ELAICH - Educational Linkage Approach in Cultural Heritage. For more information and presentations, please visit: http://elaich.technion.ac.il/ Criteria and methodology for cleaning - pilot applications and case studies

1. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. Antonia Moropoulou - NTUA – National Technical University of Athens The Conservation Process Module 4 Teaching Material Topic 4 . 6 Criteria & Methodology for Cleaning Pilot applications & case studies Advanced Topic Educational Toolkit

2. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – National Technical University of Athens Copyright ©ELAICH Beneficiaries 2009-2012 This material is an integral part of the “ELAICH – educational toolkit” and developed as part of the project ELAICH – Educational Linkage Approach in Cultural Heritage within the framework of EuroMed Cultural Heritage 4 Programme under grant agreement ENPI 150583. All rights reserved to the ELAICH Beneficiaries. This material, in its entirety only, may be used in "fair use" only as part of the ELAICH – educational toolkit for the educational purposes by non-profit educational establishments or in self-education, by any means at all times and on any downloads, copies and or, adaptations, clearly indicating “©ELAICH Beneficiaries 2009-2011” and making reference to these terms. Use of the material amounting to a distortion or mutilation of the material or is otherwise prejudicial to the honor or reputation of ELAICH Beneficiaries 2009-2011 is forbidden. Use of parts of the material is strictly forbidden. No part of this material may be: (1) used other than intended (2) copied, reproduced or distributed in any physical or electronic form (3) reproduced in any publication of any kind (4) used as part of any other teaching material in any framework; unless prior written permission of the ELAICH Beneficiaries has been obtained. Disclaimer This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the ELAICH Consortium and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union.

3. Abstract Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – National Technical University of Athens This presentation introduces the theme of cleaning, one of the major types of conservation interventions applied on the built heritage. The definition of cleaning and the reasons why cleaning is applied are explained. The general methodology and application criteria of cleaning interventions, along with the ways that we use in order to approach a historic building and apply cleaning are also pointed out. For the better understanding of the theoretical background of cleaning, the case study of National Archaeological Museum is presented. Examples of pilot cleaning application on marble surfaces diagnosed by different and characteristic decay patterns are displayed, whereas representative results of analytical and NDT techniques applied for the assessment of cleaning methods are demonstrated. Finally, the methodological approach for building pathology representation and control, as well as conservation interventions durability control, are indicated through the National Archaeological Museum case study.

4. Content Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – National Technical University of Athens Table of contents of this presentation 4.6.1 When and why we apply cleaning 4.6.2 Methodology and application criteria of cleaning interventions – How we select the right cleaning method(s) 4.6.3 Proper sequence of actions for the conservation of a historic building 4.6.4 Examples of pilot cleaning interventions application – the case study of National Archaeological Museum 4.6.4.1 How we clean a marble surface presenting a grey-brown crust, 4.6.4.2 How we clean a marble surface presenting a cementitious crust, and 4.6.4.3 How we clean a marble surface presenting a black-grey crust 4.6.5 Assessment of pilot cleaning interventions – presentation of representative results 4.6.6 Mapping of building materials & presented decay patterns – Building Pathology – the case study of National Archaeological Museum 4.6.7 Mapping of cleaning-conservation interventions on different scales - Cost analysis of the suggested conservation interventions – the case study of National Archaeological Museum

10. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Acropolis of Athens Application of the pilot cleaning interventions on preselected representative areas Assessment of the pilot cleaning interventions performance using NDT & E techniques in situ and analytical techniques in lab, after sampling Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – Topic 4.6: Criteria & Methodology for Cleaning - Pilot applications & case studies

11. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Acropolis of Athens National Archaeological Museum – NAM The historic building of National Archaeological Museum is located in Athens centre, a city of polluted urban atmosphere. Its construction started in 1866 based on the drawings of the German architect Ludwig Lange, and ended in 1889 under the supervision of another German architect, Ernest Ziller, who made major modifications on the Lange's initial drawings. Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – Topic 4.6: Criteria & Methodology for Cleaning - Pilot applications & case studies

12. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Acropolis of Athens National Archaeological Museum – NAM – Representative areas under Investigation West Façade, South orientation, Marble facing on the ground floor West façade, East orientation, Capital Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – Topic 4.6: Criteria & Methodology for Cleaning - Pilot applications & case studies

13. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage National Archaeological Museum – NAM – Representative areas under Investigation Characterization of building material Pentelic Marble Results of Optical Microscopy Verification of historic bibliographic data Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – Topic 4.6: Criteria & Methodology for Cleaning - Pilot applications & case studies

14. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Acropolis of Athens National Archaeological Museum, West Façade, South orientation, Marble facing on the ground floor – decay diagnosis Grey-brown crusts : rich in iron oxides & hydroxides (intense grey-brown and/or orange brown coloring), which many times are suited behind a homogenous and compact layer of alumino-silicates. Gold patina/rusty-yellow patina : diffusion of the marble iron ions from the internal to the external surfaces and oxidation of them ( intense orange-brown coloring ) . FOM - OM, endogenous iron grains which are oxidized on the marble surface, x 50, parallel Nicols FOM - OM, Secondary located iron oxides on marble surface, x 100, parallel Nicols Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – Topic 4.6: Criteria & Methodology for Cleaning - Pilot applications & case studies

15. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Acropolis of Athens Pilot Cleaning Interventions & Assessment 5% v/v solution of sulfur-glycolic acid neutralized by ammonia (pH=7 .5 ) FOM , incompatible cleaning intervention using a rotary abrading tool - oriented scratches, x2 5 FOM , cleaning intervention using sulfur- glycolic acid, x2 5 Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – Topic 4.6: Criteria & Methodology for Cleaning - Pilot applications & case studies

17. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Acropolis of Athens Biological poultice 19, 24, 30 days Paste of ΑΒ57 5+5 min FOM, Biological Poultice, x50 Pilot Cleaning Interventions & Assessment FOM, Paste of ΑΒ57 5+5 min, x50 Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – Topic 4.6: Criteria & Methodology for Cleaning - Pilot applications & case studies Ι 2 Ι 1b Ι 1a Ι 1c

18. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Side surface of anthemia, Presence of micro-crystalline gypsum layer, and black depositions Front surface of anthemia, Presence of micro-crystalline gypsum layer, barite layer, macro-crystalline gypsum layer and black depositions SEM FOM SEM FOM National Archaeological Museum – West façade , East orientation , Capital, anthemia surface - Decay Diagnosis Black-grey or black crusts : Sulphation of calcite and adsorption of black soot particles, H/C, e.t.c. particles of atmospheric origin which act as active catalysts for the transformation of calcite to gypsum. The surfaces of black-grey crusts are rain-water sheltered surfaces. FOM FOM Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – Topic 4.6: Criteria & Methodology for Cleaning - Pilot applications & case studies

19. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Acropolis of Athens The pilot conservation interventions that were applied consisted of different cleaning methods like: kke3b : AB57 poultice, Kke1a, Kke1b, Kke3a2, E3b : poultice of ion exchange resin with deionized water, different application times Kke2a, Kke2b, Kke3a1 : poultice of ion exchange resin with 10% w/v (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 solution, different application times EG5 : a wet micro-blasting method of spherical calcium carbonate particles with diameter less than 100μm. Pilot Cleaning Interventions Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – Topic 4.6: Criteria & Methodology for Cleaning - Pilot applications & case studies Kke Kke2b Kke3a1 Kke2a Kke3a2 Kke3b Kke1b Kke1a EG5 E3b

20. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Acropolis of Athens FOM , x2 5 SEM Wet micro-blasting method Incompatible cleaning intervention : total loss of the micro-crystalline gypsum layer Spherical particle of calcium carbonate Assessment of Pilot Cleaning Interventions Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – Topic 4.6: Criteria & Methodology for Cleaning - Pilot applications & case studies

21. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Acropolis of Athens Assessment of Pilot Cleaning Interventions Compatible cleaning intervention -application of ion-exchange resin with 10% w/v (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 solution, for 10 min. Preservation of the barite layer (patina) & micro- crystalline gypsum layer SEM FOM, front anthemia surface, x50 FOM, side anthemia surface, x50 Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – Topic 4.6: Criteria & Methodology for Cleaning - Pilot applications & case studies

22. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Acropolis of Athens Mapping of building materials & presented decay patterns – Building Pathology Mapping of cleaning-conservation interventions - Cost analysis of the suggested conservation interventions Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – Topic 4.6: Criteria & Methodology for Cleaning - Pilot applications & case studies

23. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Acropolis of Athens Classification & Representation of the Monument Pathology Control of the Monument Life Cycle & the Cost of its Life Cycle Mapping of the cleaning/conservation interventions – Cost analysis of the interventions Characterization of Building Materials & Decay Diagnosis Suggestion of conservation interventions depending on the presented building materials & decay patterns Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – Topic 4.6: Criteria & Methodology for Cleaning - Pilot applications & case studies

24. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Using the continuous process of GIS platform for: Datasets concerning building pathology & conservation interventions are recorded, correlated, distributed & attributed to space in different working scales during different time periods durability control of building materials Strategic planning of periodical conservation interventions Methodological approach Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – Topic 4.6: Criteria & Methodology for Cleaning - Pilot applications & case studies

25. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Acropolis of Athens RDB RDB Spatial Classification of Decay. Different Physical-chemical characteristics & spatial properties Decay thematic map for the capital surface, along with Relational Data Bases (RDBs) for both front & side anthemia surfaces. RDBs are consisting of marble physic al -chemical characteristics before pilot cleaning interventions Working scale: representative area Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – Topic 4.6: Criteria & Methodology for Cleaning - Pilot applications & case studies

26. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Acropolis of Athens RDB Spatial Classification of Cleaning Interventions Pilot cleaning interventions’ thematic map for the capital surface, along with the RDB of the front anthemia surface. RDB is consisting of marble physic al -chemical characteristics after pilot cleaning interventions Working scale: representative area Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – Topic 4.6: Criteria & Methodology for Cleaning - Pilot applications & case studies

28. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Acropolis of Athens Digital Decay Mapping using CAD ( Detail of marble facing) Photograph of the presented decay patterns on the marble facing of the ground floor, National Archaeological Museum - NAM Working scale: building’s facade Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – Topic 4.6: Criteria & Methodology for Cleaning - Pilot applications & case studies