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Raakesh s/o Mogana Sundram
      Pua Hock Leong
        Vincent Low
    Elango Elayabharath
 Life – Cycle Design Flow

                                        Design
 Ethical Violations in Design


 Analyze Common Factors

                             Feedback            Testing
 Love Canal


 Ford Pinto


 Therac – 25


 Chernobyl Nuclear Plant
 Located near Niagara Falls.


 Experiencing population boom.


 Hooker Chemical’s dump site for toxic waste.


 Government built school and residence.
Image Source: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_UV2eaSWz0xY/TMBkOlRDU5I/AAAAAAAAABY/pYsNqs4515c/s1600/LoveCanal-middle500px.jpg
 Birth Deficiencies

   Webbed toes

   Extra set of teeth

   Heart defects

   Mental retardation

                             Image Source: http://www.fiendishcuriosities.com/photos/photo_2006-
                             06-13_18-12_0.jpg

 High no. of miscarriages
 Siting & Design Phase

   No adequate suitability tests done

   Ignored concerns of Hooker Chemical
 Sacrificing Safety (Public Health)


 Denial of Responsibility


 Negligence for Ecological & Environmental

 sustainability




              Image Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_FivrbNsJk1Y/TTYscPlx8NI/AAAAAAAAAVY/rdkKT8dj7O8/s1600/Love+Canal.jpg
 Love Canal


 Ford Pinto


 Therac - 25


 Chernobyl Nuclear Plant
Ford Pinto
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bluepinto.jpg
 American Subcompact Market


 Ford President Lee Iacocca


 25 month conception to production schedule

 (average car takes 43 months)

 Fuel tank design + other design variables
 Design: $2000, 2000 pound limit, Fuel Tank problem


 Testing: Rear collision resulted in fuel leakage and fire


 Feedback: Engineers came up with redesign proposals


 Design:    Cost/Benefit Analysis was done
 Benefits
  Savings: 180 burn deaths, 180 serious burn injuries, 2100 burned
  vehicles
  Unit Cost: $200,000 per death, $67,000 per injury, $700 per
  vehicle
  Total Benefit: 180 x ($200,000) + 180 x ($67,000) + 2100 x
  ($700) = $49.5 Million

 Costs
  Sales: 11 million cars, 1.5 million light trucks
  Unit Cost: $11 per car, $11 per truck
  Total Cost: 11,000,000 x ($11) + 1,500,000 x ($ I 1) = $137
  Million

  From Ford Motor Company internal memorandum: "Fatalities Associated with Crash--Induced Fuel Leakage and Fires." Source:
  Douglas Birsch and John H. Fielder, THE FORD PINTO CASE: A STUDY IN APPLIED ETHICS. BUSINESS, AND TECHNOLOGY. p.
  28.1994.
   Consciously Sacrificing Public Safety


   Monetary Value of Life


   Using Value of Life in Cost/Benefit Analysis
Image source: http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/showcase2004/images-04/jn_pinto.gif




 Safety should have been prioritized


 Could have pushed cost of the safety
 modification to the consumer
 Love Canal


 Ford Pinto


 Therac – 25


 Chernobyl Nuclear Plant
Urbike
 Medical grade linear accelerator


 Cures cancer / tumors


 Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL)


 Overdosed 6 people ~x100 the limit
 Therac – 6 and Therac 20


 More compact, dual mode, depth dose


 Not standalone using hardware
 Operator interface – return carriage


 Error messages – codes


 No mechanical safety back-ups
 Hazard testing – Assumptions
   Programming errors eliminated
   Program does not degrade due to reproduction process
   Execution error only by faulty hardware



 Computer selects wrong energy level
   10^-12
 Overconfidence in software


 Safety vs Reliability, User friendly


 Unrealistic risk assessments
 Simple and reliable coding practices


 Self checking codes


 Operator training


 FDA intervention
 Love Canal


 Ford Pinto


 Therac – 25


 Chernobyl Nuclear Plant
 Located in Pripyat

 Experimental test went out of control

 Immediate death of 2 workers, 28 firemen

 Worst nuclear accident
 Safety Violations

  • Safety Regulations are not followed

  • Almost all the 211 control rods are removed

  • Unstable fission rate
 Safety Violations

  • The workers quarter located just 3 km away from the

    plant

  • Productivity versus safety
 Safety Violations
  • Lacked of communication between engineers

  • Pressured to succeed
 Environmental Violation


 • No containment structure

 • Fast, cheaper, better




                      •Emergency was not called upon immediately

                      •Spread of radiation to other parts of the world
Alienation


Violations



             Environment Pollution




             Radiation illness
 Profit



 Pride
Urbike
Urbike

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Urbike

  • 1. Raakesh s/o Mogana Sundram Pua Hock Leong Vincent Low Elango Elayabharath
  • 2.  Life – Cycle Design Flow Design  Ethical Violations in Design  Analyze Common Factors Feedback Testing
  • 3.  Love Canal  Ford Pinto  Therac – 25  Chernobyl Nuclear Plant
  • 4.  Located near Niagara Falls.  Experiencing population boom.  Hooker Chemical’s dump site for toxic waste.  Government built school and residence.
  • 6.  Birth Deficiencies  Webbed toes  Extra set of teeth  Heart defects  Mental retardation Image Source: http://www.fiendishcuriosities.com/photos/photo_2006- 06-13_18-12_0.jpg  High no. of miscarriages
  • 7.  Siting & Design Phase  No adequate suitability tests done  Ignored concerns of Hooker Chemical
  • 8.  Sacrificing Safety (Public Health)  Denial of Responsibility  Negligence for Ecological & Environmental sustainability Image Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_FivrbNsJk1Y/TTYscPlx8NI/AAAAAAAAAVY/rdkKT8dj7O8/s1600/Love+Canal.jpg
  • 9.  Love Canal  Ford Pinto  Therac - 25  Chernobyl Nuclear Plant
  • 10. Ford Pinto Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bluepinto.jpg
  • 11.  American Subcompact Market  Ford President Lee Iacocca  25 month conception to production schedule (average car takes 43 months)  Fuel tank design + other design variables
  • 12.  Design: $2000, 2000 pound limit, Fuel Tank problem  Testing: Rear collision resulted in fuel leakage and fire  Feedback: Engineers came up with redesign proposals  Design: Cost/Benefit Analysis was done
  • 13.  Benefits Savings: 180 burn deaths, 180 serious burn injuries, 2100 burned vehicles Unit Cost: $200,000 per death, $67,000 per injury, $700 per vehicle Total Benefit: 180 x ($200,000) + 180 x ($67,000) + 2100 x ($700) = $49.5 Million  Costs Sales: 11 million cars, 1.5 million light trucks Unit Cost: $11 per car, $11 per truck Total Cost: 11,000,000 x ($11) + 1,500,000 x ($ I 1) = $137 Million From Ford Motor Company internal memorandum: "Fatalities Associated with Crash--Induced Fuel Leakage and Fires." Source: Douglas Birsch and John H. Fielder, THE FORD PINTO CASE: A STUDY IN APPLIED ETHICS. BUSINESS, AND TECHNOLOGY. p. 28.1994.
  • 14. Consciously Sacrificing Public Safety  Monetary Value of Life  Using Value of Life in Cost/Benefit Analysis
  • 15. Image source: http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/showcase2004/images-04/jn_pinto.gif  Safety should have been prioritized  Could have pushed cost of the safety modification to the consumer
  • 16.  Love Canal  Ford Pinto  Therac – 25  Chernobyl Nuclear Plant
  • 18.  Medical grade linear accelerator  Cures cancer / tumors  Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL)  Overdosed 6 people ~x100 the limit
  • 19.  Therac – 6 and Therac 20  More compact, dual mode, depth dose  Not standalone using hardware
  • 20.  Operator interface – return carriage  Error messages – codes  No mechanical safety back-ups
  • 21.  Hazard testing – Assumptions  Programming errors eliminated  Program does not degrade due to reproduction process  Execution error only by faulty hardware  Computer selects wrong energy level  10^-12
  • 22.  Overconfidence in software  Safety vs Reliability, User friendly  Unrealistic risk assessments
  • 23.  Simple and reliable coding practices  Self checking codes  Operator training  FDA intervention
  • 24.  Love Canal  Ford Pinto  Therac – 25  Chernobyl Nuclear Plant
  • 25.  Located in Pripyat  Experimental test went out of control  Immediate death of 2 workers, 28 firemen  Worst nuclear accident
  • 26.  Safety Violations • Safety Regulations are not followed • Almost all the 211 control rods are removed • Unstable fission rate
  • 27.  Safety Violations • The workers quarter located just 3 km away from the plant • Productivity versus safety
  • 28.  Safety Violations • Lacked of communication between engineers • Pressured to succeed
  • 29.  Environmental Violation • No containment structure • Fast, cheaper, better •Emergency was not called upon immediately •Spread of radiation to other parts of the world
  • 30. Alienation Violations Environment Pollution Radiation illness