Powerpoint based on chapter 25 of the AP World History text, "World Civilaizations: The Global Experience".
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2. 1867- Mexico
• Austrian Archduke Maximilian
– Sent by Napoleon III
– Why? Mexico owed debts
• Common “Latin” culture
– Goal: establish monarchy
Napoleon III
President of the French
Republic; Ruler of the Second
French Empire
Nephew and heir of Napoleon I
• Profit
• Appease French Catholics
– Mexican War of Independence: 18101821
• Result: Firing Squad
Emperor of Mexico
r. 10 April 1864 - 19 June 1867
4. Comparing Independence Movements
in Latin America, Europe and US
Similarities
• Progress
• Reform
• Political Representation
• Constitutional Government
Differences
• Latin America: no
practice/experience in
representative government;
power held by central
government
• US: House of Burgesses (VA)
• Europe: Parliaments with
limited power
5. Race
•
•
•
•
•
Creole: American-born Whites (European)
American Indian: Natives
Mestizo: European + American Indian
Mulatto: African + European
Africans
Could they all get along?
Colonial elites (whites) think, “Can we control them
(everyone else)?”
6. Causes of Political Change
1. Age of Enlightenment (18th Century)
Rousseau
– Beliefs:
Thomas
Hobbes
John Locke
Voltaire
• Life, liberty, property, health
• Separation of powers/ limited government
• Consent of the governed (popular sovereignty)
7. Causes of Political Change
2. Other Successful Revolutions
(model)
• American Revolution (1775-1783)
– Breaking away from the mother
country is possible
– If they can do it, so can we….
• French Revolution (1779)
– “liberty, equality and fraternity”
– Not supported by the Creole elites
• Regicide, rejection of the Church’s
authority, and social leveling
8. Causes of Political Change
3. St. Domingue, French colony
• Political conflict
– Whites and free people of
color
– 1791: slaves led rebellion
• Leader: Toussaint L’Overture
(TOO-san LOO-vuhr-tyuhr)
– 1804: independent republic
of Haiti
• Other Latin American
countries (basically, white
elites with plantations)
wanted to avoid Haitian
model
• Slaves, former slaves and free
people of color saw Haiti as a
symbol of hope
9. Causes of Political Change
4. Problems in Europe (Napoleonic
Wars)
• After the French Revolution
France invaded the Iberian
Peninsula
• Spain: Two rulers
– Napoleon’s Brother (King)
– Junta Central (committee loyal to
King Ferdinand)
– Colonies:
Joseph Bonaparte
King of Spain
• Caracas, Bogotá and Mexico created
Juntas
– Supposed to be loyal to the deposed
King, but they ruled for themselves
King Ferdinand VII
King of Spain
11. Mexico
• Father Miguel de Hidalgo
– Had help from mestizos and American
Indians
– Lost support of the Creoles (who feared
social rebellion)
– Captured and Executed
– Insurgency continued
• Augustín de Iturbide
– Creole Army officer
– Joined with the insurgency (instead of
killing them)
– Combined forces won Mexico City in
September 1821
– Iturbide was declared Emperor of Mexico
Bell of Delores
Rung by Hidalgo before his
speech to rally the people
to fight for independence
12. Mexican Empire
• 1821-1824
• After the collapse, Central American countries
established independent nations and Mexico
became a republic.
13. Northern South America (huh?)
• Independence movement
centered in Caracas
• 1810
• Simon Bolívar
– Wealthy Creole Officer
– President of Grand Colombia
(Venezuela, Columbia and
Ecuador)
– Rejected offers to be king
14. Southern South America
• José de San Martín
– Buenos Aires, Argentina
– Helped to liberate Argentina and Chile
15. Brazil
• Portuguese royal family fled
Napoleon and established the
Portuguese Empire in Rio de
Jeneiro
– Opened ports to world commerce
(England)
– Dom João VI, Portuguese King
– Improved Rio de Janeiro
• Library, gardens, printing presses,
schools
• João VI’s son eventually declared
Brazil independent and became
Dom Pedro I
Constitutional
Emperor of Brazil
Dom Pedro I
16. An Independent Latin America
• All countries are
republics
• Except Brazil
(Monarchy)
17. New Nations/New Problems
• Major issues
– Social inequalities
• 1854 slavery abolished everywhere
• Except Cuba, Puerto Rico (Spanish colonies still) & Brazil
– Political representation
• Property and literacy restrictions on voters
• Men only
• American Indians and people of mixed origins were
suspicious of political elite (old colonial aristocracy)
• Centralist (conservatives) vs Federalists (liberals)
– Role of the Church
– Regionalism
18. US Involvement
• Monroe Doctrine
– 1823
– Statement by American President
Monroe telling Europeans to stay out
of Latin America or else! (empty
words)
– Britain had a capital interest to
support Latin American independence
• Manifest Destiny
– Belief to unite the US coast to coast
• Mexican-American War
– Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
– Mexican Cession ($15 Million)
• Spanish- American War
– Cuba
– Puerto Rico
– Philippines
• US backed Panama independence
from Colombia
– Panama Canal (American rights)
