Vowels latest

Vowels

Pure Vowels - 12 [monophthongs]
Front Vowels - 4
Back Vowels - 5
Central Vowels - 3
Diphthongs - 8
Towards /i/ - 3
Towards /u/ - 2
Towards /ǝ/ - 3

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Front Vowels

i: - eat, beat, bee
i - it, bit, city
e - any, bed
æ - axe, bat

Front Vowels
Symbol Active Passive Lips Tongue Initial Middle Final Description

i: Front
of
tongue
Hard
Palate
Spread Tense eat beat bee
Front Close
Unrounded

Centralised Front
i Rear
front
tongue
Hard
Palate
Loosely
Spread
Tense it bit city Unrounded vowel
above half-close
Front unrounded
e Front
of
tongue
Hard
Palate
Spread
More
Tensed
any bed X between half-close
and half-open
Front unrounded
æ Front
of
tongue
Hard
Palate
Neutrly
open
less
tensed
axe bat X vowel just below
half-open


Front Vowels


Central Vowels

ʌ - up, cup
ǝ: - earn,
learn, err
ǝ - about,

Central Vowels
Symbol Active Passive Lips Jaws Initial Middle Final Description

ʌ Centre
Betwn
Nurly Central unrounded
of tng
H&S
Palate
opn
wide up cup X just above open

ǝ: Centre
Betwn
H&S Sprd wide earn learn err
Central unrounded
vowel bet half-close
of tng
Palate and half-open

ǝ Centre
Betwn
H&S Sprd wide about forget tailor
Central Unrounded
vowel just below
of tng
Palate half open


Central Vowels


Back Vowels

u: - ooze, boot, two
u - put, to
ɔ: - ought, bought, law
ɔ - ox, box
ɑ: - art, part, car

Back Vowels
Symbol Active Passive Lips Jaws Tongue Initial Middle Final Description

u: Back of
tongue
Soft
Palate
Closly
round
- tense ooze boot two
Black close
rounded

Back rounded v
u Frnt of
Back of
tongue
Soft
Palate
round - lax X put to* just above half-
close

ɔ Back of
tongue
Soft
Palate
Slight
round
Wide
open
- ox box X
Back rounded v
just above the
open position

ɔ: Back of
tongue
Soft
Palate
round
Wide
open
-
ough
t
bought law
Back rounded v
bet. half-open
and half close
Tongue
ɑ: bet.
Cen’r n
Soft
Palate
Nutrly
Open
Wide - art part car
Back open
unrounded
back

Back Vowels


Diphthongs


Diphthongs

The tongue starts in the position required for the
articulation of a particular vowel and moves in the
direction of the position required for the articulation
of a different vowel.
The glide should take place within one syllable.


Diphthongs

Diphthongs gliding towards /i/ -3

Diphthongs gliding towards /u/ -2

Diphthongs gliding towards /ǝ/ -3


Diphthongs gliding towards /i/


/ei/

A glide from a front unrounded vowel
just below half-close to a centralised
front unrounded vowel just above half-
close
Initial - aim
Middle - pain
Final - play

/ai/

A glide from a front open unrounded
vowel to a centralised front unrounded
vowel just above half-close.
Initial - ice
Middle - bite
Final - buy


/ɔi/

A glide from a back rounded vowel
between open and half-open to a
centralised front unrounded vowel just
above the half close position.
Initial - oil
Middle - boil
Final - boy

Diphthongs gliding towards /u/


/au/

A glide beginning at a back open
unrounded position and moves in the
direction of centralised back rounded
vowel just above the half-close position.
Initial - out
Middle - bout
Final - cow


/ǝu/

A glide from a central unrounded vowel
between half-close and half-open to a
centralised back rounded vowel just
above the half-close position.
Initial - over
Middle - boat
Final - go

Diphthongs gliding towards /ǝ/


/iǝ/

A glide from a centralised front
unrounded vowel just above half-close
to a central unrounded vowel between
half close and half-open position.
Initial - ear-ring*
Middle - fierce
Final - fear

/uǝ/

A glide from a centralised back rounded
vowel just above half-close to a central
unrounded vowel between half-close
and half-open position.
Initial - ---
Middle - during
Final - cure

/Ɛǝ/

A glide from a front half-open
unrounded vowel to a central
unrounded vowel between half-close
and half-open position.
Initial - aeroplane
Middle - careful
Final - care

From Daniel Jones’ Pronunciation
Dictionary


Phonemic Analysis

• Phoneme: /t/
(aspirated)
(unaspirated)
“flap”

“glottal stop”
Allophone 5: „bit‟ (unreleased)

Consonant Clusters


Beginning with voiced bilabial nasal-
/m/

001- mp (final) bump, camp, hemp, limp, lump, ramp
002- mps (final) amps, camps, lamps, lumps, mumps, trumps
003- mf (final) lymph, nymph
004- mft (final) triumphed
005- mfs (final) nymphs
006- mt (final) camped, dreamt revamped, lumped
007- mt (medial) empty, temptation
008- mtr (medial) temptress
009- mts (final) tempts
010- md (final) aimed, assumed, formed, roamed, shamed
011- mst (final) glimpsed
012- mz (final) comes, terms, times


beginning with voiceless bilabial
plosive- / p /

013- pθ (final depth
014- pθs (final depths
015- pθr (medial upthrust
016- pt (final) abrupt, Egypt, except, harped, kept, opt
017- pt (medial abruptly, absorption, acceptable
018- pts (final) accepts, adopts
019- ps (final) cups, equips, jumps, perhaps, steps
020- ps (medial) Epsom, Ipswich, lopsided, upside down
021- pst (final) lapsed


beginning with voiced bilabial
plosive- / b /

022- bd (final) absorbed, bribed, curbed, lobbed, robed,
robbed
023- bz (final) cabs, fibs, jabs, knobs, verbs, yobs


beginning with voiceless labiodental
fricative- / f /

024- fθ (final) fifth, twelfth
025- fθs (final) fifths, twelfths
026- fθl (medial) fifthly
027- ft (final) craft, drift, gift, left, lift, loft, soft
028- ft (medial) after, daftest, often rafter, softly, swiftly,
thrifty
029- fts (final) crofts, drifts, gifts, lifts, lofts
030- fs (final) beliefs, cliffs, chefs, chiefs, hankerchiefs,
laughs


beginning with voiced labiodental
fricative- / v /

031- vd (final) arrived, believed, involved, lived,
proved, saved
032- vz (final) additives, captives, loaves, loves,
serves, waves


beginning with voiceless dental
fricative- / θ /

033- θs (final) baths, cloths, maths, oaths, paths,
truths


beginning with voiced dental
fricative- / ð /

034- ðd (final) bathed, betrothed, clothed, seethed,
swathed
035- ðz (final) bathes, breathes, clothes, loathes,
seethes, soothes


beginning with voiced alveolar
nasal- / n /
036- nθ (final) month, tenth
037- nθ (medial) anthem
038- nt (final) ant, aren´t, aunt, bent, can´t, font, want
039- nts (final) ants, fonts, grunts, hints, hunts, pants
040- ntst (final) chintzed
041- nd (final) behind, concerned, find, found, friend, owned
042- nd (medial) friendship, landlord -----* Note rules for deletion of / d /
043- ndz (final) bends, ends, friends, sounds
044- ns (final) hence, pence, since, tense
045- ns (medial) pensive, tenses
046- nz (final) hens, lens, pens, runs, tens
047- nʧ (final) lunch, pinch
048- nʧt (final) lunched, pinched
049- nʤ (final) change, hinge
050- nʤd (final) changed, hinged


beginning with voiceless alveolar
plosive- / t /

051- tθ (final) breadth, eighth, hundredth,
thousandth, width
052- tθs (final) breadths, eighths, hundredths,
thousandths, widths
053- ts (final) cats, eats, fights, its, meets, parts, puts,
waits
054- tst (final) amidst, midst


plosive- / d /

055- dz (final) almonds, beds, birds, hands, kinds,
weeds, words


beginning with voiceless alveolar
fricative- / s /

056- sp (final) clasp, crisp, gasp, lisp, wasp
057- st (final) chased, first, pursed
058- sts (final) thirsts
059- sk (final) ask, desk, dusk, risk


fricative- / z /

060- zd (final) amazed, crazed, gazed, lazed, phased,
phrased


lateral approximant- / l /
061- lmd (final) filmed
062- lmz (final) elms, films
063- lp (final) help
064- lpt (final) helped
065- lps (final) helps
066- lbd (final) bulbed
067- lbz (final) bulbs
068- lf (final) self
069- lfθs (final) twelfths, Alf´s
070- lft (final) elfed
071- lvd (final) delved
072- lθ (final) health
073- lθs (final) tilths

lateral approximant- / l /
074- lnd (final) kilned
075- lnz (final) kilns
076- lt (final) difficult
077- ltst (final) waltzed
078- ld (final) cold, held
079- ldz (final) holds, worlds
080- ls (final) else
081- lz (final) fills, girls
082- lʧt (final) filched
083- lʤd (final) bilged
084- lʃt (final) welshed
085- lk (final) milk, silk
086- lks (final) milks
087- lkt (final) milked
088- lkts (final) mulcts

approximant / r /

rm (final) silent before a consonant in England & Wales- "alarm" /
əˈl /, "arm" / ˈ /, "warm" / ˈ
ɑ:m ɑ:m wɔ:m /
rm (final) generally pronounced (& sometimes rolled) in Scotland
& Ireland "alarm" / əˈl ɑ:rm /, "arm" / ˈ
ɑ:rm /, "warm" / ˈ wɔ:rm /
The / r / within these consonant clusters is generally pronounced in
Canada most parts of the USA.
The / r / is pronounced by all English speakers when it precedes a
vowel sound, as in "angry" / ˈ / or "zebra" / ˈ
ærɪ zebrə /.
/ r / can precede several other consonants sounds, though in these
contexts it is rarely pronounced in England and Wales.

beginning with voiceless post-
alveolar affricate- / ʧ /

089- ʧt (final) hitched, matched, watched


alveolar affricate- / ʤ /

090- ʤd (final) caged, edged, forged, judged, waged


alveolar fricative- / ʃ /

091- ʃt (final) cashed, fished, mashed, washed


alveolar fricative- / ʒ /

092- ʒd (final) leisured, measured, pleasured,
treasured


beginning with voiced palatal semi-
vocalic- / j /

/ t / + / j / is often replaced by / ʧ / in words such as
"nature" / ˈ neɪʧəʳ /,
"future" / ˈfju:ʧəʳ /,
"feature" / ˈ fi:ʧəʳ /, and
"creature" / ˈ kri:ʧəʳ /.
This type of assimilation is known as coalescence.
/ d / + / j / is often replaced by / ʤ / in words such as
"gradual" / ˈ græʤʊəl / and individual / .


beginning with voiced velar nasal /ŋ/

093- ŋθ (final) length
094- ŋt (final) instinct
095- ŋts (final) instincts
096- ŋd (final) longed
097- ŋst (medial) minxed
098- ŋz (final) things
099- ŋk (final) think
100- ŋg (final) thing


beginning with voiceless velar
plosive- / k /

101- kθ (final) sixth
102- kθs (final) sixths
103- kt (final) fact, worked
104- kts (final) conflicts, contexts, expects texts
105- ks (final) six, works
106- kst (final) context, next, oversexed, pretext, text


beginning with voiced velar plosive--
-- / g /

107---------gd (final) -------bagged, hugged, logged,
tagged, wagged
108---------gz (final) -------eggs, figs, mugs, rugs


Minimal Pair


ship sheep
fit feet
--- -----------------------
bit beat
sit seat
knit neat
rich reach
pit Pete
gin Jean
chip cheap
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six seeks
56

bit bet
did dead
-- -----------------------
fill fell
will well
rid red
pit Pete
sit set
bill bell

bet bat
---
pen
-----------------------
pan
men man
head had
said sad
guess gas
letter latter
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58

bet but
net nut
-- -----------------------
hem hum
said sud
sex sucks
better butter
wren run
Ben bun
trek truck

bet Bert
bed bird
--- -----------------------
head heard
ten turn
Hell hurl
Ben burn
edge urge
nest 60
nursed

sell sale
---- -----------------------bait
bet
pen pain
tell tale
well whale
red raid
fell fail
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cat cut
-----
hat
-----------------------
hut
cap cup
lack luck
sack suck
batter butter
ran run
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cat cart
back bark
----- -----------------------
sack Sark
Dan darn
mad marred
mack mark
had hard
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cot caught
cod chord
---- -----------------------
pot port
not nought
shot short
fox forks
spot sport
knotty naughty
odder order

bud bird
bun burn
-- -----------------------
fussed first
shut shirt
cub kerb
ton turn
thud third
such 65
search

pull pool
-
pulled
-----------------------
pooled
wood wooed
would wooed
should shoed
could cooed
full fool
soot suit
hood who'd
look 66
Luke

cart cot
card cod
----- -----------------------
part pot
dart dot
stark stock
sharp shop
carp cop
harp hop

cart caught
-----
card
-----------------------
chord
part port
art ought
bard board
jar jaw
car core
kaviarasu.kk@gmail.com martyr 68 mortar

four fur
---
court
-----------------------
curt
all url
pore purr
form firm
chord curd
sport spurt
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69

court coat
----- ----------------------- bowl
ball
four foe
Paul pole
form foam
chord code
bought boat
shawl shoal
torn 70
tone

day die
bay buy
--- -----------------------
tape type
fate fight
pain pine
hate height
bait bite
lace lice

here hair
beer bare
--- -----------------------
deer dare
fear fair
ear air
pier pair
mere mare

peer poor
mere more
---- -----------------------
tear (water from eye) tour
spear spoor
dear dour
sheer sure
year your
beer boor

pair poor
mare more
tear (rip-----------------------
----
apart) tour
spare spoor
dare dour
share sure
bear boor

coat cot
- code
----------------------- cod
rote rot
dote dot
bloke block
shown shone
cope cop
hope hop
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75

load loud
phoned found
----- -----------------------
road rowed (argued)
row (with oars in a boat) row (argue)
rote rout
oat out
devote devout
moaned mound

bow bower
-- cow
----------------------cower

ow hour
ow our
sow (pig) sour

pin bin
pea bee
-- -----------------------
pa bar
pat bat
pill bill
pig big
peach beach
pump bump
path bath
78

ten den
tip dip
---- -----------------------
town down
team deem
tier dear
try dry
trip drip
true drew
79

coal goal
coat goat
-- -----------------------
course gorse
cap gap
come gum
core gore
kill gill
curl girl
80

fan
----- ----------------------- van
fine vine
fear veer
fault vault
feign vane
fairy vary
few view
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thigh thy
mouth (noun) mouth (verb)
teeth (noun)
--- ----------------------- teethe (verb)
wreath (noun) wreathe ( verb)
ether either
cloths (noun) clothes (vowel
sound change &
noun)

thigh
----- ----------------------- tie
thread tread
thin tin
thorn torn
theme team
thug tug
both boat
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83

thigh die
thread dread
----- ----------------------- din
thin
thorn dawn
theme deem
thug dug
Perth purred

thin sin
thick sick
--- -----------------------
thought sort
theme seem
thong song
thigh sigh
thorn sawn
85

then den
thy die
--- -----------------------
thee Dee
there dare
they'll dale
breathe breed
breather breeder
86

--- -----------------------
then Zen
clothe close
bathe bays
lathe laze
writhe rise
breathe breeze

sip zip
Sue zoo
----- ----------------------- Zed
said
seal zeal
ice eyes
rice rise
lice lies


thin thing
run rung
-- ran rang
-----------------------

din ding
Dan dang
Don dong
pin ping

thing think
sing sink
---- -----------------------
sung sunk
singer sinker
singing sinking
ring rink
rang 90
rank

load road
lay ray
-----------------------
lice rice
lend rend
lid rid
light write
lights rights
91

wet vet
west vest
wine
-----------------------
vine
worse verse
went vent
whale veil
wane vein

------------------------SILENT "h" (avoid producing it)

happy hour
wholly honest
hateful honourable
unhappy dishonourable
horrible exhibit
holy ghost

------------------------ No intial "h" (avoid adding the sound)

had add
hair air
heart art
heat eat
hedge edge
heal eel
hate eight

sheet cheat
shop
-----------------------
chop
shin chin
she's cheese
shoe chew
sheep cheap
sherry cherry
sheep cheap
share chair
95

sheep jeep
shot
----------------------- jot
shore jaw
shin gin
she gee
shoe Jew
shack Jack
sherry Jerry
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96

chest test
chop top
-----------------------
chin tin
cheese teas
chew two
chose toes
cherry Terry
churn 97
turn

cheap jeep
chore jaw
-----------------------
choke joke
chin gin
chain Jane
cheer jeer
cheers jeers
cheering jeering

jet yet
juice use
-----------------------
job yob
jot yacht
jeer year
jaw your
jaws yours
Jack yak
joke yolk
99

Transcription


Practice set


Practice set

Match the phonemic transcription with the
English words
Match the phonemes with the vowel sound in
the first syllable of the words
Select the consonant sound / θ / or / ð /
contained within these words
Check the words which contain the sound
shown

Practice set

Select the consonant sound /ʃ/ , /ʧ/ or /ʤ/
contained in the words
Match the vowel sound in the first syllable of
the word with the correct phoneme
Select the initial consonant sound: / g / , / j / or
the voiced postalveolar affricate / ʤ /
RP English Vowels

Stress

• Stress makes a syllable sound more
prominent.
• (due to increased articulatory effort)
• Stress may be denoted by an accent over the
vowel in the stressed syllable.


Stress

•Examples of stress contrasts:
• “contrast”
• (N)
• (V)
• “insult”
• (N)
• (V)

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