Lusaka Ecological Sanitation Conference Final report 2004hpm

Ecological Sanitation
Advocacy Workshop Report

Held at Mulungushi Conference Centre, Lusaka Zambia

21st – 23rd January 2004

WASAZA/GTZ Final Report

Mr. Werchota,
GTZ water sector,
NWASCO OFFICES,
Lusaka.

WASAZA
NWASCO OFFICES
Lusaka

12th March 2004

Dear Mr. Werchota,

RE: SUBMISSION OF THE FINAL ECOSAN WORKSHOP
SUMMARY REPORT
We hereby submit the final ecosan workshop summary report. Please bare with
us for the delay this is due to the fact that we had not taken into account the
contributions from the gtz ecosan team at the time we were estimating the time
needed for the submission of the report.

It is our sincere hope that the report is to your expectations and we hope to work
with you again in future. Mr Braken and Mr Mang contributed to this report by
indicating that it needed to capture the discussions that occurred during the
Question and Answer times. These issues are covered but they are not directly
reported as they were said or presented.

With this in mind it is our hope that the summary we have made of these issues
is substantial enough to enable anyone know what occurred at the workshop.

Yours in ecosan promotion,

Simataa Nakamboa Charles Chisanga

____________________ ___________________

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa i


By: Simataa Nakamboa and Charles Chisanga
© March 2004

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa ii


Abbreviations

BMZ -Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
CBNRM -Community Based Natural Resources Management
CSIR -Council for Scientific and International Research
DED -Deutsche Entwicklungsdienst
DISS -Department of Infrastructure and Support Services
Ecosan -Ecological Sanitation
GTZ -Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Technische Zusammenarbeit
MEWD -Ministry of Energy and Water Development
MLGH -Ministry of Local Government and Housing
NGO -Non-governmental organisation
NRM -Natural Resources Management
ONEA -I‟Office National de I‟Eau et de I‟Assainissement
SWSC -Southern Water and Sewerage Company
IUCN -The World Conservation Union
UD -Urine Diversion
UTH -University Teaching Hospital
WASAZA -Water and Sanitation Association of Zambia
WHO -World Health Organisation
WSP -Water and Sanitation Programme (Worldbank)
WSS -Water Supply and Sanitation

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa iii


Acknowledgments

The Authors of this report would like to take this opportunity to thank the
organisations and individuals who helped in ensuring that the 1 st Ecological
Sanitation Workshop in Zambia was a success. We would like to offer our
particular heartfelt thanks to the following:

GTZ-Lusaka and GTZ-Eschborn for various forms of financial and logistical
support they rendered to the organisation of the workshop.

WASTE (The Netherlands) and the World Bank (WSP) for sponsoring resource
persons and all the financial contributions.

CSIR in South Africa for providing some workshop materials.

WASAZA for offering the secretarial services and the office space for the
organisation of the workshop and the compilation of this report.

Lastly we would like to thank all the participants who were present at the
workshop for their contributions and positive engagement in the workshop
deliberations. This workshop opened the door for ecosan in the country and the
ball is now in our hands to walk through that door.

To you all we would like to express our sincere gratitude.

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa iv


TABLE OF CONTENTS IV

RE: SUBMISSION OF THE FINAL ECOSAN WORKSHOP SUMMARY REPORT ................. I

ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................... III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ IV

1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1

2 BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................... 2

3 WORKSHOP DELIBERATIONS............................................................................................ 4

3.1 DAY 1: INTRODUCTION, PILOT CASE STUDIES AND HYGIENE CONSIDERATIONS.
............................................................................................................................................... 4

3.1.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 4
3.1.2 OVERVIEW OF THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION STRATEGY . 5
3.1.3 TOILETS AND URBAN AGRICULTURE INFRASTRUCTURE IN ETHIOPIA ........ 6
3.1.4 WATER BORN ECOLOGICAL SANITATION TECHNOLOGIES/ CLOSING THE
LOOP ON-SITE-EXPERIENCES IN LESOTHO............................................................... 7
3.1.5 THE ECOLOGICAL SANITATION CONCEPT ........................................................ 8
3.1.6 OFFICIAL OPPENING SPEECHES ........................................................................ 8
3.1.7 EXPERIENCES IN PILOTING ECOSAN PROJECTS IN ZAMBIA ......................... 9
3.1.8 “CBNRM-MISSING LINK”-PILOTING ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IN BOTSWANA
........................................................................................................................................ 10
3.1.9 INSTITUTIONAL AND IMPLEMENTATION ASPECTS OF ECOLOGICAL
SANITATION IN OUAGADOUGOU, BURKINA FASO .................................................. 10
3.1.10 DISEASES LINKED TO POOR SANITATION AND THEIR PREVENTION ....... 11
3.1.11 HEALTH ASPECTS OF ECOLOGICAL SANITYATION .................................... 13

3.2 DAY 2: OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF ECOSAN .................................. 14

3.2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 14

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa v


3.2.2 URBAN ECOLOGICAL SANITATION EXPERIENCES IN UGANDA ................... 14
3.2.3 EFFECTS OF UBAN EXPANSION ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY .................. 15
3.2.4 URBAN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ................ 15
3.2.5 DESIGN OF FEASIBLE ECOLOGICL SANITATION TOILETS ............................ 15
3.2.6 SELLIING THE IDEAS AND GENDER ASPECTS OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION
........................................................................................................................................ 17
3.2.7 AGRICULTRE ASPECTS OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION................................. 17
3.2.8 TECHNICAL COMPONENTS FOR ECOLOGICAL SANITATION SYSTEMS-
WORLDWIDE EXAMPLES ............................................................................................. 18
3.2.9 GROUP WORK...................................................................................................... 19

3.3 DAY 3: THE WAY FORWARD FOR ECOLOGICAL SANITATION ............................ 20

3.3.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 20
3.3.2 ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IN PERI URBAN AREAS-MAIN OPPORTUNITIES AND
CONSTRAINTS .............................................................................................................. 20
3.3.3 THE REGULATOR AND ISSUES OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION .................... 21
3.3.4 THE GENERAL WAY FORWARD FOR ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IN ZAMBIA21

4 WORKSHOP CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION ............................................... 22

APPENDICES ......................................................................................................................... 24

APPENDIX 1 THE MINISTER‟S SPEECH.......................................................................... 25

APPENDIX 2 GROUP DISSCUSSION PRESENTATIONS ............................................... 29

APPENDIX 3 REMARKS FROM THE CLOSING SESSION .............................................. 33

APPENDIX 4 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ............................................................................. 36

APPENDIX 5 REPORT ON THE GTZ-ECOLOGICAL SANITATION MISSION ................ 39

APPENDIX 6 WORKSHOP PROGRAMM .......................................................................... 42

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa vi


1. INTRODUCTION
The Water and Sanitation Association of Zambia (WASAZA) with the support of
the GTZ-Water Sector, Lusaka in collaboration with the supra-regional GTZ
ecosan sector project, and with additional support from the World Bank-Water
and Sanitation Programme (WSP) for East Africa and WASTE (The Netherlands)
organised the Ecological Sanitation (Ecosan) workshop which took place from
the 21st to the 23rd of January 2004 at the Mulungushi Conference Centre, in
Lusaka, Zambia. The workshop took two and half days and consisted of an
opening remark by the Honourable Minister, Ms Sylvia Masebo (MP), Ministry of
Local Government and Housing, paper presentations by various speakers and
discussions on ecosan by all the participants, an ecosan squat pan exhibition and
a social event. The program is given as an appendix at the end of this document.

WASAZA is a Zambian Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) dedicated to the
advancement of professional knowledge and improvement of water and
sanitation management in an environmentally sustainable way.

The main objectives of the Association are to provide a forum for the sector
where people of different professional backgrounds in government, private sector
and non-governmental organisations can come together and discuss issues
affecting the sector; and promote best practice generally.

The specific objectives of WASAZA are:

 To provide a forum for discussion on the management of water and
sanitation;
 To encourage dialogue between the water and sanitation industry and the
public;
 To assist in the development of professional competence and the best
practice in water and sanitation management;
 To facilitate the exchange of information among those working in the water
and sanitation sectors;
 To present to government and other related bodies the interests of those
involved in the water and sanitation industry.

The association promotes best practice and exchange of the latest skills,
techniques and knowledge on all aspects of water and sanitation management
services. The organisation seeks to disseminate the above by all possible means
including meetings, expert networks, publications and electronic media. Its
mission also includes advocacy and exchange of ideas with major stakeholders
and promoting public awareness. WASAZA therefore provides a means whereby
all the different types of organisations and professions in the water sector can
exchange ideas and promote the advancement of the sector. WASAZA
membership is open to a diverse range of professionals with a bearing on water
and sanitation issues. For more information visit the web site:

Chisanga Charles and Simataa Nakamboa 1


http://www.zambia-water.org.zm/wasaza_information.htm

WASAZA was supported in its efforts of organising this workshop by, the
Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH which is a
corporation for international co-operation owned by the federal government of
Germany, working with more than 130 partner countries and supporting
approximately 2,700 development projects and programmes. The GTZ‟s aim is to
improve the living conditions and perspectives of people living in developing
countries.

In accordance with the Johannesburg declaration on Sustainable Development
one of the GTZ‟s focus areas is in assisting in the provision of safe and
sustainable sanitation to the estimated 2.5 billion people who do not have
adequate sanitary and wastewater treatment facilities.

Since May 2001, the GTZ, acting on behalf of the Germany Federal Ministry for
Economic Co-operation and Development (BMZ), has been engaged in an
international research and development project on “ecosan - ecologically and
economically sustainable wastewater management and sanitation systems”. Its
main objective include knowledge management and dissemination on a broad
international level, the initiation, implementation and monitoring of appropriate
pilot projects in co-operation with local and international partners and the
development of concepts for the marketing and safe use of the end products of
the process.

In recent years, the concept of ecological sanitation, as an alternative to
expensive, energy intensive, resource inefficient end of pipe conventional
sanitation, has gained a great deal of recognition in the fields of politics, business
and science from all over the world - especially among groups facing sanitation
problems themselves. The GTZ is currently engaged in a number of international
co-operation‟s aimed at designing and implementing ecosan pilot projects, as
well as supporting national and international networks, integrating the private
sector into sanitation and embarking on strategic co-operations in this specific
area. Additionally, over the last two years the ecosan project has become a fixed
element in the network of international information and knowledge management
and world-wide lobbying efforts, offering, among others, a bilingual web-site and
an electronic newsletter published quarterly in four languages for the readership
of 3,000. For more information visit: www.gtz.de/ecosan

2. BACKGROUND
The idea for this workshop was born at the 2nd International Symposium on
Ecological Sanitation that was held in Luebeck , Germany from the 7 th to the 11th
of April, 2003 when it was said that Zambia was earmarked for ecosan activities,
already proposed by a GTZ-KfW-Project Evaluation Team (PVK-Mission H. Lang,
G. Specht, F. Kaeser) in January 2002,



The workshop was organised with the objective of providing decision makers and
other organisations involved in santation with information on the ecosan concept.
It also aimed to serve as a discussion forum on ecological sanitation and to
sensitise various stakeholders to start a process of implementation of ecosan
concepts.

The workshop would be used as a starting point for ecosan promotion in Zambia,
which could be continued through national events, such as:

1) Copperbelt agriculture and commercial show (May)
2) The Zambia International Trade Fair (July)
3) Lusaka Agriculture and Commercial Show (August)

The workshop had the following themes;

 The Eco-San concept.
 Perspectives and requirements/framework conditions for projects in urban
areas in Zambia.
 Lessons learnt and perspectives from a national and international point of
view.
 Dissemination of the ecosan approach.
 Ecosan - networking in Southern Africa and why ecosan now

The workshop looked at ecosan as comprising:

 Dry/source separated sanitation.
 ecosan-water borne systems.
 Design of feasible ecosan toilets.
 Rural, urban and peri-urban.
 Experiences in piloting ecosan toilets in Zambia.

The Lusaka workshop was attended by participants from the public and private
sectors; academia; non-governmental organisations (NGOs), civil society and the
donor agencies.

This report summarises and highlights the proceedings of the Workshop. It is
organised according to similarity of presentations during the three days:



3. WORKSHOP DELIBERATIONS

3.1 Day 1: INTRODUCTION, PILOT CASE STUDIES AND HYGIENE
CONSIDERATIONS.

3.1.1 INTRODUCTION

Chairmen: Mr. O.M.Chanda. The Director of NWASCO, for the morning session
and Mr L Zulu the Chairman of WASAZA for afternoon session.

The chairman saluted everyone and introduced himself before asking all the
participants to introduce themselves one by one.

The first speaker Mr. S. Nakamboa introduced the workshop and stated the
workshop objective which was:

To provide a forum for discussion on ecological sanitation among decision/policy
makers, organisations and other agencies. The workshop will be used as a
starting point for promotion of ecological sanitation in Zambia especially at the
three annual events.

1) The Copperbelt Agriculture and Commercial Show (May)
2) The Zambia International Trade Fair (July)
3) The Lusaka Agriculture and Commercial Show (August)

To achieve these objectives a number of themes where discussed including the
ecosan concept, a description of the Zambian peri urban compounds, National
and International experiences with regard to ecosan, dissemination of the ecosan
concept and why ecosan now. Ecosan was described as a sanitation approach
based on the recycling of nutrients in human excreta for agriculture such that
ecological integrity is respected; fresh water sources are protected and
conserved, while promoting health living by preventing the spread of diseases. It
was said the case for ecosan was strengthened by the fact that conventional
sanitation systems have failed to solve the sanitation crisis for the world as 2.2
million people die each year due to diseases associated with poor sanitation and
contamination of drinking water.

Mr Nakamboa also stated that even though ecosan appears to be a new concept
it‟s principal of nutrient recycling has been in practice for many years in countries
like China and Vietnam. However, this principal of recycling has not been the
reason for it evolving in some countries. For example in Sweden environmental
concerns where the reason for people adopting it, in India it was convenience
while in Mexico the main reason was water conservation. For this reason the
promoters of ecological sanitation should be aware that the motivating factors for
people to adopt ecological sanitation are different for different regions.



3.1.2. OVERVIEW OF THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
STRATEGY

Mr. C. Mulambo from the Ministry of Local Government and Housing (MLGH)
gave the first power point presentation on the „Overview of the National
Environmental Sanitation Strategy.‟

The national environmental sanitation strategy defines sanitation as a process of
collection, treatment and disposal of human excreta and domestic waste in a safe
and hygienic manner (behaviour) which is affordable and sustainable, and
environmental sanitation as a set of interdependent factors, such as hygiene
practices, faecal and solid waste disposal, safe water use and management and
maintenance of a healthy community, which reduce health risks and increase
well-being.

The national environmental sanitation strategy‟s objective is to create an enabling
environment with support mechanisms to facilitate individuals, households and
communities to effectively improve their environmental sanitation conditions and
hygiene practices to prevent the transmission of disease.

The relevant legal framework governing sanitation in Zambia are:

 Environmental Control 1990: pollution of water and air, solid waste
 Local Government Act 1991: rubbish removal, environmental health,
sewerage and drainage and provision of public sanitation
 Public Health Act 1935 and National Health Services Act 1995: regulation
relating to new/rehabilitated houses having a latrine, siting of latrines,
outbreaks of infectious/ preventable diseases.
 Village Development Act: Chiefs power to instruct community to build
latrines.
 Local Government Act 1974: Regularising of shanty compounds

Mr. Mulambo was asked if there was a deliberate policy on ecosan and he
responded saying that there was none other than the National Environmental
Sanitation Strategy. Among other issues raised during the questions and answer
time was what penalty measures are there to punish residents in peri urban
areas who do not have a toilet on their plot. The fact is that Laws/Regulations are
there that compel each household to have a toilet but they are not enforced due
to lack of capacity. Another issue that Mr Mulambo stated was that the strategy
was done in 1997 by the government and gives advice on appropriate technology
on toilets which if acceptable can be used. This also applies to ecosan toilets.
Even though the strategy does not mention ecosan per say if the ecosan toilet is
appropriate technology, it can be used.



Comment: There is need for government to come up with a deliberate policy on
the implementation and promotion of ecosan in the country so that projects can
be guided by them.

3.1.3. TOILETS AND URBAN AGRICULTURE INFRASTRUCTURE IN
ETHIOPIA

After Mr. Mulambo, Mr. Gunder Edström from SUDEA in Ethiopia gave a
presentation on Toilets and Urban Agriculture Infrastructure in Ethiopia. He
explained how residents have accepted the urine diverting toilets and are using a
variety of materials for the super structure like poles, reed mats, mud bricks and
iron sheets. Residents collect the urine in plastic containers and apply it directly
to the soil after making a small furrow into which to pour the urine. The urine is
diluted with water if applied on a planted field. If the field is not planted then the
urine can be applied without diluting. Mr. Edström explained how easy it is to
apply the urine since all you have to do is to take a deep breath before pouring
the urine into the furrow. It is important to cover the urine immediately to reduce
lose of nitrogen. The fertilising effect of urine is similar to that of a nitrogen rich
fertiliser and urine should be used similarly. For this reason urine should be used
for nitrogen demanding crops and vegetables.

When it comes to faeces the composting process can be hastened by covering
the compost with a plastic cover to prevent the loss of moisture. The
maintenance of moist conditions in the compost increases the degradation of the
organic matter as the microbial activities are encouraged. Gunder also stated that
urban agriculture could be integrated with ecosan to make it more sustainable.

During the question and answer time Mr Edström explained how at one Muslim
house he tried to introduce a urinal and the man of that household refused
entirely. However, at another Muslim household the man agreed and was happy
that the urinal would ensure that the urine did not wet his feet when urinating in a
standing position. From this example we can see that it is important to be aware
of cultural issues when promoting ecosan, but also that cultural views are neither
fixed nor constant in a society, and so we should never completely rule out
certain options.

Comment: The experiences from Ethiopia teach us that ecological sanitation can
be an acceptable sanitation system in any culture everywhere in the world if the
right approach is used in promoting it.



3.1.4. WATER BORNE ECOLOGICAL SANITATION TECHNOLOGIES/
CLOSING THE LOOP ON-SITE-EXPERIENCES IN LESOTHO

Ms Mantopi Lebofa from DED Lesotho gave the last presentation before tea
break, entitled Water Borne Ecological Sanitation Technologies/closing the loop
on-site-experiences in Lesotho. Ms Lebofa explained how the conventional septic
tanks wastes nutrients by storing them in tanks and soaking them away into the
soil ending up polluting ground water. These nutrients are supposed to be
returned to the soil where they originally came from. In Lesotho people are
changing from using septic tanks as a way of treating their wastewater to using
biogas digesters.

During the question and answer time it was established that the motivating
reason for this change is that biogas digesters are cheaper, as they do not need
to be emptied. People also have the additional benefits of reusing the nutrients
found in the effluent from the digester in their gardens and the gas produced in
their kitchens. This is really encouraging many residents to adopt the biogas
system as they cannot afford the cost of hiring a vacuum tanker to empty the
septic tanks. Another issue that was raised was, „what is fed into the biogas
digester?‟ Ms Lebofa explained that the biogas digester can take all the organic
waste from the household including the effluent wastewater. This means the
brownwater, yellowwater and greywater, including organic kitchen waste, yard
waste and animal dung. The biogas digester also makes use of plastic bottles
that are used to provide a surface area for bacteria to stick on that purify the
effluent at the outlet.

In her presentation Ms Lebofa also explained how the issue of nutrient recycling
has become so wide spread that her organisation members move around with
plastic bottles and pass it on to any man they find urinating on the road side
informing him that he is wasting nutrients in his urine and he should collect it.
Apparently, some residents have accepted to collect urine in plastic bottles even
though it has to be noted that women have to use a funnel to properly collect the
urine. This urine is used after diluting it with water in a 1:1 ratio.

For a better management of wastewater and to overcome the problems of
emptying the septic tanks the current situation in Lesotho is changing. Ecological
sanitation principles designed to support natural cycles of plant nutrient and other
natural components of excreta treatment are being implemented. Closed-loop
wastewater and excreta management help preserve soil fertility and safe guard
long-term food security hence they are being taken into consideration. The
biogas technology is one such approach. It‟s objective is to break down organic
material to its optimum uses, which are gas as an energy source and sludge in
different viscosities as soil conditioner or fertilisers. Besides energy and fertiliser,
other benefits of biogas technology are improved sanitation and environmental
protection.



Comment: From Ms Lebofa‟s presentation it can be seen that what we consider
as waste most of the time is actually a resource capable of earning us additional
income.

3.1.5. THE ECOLOGICAL SANITATION CONCEPT

After tea break Heinz-Peter Mang from the GTZ-ecosan team in Eschborn,
Germany gave a presentation on the ecological sanitation concept. Mr Mang
explained the shortcomings of the conventional waste water systems in that they
pollute surface water by discharging untreated wastewater in them. Word-wide
only between 5-10% of the sewage wastewater is correctly treated. This results
in the pollution of the rivers by pharmaceuticals, hormones, organics, bacteria
and nutrients. He then gave the advantages of ecological sanitation in that there
will be reuse of the grey water in irrigation as well as immediate reuse for
purposes of toilet flushing, car washing, cooling etc after purification by root zone
treatment, stabilisation ponds, or technical treatment. The urine will be used as a
fertiliser for agriculture/forestry after hygienisation while the faeces and other
organic waste can be used to produce biogas or compost. The presentation
showed that the commonly applied ecosan strategy of separately collecting and
treating faeces, urine, and grey water minimises the consumption of valuable
drinking water and enables the treatment of the separate waste water treatment
flows at a much lower cost.

During the question and answer time the participants indicated that there is a
potential avenue for economic gain. People/communities can use the treated
excreta to produce food and hence ensure food security. Also it was pointed out
that there already is a serious problem of vandalism because people know the
nutrient value of sewerage wastewater.

Comment: Most if not all wastewater treatment technologies are complicated by
the practice of mixing different wastewater flow streams (i.e. urine and excreta,
wash water from houses, industrial wastewater, storm run-off etc.).Adopting a “no
mix” or “source separating” approach can therefore greatly simplify treatment
processes, making it less expensive, more efficient, and easier to recover
productive resources. However, even in the case where some of the flow streams
are mixed it may still be possible to recover and use the resources if the right
approach is adopted.

3.1.6 OFFICIAL OPENING SPEECHES

Mr Mang‟s presentation had to be stopped for a few minutes due to the arrival of
the Honourable Minister Silvia Masebo (MP). The chairman of WASAZA Mr. Levi
Zulu welcomed and introduced the Minister. He also introduced Ms Martina
Bergschneider the GTZ Country Director. To entertain the Minister there was a
performance by an arts group that did some traditional dancing and „fire eating‟
acts.



Mr. L. Zulu gave the official opening address in which he talked about the
objectives of WASAZA. He was followed by Ms M. Bergschneider who talked
about the activities of GTZ in Zambia and it‟s efforts to support the Water and
Sanitation Sector Review Programme. Lastly the Honourable Minister Ms
Masebo gave the final opening address in which she talked about the Zambian
government‟s commitment to improving the sanitation situation in the country.
(see appendix)

3.1.7. EXPERIENCES IN PILOTING ECOSAN PROJECTS IN ZAMBIA

After Lunch Mr Ernest Hamalila from Water Aid Zambia gave a presentation on
Experiences in Piloting Ecosan Projects in Zambia. He explained how the people
of Siavonga are adopting ecosan approaches of using the compost from their
toilets in their gardens. Siavonga is a very rocky area and the digging of pits for
pit latrines is very tedious and the residents have adopted the „fossa alterna‟
because the pits are permanent and are used alternately. Ash is added to the
toilet contents after every visit so as to help reduce smell and prevent flies. They
have accepted the use of the „compost‟ in their gardens as after one year the
contents are just like soil and are happy with the results. Mr. Hamalila also
showed us a video where a resident was appreciating the works of Water Aid in
bringing these new toilets to them.

However during the question and answer time Mr Hamalila‟s presentation was
questioned as to how the system is different from the simple pit latrine as the
urine and faeces are mixed. If the pit is not lined there still the possibility of
groundwater pollution, and if it is lined it may fill rapidly due to the collection of
urine. One participant responded by saying that what qualifies this system, as
ecosan is the deliberate aim to reuse the contents of the toilet. In the traditional
pit latrine there usually is no deliberate aim to reuse the contents as the pits are
usually dug into deep. Also it was pointed out that the use of ash in pit latrines is
an old traditional practice and should be respected that traditional knowledge is
very important. The participants also wanted to know how wide the operational
area for Mr Hamalila was to which he responded by saying they were currently
operating in the peri-urban areas of Siavonga but will soon move to Choma as
well.

Comment: One of the reasons that qualifies a sanitation system to be ecosan is
the deliberate aim to reuse the contents of the toilet as fertiliser and/or as soil
conditioner and hence contribute to closing the loop. However, ecological
sanitation aims to recover these nutrients with as little loss as possible in a
manner that is socially, economically and environmentally acceptable to both the
users of the sanitation systems and the recovered products. The fossa alterna,
due to its relatively inefficient resource recovery, and potential for groundwater
pollution was therefore seen by some of the participants as being a step in the
right direction, but not yet ecosan.



3.1.8. “CBNRM-MISSING LINK”-PILOTING ECOLOGICAL
SANITATION IN BOTSWANA

After Mr. Hamalila‟s presentation Ms Cathrine Wirbelauer from IUCN in Botswana
was next with a presentation on “CBNRM-Missing Link”-Piloting Ecological
Sanitation in Botswana. She gave the background to the project as being long-
term environmental sustainability, the need to get a better handle on how
households and communities utilise their environment and identify the resources
used at household and community level, and integrated management of
resources.

The aspects taken on board with a lot of community participation during the
execution of this project are, “living” natural resources (e.g. veld products,
forestry, agriculture, gardening, animal husbandry etc.),“non-living” natural
resources (e.g. water, waste) and “ecological sanitation” (conservation/reuse -
link).

The goal of the project is “to develop, test and demonstrate a holistic/integrated
approach to environmental management, sanitation and waste management at
household and community level in selected communities”

To achieve this goal the main activities of the project are:

 Assess past and present natural resources management (NRM) and
environmental management practices.
 Pilot and develop environmental management approaches at household
 Level.
 Pilot and develop environmental management approaches at community
level.
 Document project approach, methodology and experiences.

3.1.9. INSTITUTIONAL AND IMPLEMENTATION ASPECTS OF
ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IN OUAGADOUGOU, BURKINA
FASO

After Cathrine, Patrick Bracken from the GTZ ecosan team gave the Institutional
and Implementation aspects of ecological sanitation in Ouagadougou, Burkina
Faso. Mr. Bracken stated that, ecological sanitation requires an interdisciplinary
approach; sanitation, health, socio-economic aspects, agriculture, energy, and
water supply should be considered together. It also involves a multitude of
stakeholders - governments (local and national), sanitation users, users of the
products, private sector etc. for suitable institutional arrangements to
accommodate this interaction. In Burkina Faso there are a wide range of national
and communal bodies with an official mandate for sanitation.



At Ministerial level more than 9 ministries have an official mandate for sanitation;
Ministry for Water; Ministry for Health and Social Action; Ministry of the
Environment and Tourism; Ministry for Equipment; Ministry for Primary
Education; Ministry for Secondary and Tertiary Education and Scientific
Research; Ministry for Territorial Administration; Ministry for Communication;
Ministry for Plans and Co-operation.

Ministries work through executive agencies for sanitation and these include:
 ONEA (for the Ministry of Water).
 The direction for pollution prevention and the improvement of living conditions.
 The direction of preventative medicine.
 The direction for sanitary action.

The need for improved sanitary facilities and to protect scarce water resources;
active agricultural sector; possibility of creation of income generating activities
has created a great deal of interest in an ecosan system among the population.

During the discussions one important issue that was raised was who played the
lead role in the implementation of sanitation in Bukina Faso. As explained above
more than 9 ministries have an official mandate for sanitation. This creates
confusion, as there might be duplication of work by the various ministries.

Comment: It is very important for the successful implementation of ecosan that
the relevant ministries and institutions are identified so that works can be co-
ordinated effectively.

3.1.10. DISEASES LINKED TO POOR SANITATION AND THEIR
PREVENTION

Dr Mbewe from UTH gave a talk on Diseases linked to poor sanitation and their
prevention after tea break. Presentations like this one are what could kill or sell
the idea of using human excreta as a fertiliser. Dr Mbewe pointed out that urine
could be infectious as Salmonella and Schistosomiasis are some of the parasites
that are passed in urine. However, it has to be pointed out that only 20% of all
infections from human excreta are found in urine the majority of all infections
(80%) are transmitted through faecal matter. Among the diseases transmitted
through faecal matter are cholera, dysentery, diarrhoea and hepatitis A. A
number of protozoa are passed through faeces and cause several diarrhoeal
diseases e.g. cryptosporidium, giardia, entamoeba, and histolitic. There are also
many bacterial forms that are transmitted through faeces and these are
salmonella, compylobacter, e-coli, and enterohaemorrhagic.

During the question and answer time some of the issues raised where how safe
is urine to be used for irrigating vegetables. The fact is that different
bacteria/protozoa/viruses take varying die off times. There is a correlation



between climate/temperature and time for pathogens to die off. In the case of
urine a relatively high pH (9) as well as temperature, dilution and storage time are
factors that are considered to affect the concentration and survival of pathogens
in a urine solution.

A study by L.T. Jorgensen et al from The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural
University in Denmark on the „Survival of faecal indicators and bacterial and
parasitic pathogens in source separated human urine‟ resulted in the following
conclusions;

 Three numbers of enterococci were reduced to below the detection
limit (<10 per ml) in the urine tank after 3 to 4 months storage.
 A small increase in numbers of total viable counts at 37degrees
centigrade and enterococci after 4-5 months storage, suggests
bacteria re-growth in the tanks.
 Viable and infective C. parvum oocysts appear to survive in urine
storage tanks even after prolonged storage.
 In laboratory experimental survival studies, the numbers of all bacterial
pathogens tested were reduced to below the detection limits of 10
bacteria per ml within a 20-days period.

(Source: Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on ecological
sanitation. p 424)

With regard to faeces thermophilic composting effectively reduces the numbers
of faecal bacterial indicators and pathogens. Most studies indicate that 6 Months
should be the minimum period for storage of both urine and faeces to ensure
adequate sanitisation. Most pathogens cannot survive the harsh conditions out
side the human body and die off quickly. Worm eggs survive longer out side the
human body than the worms themselves so care should be taken to ensure that
they have died before the excreta can be used as fertiliser or compost. Dr.
Mbewe also pointed out, after being queried, that it is not possible for HIV to be
transmitted through human excreta. For more information on the above topic
referee to the Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on ecological
sanitation on page 397. Yet another participant also asked if bilharzia could be
transmited through fertilising food crops with infected urine. To which she said it
is not possible as bilharzia germs has to enter the blood stream and not the gut.

It was in the middle of the questions and answer time that one participant who
had just arrived cautioned the participants to ask „real question’ that address „real
issues’. He said that we should be more concerned with the pathogen die off
times as we all know that bacteria can not move or be absorbed by the plant
roots. It is the pathogen die off times that matter and ensure that the products
from ecological sanitation are safe for use in agriculture.



Comment: Whatever the stigma with regard to the handling of human excreta,
ecosan offers the most sustainable, economical and ecologically friendly option
of sanitising human excreta before being released into the environment.

3.1.11. HEALTH ASPECTS OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION

Aussie Austin from CSIR in South Africa was the last presenter of the day with a
presentation entitled, „Health Aspects of Ecological Sanitation.‟ He raised the
following points with regard to sanitation.

 Safe disposal of human excreta alone does not necessarily mean the
creation of a healthy environment.
 Sanitation goes hand in hand with an effective health care programme.
 Sanitation is not just a matter of building toilets.
 Technology by itself cannot break the cycle of disease transmission if
hygiene awareness in a community is at a low level.

Aussie stated that pathogenic organisms cause diseases and there are four
groups of pathogens that are found mainly in faeces, as urine is virtually sterile:

 Bacteria
 Viruses
 Protozoa
 Helminths (worms).

Aussie noted that good sanitation prevents excreta from entering the domestic
environment and getting into water and that good hygiene prevents the
transmission of microbes from the environment into the human body via hands.
Adequate excreta disposal and safe hygiene practices together effectively
prevent almost all gastro-intestinal infections.

Certain environmental conditions are favourable for survival of pathogens and
these are a cool temperature, adequate moisture content and a neutral pH.
Therefore, to kill the pathogen we must create unfavourable/ hostile conditions in
the vault. This implies good design & management that will result in hot dry
conditions with an elevated pH.

He concluded by saying that appropriate treatment of faeces is important for
people‟s health and that people need to be convinced that additional time and
effort are warranted. It is also essential that an educational strategy must include
awareness of health/hygiene issues and finally we should keep handling of
excreta simple and easy.
Mr. Austin was asked if the reuse of excreta was accepted in South Africa to
which he said there was no culture of excreta reuse in South Africa and people
are using ecosan for the convenience of an inside toilet, and the absence of bad
smells in urine diverting toilets when managed correctly. The dried excreta is



sometimes thrown into the field or incinerated. The urine is simply soaked into
the soil. He also noted during the discussions that people should have a basic
understanding of ecosan before any promotion activities are carried out. People
should be made aware that ecosan offers a basic pathogen transmission barrier
because there no flies. Also it is easy to build a simple hand washing facility even
in areas were there is no running water.

Comment: Ecological sanitation if properly applied is by far more healthy than
the conventional sanitation in that it ensures that excreta is sanitised as close as
possible to the source of generation before release into the environment.

3.2 Day 2: OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF ECOSAN

3.2.1. INTRODUCTION

Chairmen: Mr Patrick Bracken from the GTZ ecosan team for the morning
session and Mr S. Nakamboa, an environmental sanitation consultant with GKW-
Consult for the afternoon session.

Mr Nakamboa gave a summary of the previous day‟s presentations and that of
the present days presentations.

3.2.2. URBAN ECOLOGICAL SANITATION EXPERIENCES IN UGANDA

Mr Austin Ali Tushabe of the Directorate of Water Development in Uganda gave
the first presentation of the day entitled „Urban ecological sanitation experiences
in Uganda.‟ Mr Tushabe explained how some communities in Uganda are siting
on top of their water supply and end up contaminating it and hence the need for
ecosan in these areas. He explained how initially it was difficult to get people on
board but slowly they started to accept ecosan due to the fact that the toilets
produced no smell if properly used. Mr Tushabe stated that human excreta
belong to the soil and hence the Ministry of Agriculture should be a major player
in the promotion of ecosan.

During the question and answer time Mr. Tushabi explained how difficult it was to
convince people. The first time the vault of one toilet was opened the people
around stepped back quickly but however they slowly started to come back
towards the vault to see what was inside as they could not smell anything. He
explained how his boss was against ecosan but slowly convinced him that they
have an ecosan toilet built in their office. He showed slides of several examples
of existing ecosan toilets at public places such as markets, collages and office
blocks

Comment: Convincing people to change is not easy and practical ecosan
examples are needed for the success of any ecosan project in Zambia.



3.2.3. EFFECTS OF UBAN EXPANSION ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY

After Mr Tushabe, Mr. H. Mpamba from MEWD gave the second presentation of
the day called „Effects of urban expansion on groundwater quality.‟ Mr. Mpamba
showed us disturbing pictures of the pathetic situation as regards solid waste
management in the city of Lusaka. He explained that these heaps of solid waste
coupled with other activities like illegal quarrying contribute to the contamination
of groundwater. He also pointed out that the emergence of squatter communities
and the uncontrolled use of pit latrines also contributes to the contamination of
groundwater by faecal coli forms.

During the question and answer time Mr.Mpamba was asked what the deliberate
Zambian strategy is towards the management of solid waste. To this he
responded by saying that at the moment the government is trying to decentralise
and commercialise the management of solid waste through private sector
participation as the councils are incapacitated.

Comment: The fact is that our groundwater resources are greatly under pressure
of contamination and efforts should be made to check the situation.

3.2.4. URBAN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT

Mr Gert de Bruinje from WASTE in the Netherlands was the first to present after
tea break with a presentation entitled Urban Integrated Sustainable Resource
Management. Mr. Gert pointed out that knowing the problem is already half the
solution. We now know that wastewater is a mess therefore we should avoid it as
much as possible. But how do we avoid wastewater? The treatment of
wastewater involves an element of separation so why mix the constituents of
wastewater only to separate them later. To achieve this there should be source
separation (no mixing) of the waste components. The organic part of the waste
should be composted and recycled in agriculture while some of the inorganic
components should be reused or recycled where possible. Another tactic is to
reduce generation at source by avoiding disposal. In other words the solid waste
hierarchy should be observed of Reduce-Reuse-Recycle. Whatever falls through
this hierarchy should then be taken to the landfill as a last resort.

Comment: The solid waste hierarchy if correctly applied can reduce the amount
of materials that we have to actually dispose off as waste is a resource thereby
reducing transportation costs in waste management.

3.2.5. DESIGN OF FEASIBLE ECOLOGICL SANITATION TOILETS

Mr. Aussie Austin from CSIR in South Africa gave his second presentation in the
workshop with a title, „Design of Feasible Ecological Sanitation Toilets.‟ Mr.
Austin gave five main criteria for a good sanitation structure and these are



reliability, appropriateness, sustainability, acceptability and affordability. He also
gave a sixth one in that it should not collapse. A sanitation facility should be of
simple design so that local crafts men can build or repair it. It should be easy to
operate and maintain by the household members using it. It should be built by
locally available traditional materials and should have a simple hand washing
facility. To put his points across he showed several designs and explained their
weaknesses and strengths.

He further stated that the sanitation systems should:

- be compatible with the social, cultural and economic conditions of the
target area;
- be comprehensible to the users;
- exploit locally available resources;
- be simple and easy to operate and maintain.

Aussie listed the characteristics of a well-designed UD toilet to be;

 No pit - can be indoors
 No odours
 Very low operating cost
 Suitable for high-density settlements
 Easy to recycle excreta

Additionally he said the main criteria for a good ecosan toilet are;

 Systems must isolate or destroy faecal pathogens.
 Systems must protect the environment.
 Systems must be robust and easy to use and maintain.

To build the toilets various superstructures and materials are used ranging from,
brick, wood, thatch, wattle & daub, mud block and pre-cast concrete.

He concluded by stating simplicity of design is important thus; easy to operate
and maintain, use of local/traditional materials, and availability of hand washing
facilities.

The important points to note during the discussions where that we should keep
the toilet simple and easy to operate by the end users. We should avoid designs
that make handling of excreta difficult. Another important query that was raised
was, „what was the cost on an ecosan toilet‟. It was explained that the cost of
constructing an ecosan toilet can be the same as that for a pit latrine or even
cheaper in the long term because it is permanent. To reduce the cost it is
recommended that locally available materials are used that do not have to be
imported from other countries. The use of local artisans is also recommended so
that they can easily repair/maintain the toilets.



Comment; No technological formula is appropriate for all situations ecosan
toilets should be modified to suit culture/customs, and environmental/climatic
conditions while being affordable by the local people.

3.2.6. SELLIING THE IDEAS AND GENDER ASPECTS OF
ECOLOGICAL SANITATION

„Selling the ideas and gender aspects of ecological sanitation‟ was presented by
Ms Almaz Terrefe from SUDEA in Ethiopia as the last presentation before lunch.
She started her presentation with two questions. The first one was-„is there any
one opposed to the practice of no mixing of urine and faeces‟. Apparently no one
in the house was opposed. The second question was „do we accept urine and
faeces as a fertiliser.‟ Only three people out of about fifty participants raised their
hands confirming that they would not accept. Ms Terrefe explained that ecosan
has empowered families in Ethiopia as they are able to produce food on their
small plots without the need to buy artificial fertilisers. She explained that in
selling the ideas of ecosan we need to be well informed about the whole aspect
of ecological sanitation and the possible questions that people may pose. We
also need to be humble and respectful in the way we approach communities and
be prepared for a challenge. Promoters of ecological sanitation should be
generous when sharing their tricks with regard to ecosan while being honest and
genuine. We need to explain to the communities how to close the loop from the
toilet to agro-forestry to composting to energy production to nutrition then finally
to the toilet again.

Ms Almaz Terrefe explained how they have managed to convince communities to
adopt ecosan. Both women and men are agreeable to the idea of collecting the
urine in jelly cans and using the urine in their gardens.

Comment: The right argument should be used when promoting ecosan as
different communities will be motivated by different reasons to adopt a new idea.

3.2.7. AGRICULTRE ASPECTS OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION

After lunch Mr Heinz-Peter Mang gave two presentation in a row. The first one
was to do with the Agriculture aspects of ecological sanitation. In this
presentation Mr Mang explained how minerals are exported from the agriculture
field to the cities and towns when crops are harvested. Therefore ecological
sanitation tries to bring or take these minerals back to the soil where they belong
and not in our water bodies. He also pointed out that a human being can fertilise
his own food requirements. More of this information can be found in the
document by Aussie Austin and Louiza Duncker of CSIR entitled “Urine-diversion
ecological sanitation systems in South Africa” on page 12. Mr. Mang also
explained how the „Triple Win‟ is achieved through ecosan thus water
conservation and protection, agricultural reuse of nutrients in human excreta and



the hygiene benefit through the sanitised human excreta before being released
into the environment. Mr. Mang also explained that the current reserves of
phosphorus that can economically be extracted will be exhausted within the next
100 years.

During the discussions one participant wanted to know the fertilising effect of
urine from a drunken person. It was explained that it is the fertilising effect is
more or less the same. Another participant wanted to know the best way to use
urine. It was explained that urine needs to be diluted with water if applied to a
field with growing crops. However, the urine must be worked into the soil to
reduce the loss of nitrogen.

Comment: Ecological sanitation offers the best means of reusing the nutrients in
human excreta for food production after adequately being sanitised.

3.2.8. TECHNICAL COMPONENTS FOR ECOLOGICAL SANITATION
SYSTEMS-WORLDWIDE EXAMPLES

Mr. Mang continued with his second presentation of the day entitled, „Technical
Components for Ecological Sanitation Systems-world-wide examples.‟ In this
presentation Mr. Mang showed the participants examples of ecological sanitation
systems the world over. Examples from Afghanistan, Sweden, Ecuador, Vietnam,
El Salvador, Mexico, Bolivia, China, South Africa, Uganda, Botswana and
Germany where shown. What was evident from Mr Mang‟s presentation was the
fact that ecological sanitation offers a wide range of options from simple low tech
to highly sophisticated and mechanised systems like the vacuum sewers and the
incinerating toilets.

During the discussions it was established that some ecosan technologies are
actually water borne with water saving devices incorporated in the design.

Comment: There are a wide variety of ecosan toilet models to suite different
regions and economies in the world and this should be born in mind when
promoting ecosan.



3.2.9. GROUP WORK

After Mr Mang‟s presentation, before the participants went for tea break Mr
Patrick Bracken introduced the group work which was derived from the
participants observations on what they thought was missing in the workshop.
Their observations were grouped under three topics namely:

Group-1 Financing of Ecosan - Facilitated by Mr. P. Bracken.

Group-2 What would be the ideal Sanitation System - Facilitated by Ms. C.
Wirbelauer.

Group-3 How to get from the idea of ecosan to large scale implementation -
Facilitated by Mr. S. Nakamboa.

After tea break the participants re-organised themselves into three groups
according to the topic they had chosen to discuss. The results of the group work
can be found in Appendix 2.



3.3. Day 3: THE WAY FORWARD FOR ECOLOGICAL
SANITATION

3.3.1. INTRODUCTION

Chairman: Mr. I. N. Banda the Vice-Chairman of WASAZA.

The chairman for the day Mr. Banda greeted everyone and summarised the
presentations for the day before introducing the summariser of the each day‟s
presentation Mr. Nakamboa who gave a recap of the previous days
presentations.

3.3.2. ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IN PERI URBAN AREAS - MAIN
OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS

Mr Brian Hangoma of SWSC gave the first presentation of the day entitled
Ecological Sanitation in Peri urban Areas-main Opportunities and Constraints. In
his presentation Mr Hangoma noted the experiences he and his team
encountered in the duty of promoting ecosan. Among the serious issues that
where discussed where: How people do not regard sanitation a priority and that a
greater percentage of them regard water a priority. The criteria used to came up
with this conclusion was questioned by the house and this fact was rejected.

Another issue that came out of the presentation was that one participant felt that
ecosan would not be accepted by the people due to the fact that the peri-urban
residents are not farmers and farming is not their priority. However, it was
established that in fact peri-urban residents though not necessarily farmers do
practice some form of gardening or farming. It was also pointed out by one
participant that currently both in Lusaka and on the Copperbelt water companies
are experiencing vandalism to their pipes due to residents deliberately breaking
them to obtain nutrient rich wastewater for irrigating their farming plots. For this
reason it was thought that ecosan was the way forward as it would reduce
vandalism since people would have properly sanitised excreta for fertilising and
improving the soil structure. One participant also pointed out that ecosan should
be seen as a way of life and as a way of living with our environment. Another yet
also pointed out that it would be foolish for us as „leaders‟ to stop promoting
something that is good for people just because we meet a few who are refusing.
We should try by all means using different approaches to convince people that
ecosan is the only solution for sanitation now and for the future.

Comment: The sanitation situation in most peri-urban areas is pathetic but ill
promoted and implemented ecosan projects by ill qualified facilitators/social
workers will only worsen the situation.



3.3.3. THE REGULATOR AND ISSUES OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION

After tea break Mr. O. M. Chanda gave a presentation on „The Regulator and
Issues of Ecological Sanitation.‟ Mr. Chanda pointed out that NWASCO was the
regulator of water supply and sanitation service delivery. It is mandated by law to
develop guidelines, establish and enforce standards for efficient and sustainable
service delivery. All the water supply and sanitation service providers are
required by law to obtain an operator‟s licence from NWASCO. According to Mr
Chanda there are ten Commercial Utilities in the country. Four of them service
almost entire provinces while two service towns thus Lusaka and Chipata. The
Copperbelt has four water utility companies operating in it. Central and Luapula
Province have no Commercial water utility yet.

Mr. Chanda‟s presentation received no questions at all.

Comment: The presence of a regulator would ensure that all sanitation projects
are implemented acceding to the Water and Sanitation Act and the National
Environmental Sanitation Strategy.

3.3.4. THE GENERAL WAY FORWARD FOR ECOLOGICAL
SANITATION IN ZAMBIA

After Mr. Chanda‟s presentation, Ms Pamela Chisanga with the assistance of the
Chairman for the day, Mr. Banda chaired the next two sessions which were
merged into one. The group presentations and recommendations from the work
groups where given to define the general way forward for ecological sanitation in
Zambia.

The first group to present was group 3, the second group was group 2 and the
third group was group 1. (See Appendix 2)



4. WORKSHOP CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

It can be concluded from the workshop deliberations that ecosan offers an
extremely promising sanitation option for now and the future as it is economically
affordable and environmentally sustainable. It represents a holistic approach
towards the issue of sanitation with the aim of closing the nutrient and water
cycles with as little loss of nutrients and energy as possible. Ecosan is a systemic
approach and an attitude whose technologies are not an end in themselves but
are a means to an end. These technologies may range from near-natural
wastewater treatment techniques to composting toilets, simple household
installations to complex, mainly decentralised systems.

Ecosan systems are more than just technical infrastructure as they address
several issues such as agriculture, environmental issues, landscaping and urban
planning, hygiene and health. In the promotion of these systems we have to bear
in mind that the closed loop approach to sanitation is still relatively unknown, not
only amongst the general public, but also among the professionals; planners,
engineers, consultants, politicians, and local and regional authorities. The public
has to be informed about the possible options when it come to sanitation so that
they can make an informed decision. People should be made aware of the fact
that the quality and quantity of water resources is greatly being compromised by
the current sanitation systems. Indications are that the situation is getting worse
and we are facing a serious world water crisis that will affect us all.

We should all realise that even though the act of attending to the call of nature is
a private thing, where it is done and what happens to the excreta once deposited
is of public concern. Gone are the days when we assumed nature would purify
whatever we dispose off in the environment. We should take pride in ensuring
that we do not deliberately contaminate the environment hoping that things will
take care of themselves. We have to adopt a kind of living that is ecologically
friendly and does not put unnecessary pressure on the environment. This calls
for us to try and mimic the laws of nature of recycling. In the natural environment
organisms and the excreta they release are recycled into the environment.

Civilisation and urbanisation has destroyed this cycle of recycling that existed in
nature. It is thus time we put up deliberate measure to mimic the recycling of
matter that existed in nature before we disturbed it. Ecological sanitation is one
practice that tries to bring back that order of recycling in the lives of civilised man
so that he can live humbly with his environment. It ensures that the nutrients
found in human excreta are returned to the soil where they belong and initially
came from instead of being deposited in our water bodies where they cause all
sorts of complications associated with eutrophication.

Ecosan is the sanitation solution for the present and the future as it is a
sustainable system that recognises ecological integrity and respects human



dignity. It should not be seen as an option but as the only way to proceed in
terms of sanitation from now onwards. Ecosan has the potential of not only
improving the sanitation situation the world over but also of improving food
security as the nutrients in human excreta can be used in agriculture.

The workshop recommendation can be summarized into one paragraph to be:
The establishment of a task force to push the promotion of ecosan further
through awareness raising/advocacy on ecosan, and the establishment of legal
and institutional arrangement to guide the implementation of pilot projects in the
country.

For further remarks from the closing session of the workshop see Appendix 3



APPENDICES



APPENDIX 1

THE MINISTER’S SPEECH

-THE PERMANENT SECRETARY
-OFFICIALS FROM THE MINISTRY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT HOSING
-OFFICIALS FROM THE WATER UTILITIES
-REPRESENTATIVES OF VARIOUS ORGANISATIONS AND MINISTRIES
INVITED
-INVITED SPEAKERS FROM OTHER COUNTRIES
-OFFICIALS FROM GTZ-LUSAKA AND GTZ-ESCHBORN
-MEMBERS OF WASAZA
-INVITED GUESTS
-LADIES AND GENTLEMEN

IT IS MY HONOUR AND PRIVILEGE TO OFFICIATE AT THIS IMPORTANT
TWO AND HALF DAYS ECOLOGICAL SANITATION ADVOCACY WORKSHOP.
AS YOU MAY BE AWARE, ZAMBIA IS UNDERGOING MAJOR REFORMS IN
VARIOUS MINISTRIES INCLUDING THE MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND
WATER DEVELOPMENT AND THE MINISTRY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT
AND HOUSING. THE WATER SECTOR THEREFORE HAS UNDERGONE
MAJOR CHANGES IN RECENT YEARS STARTING WITH APPROVAL OF THE
NATIONAL WATER POLICY IN 1994 WHICH ADOPTED AN INTEGRATED
APPROACH AND RECOGNISED WATER AS AN ECONOMIC GOOD, AND
SEPARATED THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
FROM SUPPLY AND DEVOLUTION OF SUPPLY FROM CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT TO LOCAL AUTHORITIES. UNDER THE CURRENT
ARRANGEMENTS, THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR DEVELOPING WATER
RESOURCES IN THE COUNTRY LIES WITH MEWD. THE MLGH IS
THEREFORE RESPONSIBLE FOR DEVELOPING AND RUNNING URBAN
WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SCHEMES THROUGH LOCAL
AUTHORITIES, WATER COMMERCIAL UTILITIES AND OTHER PRIVATE
OPERATORS. IN THIS VEIN, THE DEPARTMENT FOR INFRASTRUCTURE
AND SUPPORT SERVICES (DISS) IN MY MINISTRY IS BEING
STRENGTHENED TO CAPACITATE IT TO NOT ONLY MEANINGFULLY
UNDERTAKE THE RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION ROLE BUT TO
EQUALLY SPEARHEAD THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR DEVELOPING THE
URBAN WATER SUPPLY SUB-SECTOR.

LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, IT IS NOT MY INTENTION TO BELABOUR THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF WATER IN VIEW OF THE FACT THAT THIS WORKSHOP
IS MAINLY DIRECTED TO THE ISSUE OF SANITATION

AT THIS JUNCTURE, I WISH TO NOTE THAT ZAMBIA IS ONE OF THE MOST
RAPIDLY URBANISING COUNTRIES IN AFRICA, WITH ABOUT 40% OF ITS
POPULATION LIVING IN URBAN AREAS. LUSAKA, THE COUNTRY‟S



CAPITAL CITY, HAS EXPERIECED ONE OF THE MOST RAPID GROWTHS,
AVERAGING ABOUT 4% PER ANNUM. ABOUT 60-70% OF THIS
POPULATION LIVE IN HIGH-DENSITY, LOW-INCOME SETTLEMENTS,
WHICH ARE CHARECTERISED BY A HIGH POPULATION DENSITY,
OVERCROWDING, HAPHAZARDLY-DEVELOPED FORMS OF HOUSING
INFRASTRUCTURE AND POOR WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION
SERVICES.

ALTHOUGH THESE AREAS INITIALLY DEVELOPED AS SQUATTER
(ILLEGAL) SETTLEMENTS ON THE PERIPHERY OF THE CONVENTIONAL
URBAN SETTLEMENTS, CITY GROWTH HAS NOW BROUGHT THEM WITHIN
THE LOCAL AUTHORITY BOUNDARY.

ALMOST ALL THE LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS USE PIT LATRINES TO
DISPOSE OF THEIR EXCREMENT, WHILE WASTEWATER IS MADE TO
FLOW INTO OPEN CHANNELS BECAUSE OF INADEQUATE OR COMPLETE
LACK OF PLUMBING NETWORKS.

IN SPITE OF THIS SCENARIO, MOST OF THESE COMMUNITIES RELY
EXCLUSIVELY ON GROUNDWATER FROM WELLS, BOREHOLES, AND
SHALLOW HAND-DUG WELLS. UNFORTUNATELY MOST OF THESE WATER
SOURCES ARE INADEQUATELY PROTECTED FROM CONTAMINANTS,
THEREBY RESULTING IN THIS WATER BEING OF POOR
MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY.

ALTHOUGH WATER SECTOR REFORMS, WHICH STIPULATE POLICIES
AND PRINCIPLES FOR THE WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION (WSS)
SERVICE DELIVERY SYSTEM, HAVE BEEN IN EXISTENCE SINCE 1993,
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE LOW-INCOME SETTLEMENTS HAVE
REMAINED UN-ADDRESSED. THE NOTICEABLE EFFORTS THAT HAVE
BEEN MADE TO WARDS THE IMPROVEMENT IN THE DELIVERY OF WATER
SERVICES TO LOW-INCOME SETTLEMENTS HAVE EMANATED FROM
SOME PERTINENT NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS (NGOS0, BUT
THESE EFFORTS HAVE ONLY BEEN SUCCESSFUL TO A LIMITED EXTENT.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT SITUATION IN THE CITY HAS REVEALED
THAT WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SERVICES IN THE LOW-INCOME
SETTLEMENTS ARE POOR, INADEQUATE, AND UNRELIABLE. AVAILABLE
STATISTICS INDICATE THAT ONLY ABOUT 55% OF THE LOW-INCOME
POPULATION HAVE ACCESS TO SAFE WATER SUPPLY, WHILE MORE
THAN 90% HAVE NO ACCESS TO SATISFACTORY SANITATION FACILITIES.

THEREFORE THERE IS NEED TO INTRODUCE, WITHOUT UNDUE DELAY,
SOME INTERVENTIONARY MEASURES THET ARE AIMED AT ARRESTING
THIS WORRISOME SITUATION.



IT IS WORTH NOTING THAT THE DEMAND FOR IMPROVED FACILITIES
TENDS TO VARY AMONGST VAROUS COMMUNITIES IN VIEW OF THE
DIFFERENCESIN THE CUSTOMARY BEHAVOUR OF DAFECATION
ANDLEVELS OF ACCESSIBILITY TO SOME FORM OF WATER SUPPLY.

THEREFORE, IN ORDER TO MATCH THE DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF
WATER AND SANITATION FACILITIES, IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT ALL
STAKEHOLDERS SHARE A CLEAR UNDERSTANDING OF THE PROBLEMS
AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS. THE OVERALL GOAL OF THE STRATEGY IS
THEREFORE TO ENSURE THAT LOW-INCOME AREAS, IN GENERAL, AND
THE DEMONSTRATION AREA IN PARTICULAR, HAVE ACCESS TO
ADEQUATE AND SUSTAINABLE WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION
SERVICES THAT WILL ACCRUE TO IMPROVED QUALITY OF LIFE FOR THE
RESIDENTS.

THE DEVELOPED STRATEGY SETS FORTH A FRAMEWORK FOR
EFFECTIVE AND EFFICIENT PLANNING, SYSTEMATIC IMPLEMENTATION,
AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF WSS SERVICES IN LOW-INCOME
AREAS.

ECOLOGICAL SANITATION, WHICH IS THE THRUST THIS WORKSHOP, IS
ALL ABOUT STRIVING TO PROTECT OUR WATER SOURCES FROM
CONTAMINATION BY POOR SANITATION PRACTICES. MANY OF US ARE
AWARE OF THE CONVETIOINAL FLUSH AND DISCHARGE TOILETS WHICH
INEVITABLY POLLUTE SURFACE WATER BODIES IF CONNECTED TO A
SEWER NETWORK AND POLLUTE GROUND WATER SOURCES IF
CONNECTED TO A SEPTIC TANK. THE TRADITIONAL PIT LATRINE DOES
NOT EQUALLY SPARE WATER SOURCES FROM CONTAMINATION.

AGAINST THIS BACKGROUND, THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORKSHOP IS
TO PROVIDE A FORUM FOR DISCUSSION ON ECOLOGICAL SANITATION
AMONG DECISION/POLICY MAKERS, ORGANISATIONS AND OTHER
DONOR AGENCIES. THE WORKSHOP DELIBERATIONS SHOULD
THERFORE BE USED AS A STARTING POINT FOR PROMOTION OF
ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IN ZAMBIA, ESPECIALLY AT THE COUNTRY,S
MAIN ANNUAL EXHIBITIONS, NAMELY:

THE COPPERBELT AGRICULTURE AND COMMERCIAL SHOW (MAY 2004)
THE ZAMBIA INTERNATIONAL TRADE FAIR (JULY 2004)
LUSAKA AGRICULTURAL AND COMMERCIAL SHOW (AUGUST 2004)

ADDITIONALLY, THE CURRENT GOVERNMENT POLICY ON WATER AND
SANITATION SERVICES IS AIMED AT ENSURING THAT THE MLLENNIUM
DEVELOPMENT GOALS ARE ACHIEVED.



IT IS A WELL KNOWN FACT THAT THE CATALOGUE OF DISTURBING
FACTS ABOUT THE CURRENT WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION STATUS
IN THE COUNTRY IS ENDLESS. WE THEREFOR ENEED TO FOCUS ON
HOW BEST TO CORRECT THIS SITUATION?

LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, IT IS IN VIEW OF THIS REALISATION THAT THIS
WORKSHOP IS HELD, ADDITIONALLY, I AM AWARE THAT THE WORKSHOP
DELIBERATIONS WILL ALSO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE FACT THAT THE
GTZ- ECOSAN PROJECT STRIVES TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE
DEVELOPMENT AND GLOBAL DISSEMINATION AND APPLICATION OF
ECOSAN APPROACHES AND ESTABLISH THESE INTERNATIONALLY AS
STATE -OF -THE ART TECHNOLOGIES.

IT IS THEREFORE INCUMBENT UPON US TO SUPPLEMENT THEIR
EFFORTS IN WHATEVER WAY POSSIBLE SO THAT THE LOCAL AS WELL
AS THE GLOBAL SITUATION WITH REGARD TO WATER SUPPLY AND
SANITATION CHANGES FOR THE BETTER.

I HAVE TO REPORT THAT OVER THE PAST 2 TO 3 MONTHS THE GTZ –
ECOSAN PROJECT HAS BEEN WORKING WITH THEIR LOCAL GTZ OFFICE
AND WASAZA TO SEE THIS WORKSHOP TAKE PLACE. IT HAS NOT BEEN
EASY TO CO-ORDINATE ACTIVITIES ESPECIALLY THAT ECOSAN IS
VIRTUALLY UNKNOWN IN ZAMBIA. MANY THANKS TO THEM.

LADIES AND GENTLEMEN

I AM GLAD TO LEARN THAT A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF TIME HAS
BEEN EXPENDED BY GTZ-ECOSAN PROJECT AND THE WATER SUPPLY
AND SANITATION ASSOCIATION OF ZAMBIA (WASAZA) IN PREPARING
THIS WORKSHOP. I HAVE BEEN IMFORMED THAT THESE PREPARATIONS
HAVE NOT BEEN EASY TO CO-ORDINATE BECAUSE ECOSAN IS NOT YET
POPULAR IN ZAMBIA. THEY INDEED DESERVE OUR APPLAUSE. IN THE
SAME VEIN, I WISH TO THANK GTZ ESCHBORN, GTZ LUSAKA AND THE
WATER AND SANITATION ASSOCIATION OF ZAMBIA (WASAZA) AND THE
MULUNGUSHI CONFERENCE CENTRE FOR THE VARIOUS FORMS OF
FINANCIAL AND LOGISTICAL SUPPORT THAT THEY HAVE RENDERED
TOWARDS THE HOSTING OF THIS WORKSHOP. ABOVE ALL, I WISH TO
THANK ALL OF YOU IN PRESENT HERE FORFINDING TIME TO ATTEND
THIS WORKSHOP.

LASTLY, I HOPE YOU WILL HAVE FRUITFUL DELIBERATIONS AND TO OUR
FOREIGN PARTICIPANTS, I WISH YOU A JOYOUS STAY IN LUSAKA. WITH
THESE REMARKS, IT IS NOW MY HONOUR AND PRIVILAGE TO DECLARE
THIS WORKSHOP OFFICIALLY OPENED.

THANK YOU AND MAY GOD BLESS YOU ALL.



APPENDIX 2

GROUP DISSCUSSION PRESENTATIONS

Group 3: HOW CAN WE GET FROM THE IDEA OF ECOSAN TO LARGE
SCALE IMPLEMENTATION

STEP 1

Formation of task force to formulate;
a)Terms of reference for the national workshop.
b)Identifying key stakeholders.

e.g. Ministry of Local Government and Housing.
Ministry of Health
Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives
Ministry of Energy and Water Development
Ministry of Tourism Environment and Natural Resources
NGOs/CBOs
Community Representatives
The Private Sector

The time frame for this to be done was set at eight weeks from the date of the
workshop.

STEP 2

a)Conducting follow up workshops for lead Ministry/Institution.
b)Carry out ecological sanitation demonstrations.

STEP 3

a)Conducting Provincial Workshops.
b)Conducting District workshops.

STEP 4

Creating awareness through; a)Drama b)Radio c)Media coverage and d)Leaflets

STEP 5

Training of trainers at all levels starting from step 1



Group 2: WHAT WOULD BE THE IDEAL SANITATION SYSTEM?

An ideal sanitation system is a system that is;

* User friendly
* Cost effective
* Has no long term effects on the environment
* Low maintainance costs
* Durable
* Socially acceptable
* Confortable
* One that promotes health and is safe to use
* One that is accessible, durable and affordable
* One with little or no water/enegy use
* A system with end product resource value
* Produces safe reusable end products
* Appropriate for the circumstances

WHY NOT THE CONVETIONAL SANITATION SYSTEM?

Although chosen as ideal it poses a number of challenges:-
* It is not dynamic and does not grow with the growing population. The National
population growth rate is 2.7% on average and that for Lusaka is 3.5%.
* Rapid urbanisation causes pressure on the social system thus, water supply,
sanitation system, and the health aspects.
* It lacks capacity/room for expansion.
* The proliferation of unplanned settlements depends on pit latrines which are a
main source of ground water contamination.

Therefore, new city developments and new settlements have no choice but to go
for ecological sanitation.

WHY CHOOSE ECOSAN?

* Ecosan is a win-win situation
* There is no waste
* It is environmentally friendly
* Added nutrient value
* Ecosan solves three main problems:food shortage, environmental degradation
and sanitation.

RECCOMENDATION

The group made the following reccomendation;
* Establishment of a task force to push the promotion of ecosan further
-Awareness raising / advocacy on ecosan



-Establishment of legal and institutional arrangement
-Pilot projects



Group 1: FINANCING OF ECOSAN

Mr Gert de Bruinje gave a power point presentation of what the financial aspects
of an ecosan project:

-It was pointed out that for it to be sustainable the users must be willing to pay for
the services the toilet is offering.
-Ecosan can create market for the agriculture products that may came about due
to the use of excrement as a fertiliser and thereby sustaining the maintenance
and operations of the sanitation system.

The possible means of financing where listed as;

1)Direct stakeholder investment
2)Commercial financing
3)Non-commercial through credit and loan programmes
4)Through revenue from selling composted/dehydrated toilet products
5)Special national development funds eg DTF
6)International financing institutions eg ADB

When coming up with a sanitation program we should consider

-People‟s willingness to pay for the services to be offered
-The community‟s average income
-Affordability of the sanitation system
-Cost; lifecycle cost / Investment cost
-Economic viability

It is important to also consider environmental performance in terms of
acceptability, efficiency in returning nutrients to the soil, pollution threat, effect on
public health, ecological balance, agreement with national guidelines and
compliance with national laws



APPENDIX 3

REMARKS FROM THE CLOSING SESSION

Some final remarks from the floor:

Mr. Mali: The workshop has raised the profile of ecosan, now we have to think
how we can move it forward. For example WASAZA could act as a facilitator to
help us bring ecosan forward and to introduce it at grass root level.

Aussie Austin: Considering the costs to organise such a workshop it would be a
great pity if after it nothing was to happen. In South Africa they have installed
4000 urine diversion toilets in 6 years – driven through by the commitment of two
individuals.

Geoffrey Chama: Would like to believe that now ecosan has been broadly
accepted. He has been working with ecosan alone for 3 years and appreciates
support.

Closing remarks from the organisers:

Heinz-Peter Mang: Thanks to WASAZA and Simataa for their work as well as
the other organisers. All the other participants were also thanked for a fruitful
discussion. GTZ is happy to have been able to be involved. We would also be
willing to help, but we need a Zambian motor to drive the initiative and decide on
a strategy. Many issues may prove to be decisive (such as the internal rate of
return as demonstrated from the Lesotho presentation). The basis is definitely in
place to be able to do something. The GTZ ecosan team is working to promote
ecosan and will be willing to work with anyone working to promote ecosan.

Gert de Bruinje: Thanks for the very warm welcome and for being allowed to
contribute to such a splendid event. Having had no expectations of what might
happen, I was very pleased with the discussions and the openness of all, and
also with the large audience that remained throughout the workshop. I do not
think this workshop has been a waste of time (agreement from the floor), but now
a phase has ended and its time to start things. Its an obligation to society and to
our children.

T.C. Chanda (standing in for Mr. Lubambo): I‟ve always worked in the private
sector – mainly in mining before coming to water. Miners have a saying – “action
matters”, so now we have to change our good intentions to action. Earnings are
falling, our population is increasing – we have problems. So we must be open to
innovation, and even if I do not understand all technical aspects I have to use
logic to help me make a decision, trusting professionals who can help. This
workshop has introduced an innovation which can help solve our sanitation
problems, relieve poverty and generate income. We know that people are already



breaking up our sewer pipe to access untreated sewage for irrigation, and we all
know that is easier to swim with the current than against, so rather than fight this
(which costs millions) we can make sure it is performed as safely as possible. We
have to consider the possibilities offered by ecosan. We should let the workshop
recommendations be turned into something feasible and implementable. There is
need to convert the workshop resolutions into action/results. This workshop has
addressed the problems faced by the majority of the Zambian community through
better sanitation. The knowledge gained from this workshop is very important and
we should use it for the betterment of the nation

Zambia does not seem to be able to reach its Millennium Development Goals,
and any advances are based on donor aid. Ecosan will let us take charge and
plan for ourselves to improve sanitation. This may not be easy as it may
challenge existing values, but it is possible.

This workshop has been the starting pistol and we are all in the race. It would be
a shame to let this die here. We need to lobby to make ecosan legal, as it
contradicts existing laws, and even if at first we only have one pilot project, we
have a success. We need to acknowledge the benefits offered by ecosan
systems and think how we can reap them. We have had many workshops for the
water sector, but none of them have addressed providing a solution for the
majority – this one has. I would like to thank all the foreigners for their presence
and assistance, but now it is our responsibility.

Simataa Nakamboa: I would like to thank the chairman and all the sponsors of
this workshop. I am overwhelmed with excitement and appreciate all the
contributions we have had over the last 3 days. We are in a real water crisis – as
our water sources are contaminated. If we look at the Kafue river from which
Lusaka City draws it‟s water we can see that it is polluted all the way from its
source. The mines on the Copperbelt and all the residential areas are
discharging wastewater into it. I challenge all those with boreholes to have their
water tested as it is true that some of them might actually be contaminated by
faecal matter. In our work we have found bore holes contaminated up to a depth
of 20 meters.

Traditionally urine and faeces were not mixed as the pit toilet was separate from
the bathing structure. The toilet was only used for defecation while the bathing
structure was used for both bathing and urinating. The urine and grey water was
usually directed to a plant like a banana or sugar cane but this has all changed.
We cannot solve problems by using the same thinking that created them. Ecosan
can allow us to return the nutrients back to the soil where they belong. The flush
toilet is ecologically mindless and the pit toilet is not sustainable in most peri-
urban areas due to space limitation. Also the traditional principles over which the
pit toilet was built are ignored. In most peri-urban areas it is common practice to
bath in pit toilets which is not the case traditionally.



Finally it is important that the promoters of ecosan are knowledgeable about
ecosan and they should us the right argument as situations are different in
different countries/cultures.



APPENDIX 4

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

1ST NATIONAL ECOLOGICAL SANITATION CONGRESS
MULUGUSHI CONFERENCE CENTRE- LUSAKA/ REGISTRATION OF NAMES

First date Organization/
No Name Positions Tel/cell No E-mail Country
attended Address
Environmental
1 21.01.2004 Allan Dauchi MTENR 095 758092 Dnchi45@yahoo.com Zambia
officer
Almas
2 21.22.2004 Country Director SUDEA Ethiopia
Terrefe
3 21.01.2004 Angela Chisimba Reporter Daily mail 097 802837 Zambia
4 21.01.2004 Arnot S. Chiluwesa M.D NWWSC 08821330 nwwater@zamnet.zm Zambia
5 22.01.2004 Augustine Mukuka Coordinator Box 160 Zambia
CSIR South
6 21.01.2004 Aussie Austin Engineer 27 12 8412568 Laustin@CSIR.co.za South Africa
Africa
293156/
7 21.01.2004 B.K Aluurahia Project Manager Rankin Eng rankin@zamnet.zm Zambia
096785094
UNZA School 295421/097
8 21.01.2004 Benson H.Chishala Senior Lect. bchishala@agric.unza.zm Zambia
of Agriculture. 889076
9 21.01.2004 Bernard Miti Chairman COPATHAZ 097 754543 bernardmiti@yahoo.com Zambia
Community
10 21.01.2004 Brian Haangoma SWSC 032-20002 Zambia
Relations Officer
11 21.01.2004 Bruno Hamsonde Assistant Director MLGH DISS 097 847527 Zambia
00267 1
12 21.01.2004 Cathrine Wirbelauer Coordinator IUCN / DED Cathrine.Wirbelauer@iucn.org Botswana
3931885

13 21.01.2004 Chama Lupupa Coordinator FOCE 096-724055 chipupa@yahoo.co.uk Zambia

14 23.01.2004 Chibesa Pensulo Student UNZA 095 888065 cpensulo@yahoo.com Zambia
Tasie Team 243543/095
15 21.01.2004 Chila Kashinga WRAP ckashinga@yahoo.com Zambia
Leader 909296
16 21.01.2004 Chileshe Mwiko Health officer KCC 097-816888 cmwiko@:yahoo.co.uk Zambia
Executive
17 21.01.2004 Chisanga Charles WASAZA 095 885667 wasaza@zamnet.zm Zambia
Secretary
18 23.01.2004 Chris Kachinga TTL WRAP 243543 Zambia
19 21.01.2004 Daniel Mukonde Coordinator Waste Institute 095 855071 Zambia
20 21.01.2004 Danstan Kunda Journalist MISA-Zambia 292096/7 Zambia
21 21.01.2004 David M Silondwa NWSC 02 224091 Zambia
22 21.01.2003 Dirk Schaefer Associate Export GTZ 229281 gtz@zamnet.zm Zambia
23 22.01.2004 DM Silondwa NWSC 224091 Zambia
24 21.01.2004 Stefan Dörner Project Manager GKW consult 097 847837 stefanD@gkw.co.zm Germany
25 21.01.2004 Doreen Nakapzye Camera person ZIS 097 795333 Zambia
26 21.01.2004 Doris Kajoba Accountant WASAZA 238439 wasaza@zamnet.zm Zambia
27 21.01.2004 Elias Shilangwa Journalist B + L news 234584 Zambia

28 21.01.2004 Emmanuel Chipulu Head Maintenance AHC- MMS 245088 chipulue@coppernet.zm Zambia

29 21.01.2004 Enerst Hamalila Program Advisor Water Aid 290698 Zambia

Specialist
30 21.01.2004 Etambuyu Siwale MLGH 221128 Zambia
sociologist
31 21.01.2004 Evans Sinbela Journalist Radio QFM 221441/42 Zambia
32 21.01.2004 Friday V.Banda Treasure COPATHAZ 097 754543 Zambia
33 21.01.2004 G.Kantumoyo Reporter ZANA 095 752276 alpek@yahoo.com Zambia
34 21.01.2004 Geoffrey Chama Technical officer Agriculture 095 780507 chamagn@yahoo.co.uk Zambia
The
35 21.01.2004 Gert de Bruijne Program Manager WASTE
Netherlands
36 21.01.2004 Gunder Edstrom Project Manager Sweden


Lusaka Ecological Sanitation Conference Final report 2004hpm

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