitOfMeasurement deri-energy-ont:kWh.
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34. Linked Dataspace
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Dataspace + Linked Data = Linked Dataspace
How can a Linked Dataspace help with SoS information
interoperability?
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35. Linked Dataspace for SoS
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
System
of
Systems
SoS
(A+B)
SoS
(A
+
B
+
C)
SoS
(A
+
B
+
C
+
D)
SPARQL
RDF
API,
SPARQL
HTTP
REST,
RDF
API,
SPARQL
Linked
Dataspace
Support
Services
-­‐
Search
&
Query
-­‐
En'ty
Mgmt.
-­‐
Data
Catalog
-­‐
Provenance
-­‐
Event
Processing
Single
HTTP/RDF
HTTP/RDF
HTTP/RDF
HTTP/RDF
Systems
LD
Wrapper
LD
Wrapper
LD
Wrapper
LD
Wrapper
System
A
System
B
System
C
System
D
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36. Entity Graph in Cloud
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Linked Dataspace Corporate System
“Edward Curry” “DGSIT” Corporate
foaf:name
en:memberOf
Building
h>p://www.deri.ie/about/team/
member/edward_curry#me
Office IT
owl:sameAs owl:sameAs
h>p://www.deri.ie/about/team/ h>p://www.deri.ie/about/team/
member/edward_curry#me
member/edward_curry#me
rm:occupant
en:has_a
h>p://lab.linkeddata.deri.ie/
h>p://energy.deri.ie#macbook15698
2010/deri-­‐rooms#r202e
foaf:name
en:consumption
foaf:name
en:consumption
“MacBook Pro” 10kWh “202e” 50kWh
Office IT System Building Management System
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37. Linked Dataspaces
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
n Complimentary technology for data sharing
¨ Minimal disruption to existing infrastructure
¨ Maintains loose coupling between systems
n Pay-as-you-go data integration
¨ Incremental enrichment of entity profiles (i.e. SameAs)
¨ Links relevant knowledge and contextual information from
across all systems
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38. DERI Energy Observatory
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Organisation-level
Business Process Personal-level
Linked
dataspace
for
Energy
Intelligence
Office IT Corporate
Building Logistics
Data Center
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39. DERI Energy Overview
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
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40. Other Use Cases
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Utilised within a range of energy management use cases,
some non-SoS
Smart Buildings IT Energy Mgmt. Cloud Computing/
(DERI-Internal) Data Centre
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41. Related SoS Work
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
n Two large-scale SoS with different architectures
n Global Information Grid (GIG)
¨ Globally interconnected, end-to-end set of capabilities for
collecting, processing, and managing information
¨ “many-to-one” interoperability approach
¨ Net-Centric Adapter for Legacy Systems (NCALS)
n Global Earth Observation System of Systems
¨ Global public infrastructure with comprehensive
environmental data, information, and analyses
¨ GEOPortal disseminates information
¨ EuroGEOSS investigating RDF for semantic interoperability
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42. Summary
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
n SoS information interoperability using:
¨ Dataspace approach to information management
¨ Linked data approach to sharing information on the web
n Linked Dataspace
¨ Supports co-existence of heterogeneous data with
incremental approach to interoperability
¨ Particularly suited where the web architecture is already a
part of the SoS
n Future work
¨ Investigate appropriate support services for linked
dataspaces using approximation techniques
¨ Interoperability of system services as RESTful services.
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43. Selected References
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Sustainability Use Cases
n Curry, E., et al . (2011). An Entity-Centric Approach To Green Information
Systems. 19th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2011).
n Curry, E., & Donnellan, B. (2012). Green and Sustainable Informatics. In,
Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices. John Wiley & Sons
n Curry, E. et al. An Environmental Chargeback for Data Center and Cloud
Computing Consumers, in First International Workshop on Energy-Efficient
Data Centers, 2012.
n Curry, E. et al, Building Optimisation using Scenario Modeling and Linked
Data, in 1st Workshop Linked Data in Architecture and Construction 2012
n Curry E. et al, Enterprise Energy Management using a Linked dataspace for
Energy Intelligence. In: The Second IFIP Conference on Sustainable Internet
and ICT for Sustainability (SustainIT) 2012.
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44. Selected References
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Information Management
n Hasan, S. et al. (2011). Toward Situation Awareness for the Semantic
Sensor Web: Complex Event Processing with Dynamic Linked Data
Enrichment. 4th International Workshop on Semantic Sensor Networks
n Hasan, S. et al, Approximate Semantic Matching of Heterogeneous Events,
in 6th ACM International Conference on Distributed Event-Based Systems
n Curry E. (2012) System of Systems Information Interoperability using a
Linked Dataspace In: IEEE 7th International Conference on System of
Systems Engineering (SOSE 2012).
IT Management
n Curry, E. et al. Developing an Sustainable IT Capability: Lessons From
Intel’s Journey, MIS Quarterly Executive, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 61-74, 2012.
n Donnellan B. et al, (2011) A Capability Maturity Framework for Sustainable
Information and Communication Technology. IEEE IT Professional 13(1).
n Curry E, et al, (2012) A Maturity Model For Energy Efficiency in Mature Data
Centres, 1st International Conference on Smart Grids and Green IT Systems
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