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Theory of planned behaviour cognitions do not
    predict change in fruit and vegetable
                consumption
                                                             Emily Kothe & Barbara Mullan
                                                   School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Australia
                                                 emily.kothe@sydney.edu.au & barbara.mullan@sydney.edu.au

Abstract                                                      Results                                                                Results (cont).
Background The present study investigated whether                                                                                    Theory of planned behaviour accounted for 17% of
theory of planned behaviour (TPB) cognitions                                                                                         variance in fruit and vegetable intake at baseline.
predicted change in fruit and vegetable intake in a trial
cohort of Australian young adults.                               Attitude                                                            Theory of planned behaviour accounted for 24% of
                                                                    T1                                                               variance in fruit and vegetable intake at follow-up.
Methods Participants of a randomised controlled trial
of a TPB-based intervention (N=162) completed                                                                                        Theory of planned behaviour accounted for just 2.3%
questionnaires assessing fruit and vegetable intake                                                                                  of variance in change in fruit and vegetable
and TPB constructs at baseline and 30 days.                                                                                          consumption.
                                                                                                                        Fruit and
Findings The theory of planned behaviour predicted            Subjective          .42       Intention             .37   vegetable
fruit and vegetable consumption at baseline and                 norm                                                                 Conclusion
                                                                                               T1                         intake
follow-up. Change in attitude, perceived behavioural             T1
control and subjective norm predicted change in                                                                             T1
intention, but change intention and perceived                                                                                        Failure of the theory to predict change in fruit and
behavioural control failed to predict change in fruit and                                                                            vegetable consumption may reflect artefacts of the
vegetable intake                                                                                                                     study design.
                                                               Perceived
Discussion Failure of the theory to predict behaviour         behavioural                                                            However, the lack of support for the theory of planned
change may be due to the inadequacy of the theory or            control                                                              behaviour when applied to the modelling of behaviour
to artefacts of the study design that facilitate change in        T1                                                                 change is consistent with a other recent intervention
fruit and vegetable consumption without corresponding                                                                                studies based on the theory.5
changes in cognitions. Researchers should be
cautious when interpreting empirical support for the                                                                                 Researchers should not assume that theories that
predictive utility of the TPB as evidence the theory can     Figure 1. Theory of planned behaviour variables                         successfully predict behaviour (either crosssectionally
be applied to behaviour change.                              predicted fruit and vegetable consumption at T1                         or prospectively) will adequately model change in
                                                             beta weights shown, significant paths in dark blue
                                                                                                                                     behaviour.

Introduction                                                                                                                         More research on the mediation of behaviour change
                                                                                                                                     through theory relevant pathways are needed to
                                                                 Attitude                                                            confirm or clarify these findings.
                                                                    T2
Australian young adults are less likely than any other
age group to consume adequate quantities of fruit and                                                                                Acknowledgments
vegetables.1

The theory of planned behaviour has previously been
                                                                                                                        Fruit and
found to predict a large proportion of the variance in        Subjective           .40      Intention             .18   vegetable
intake in this population. 2,3,4                                norm
                                                                                               T2                         intake
                                                                 T2
                                                                                                                            T2
Objectives

To determine whether change in fruit and vegetable             Perceived
consumption in the FreshFacts study could be                  behavioural
explained by change in theory of planned behaviour              control
cognitions.                                                       T2

Methods
                                                             Figure 2. Theory of planned behaviour variables
                                                             predicted fruit and vegetable consumption at T2
                                                             beta weights shown, significant paths in dark blue                      This research would not have been possible without
University undergraduates (N=162) completed a
theory of planned behaviour intervention designed to                                                                                 the support of staff and students at the University of
increase fruit and vegetable intake.                                                                                                 Sydney. The researchers would especially like to thank
                                                                                                                                     Vanessa Allom, Kirby Sainsbury, Jemma Todd, Alyssa
Participants were randomised to either the intervention                                                                              Milton and Kristina Xavier.
                                                                 Attitude
or control conditions.
                                                                 change
All participants completed a theory of planned                                                                                       References
behaviour questionnaire and a self-report measure of
fruit and vegetable consumption at baseline and
immediate post-intervention follow-up (Day 30).                                                                                      1. Australian Bureau of Statistics. National Nutrition
                                                                                                                        Change in       Survey. Canberra 1997
                                                              Subjective           .14                            .03    fruit and
                 Baseline                                       norm                        Intention
                                                                                                                        vegetable
                                                                                                                                     2. Allom V, Mullan B. Self-regulation versus habit: The
                                                                                                                                        influence of self-schema on fruit and vegetable
                                                               change
                assessment                                                                                                 intake       consumption. Psychology & Health. 2011.
                                                                                                                                     3. Kothe EJ, Mullan B, Butow P. Promoting fruit and
                  (n=180)                                                                                                               vegetable consumption: Testing an intervention
                                                                                                                                        based on the theory of planned behaviour. Appetite.
                                                               Perceived                                                                2012;58(3).
                                                                                                                                     4. Collins A, Mullan B. An extension of the theory of
     Control                    Intervention                  behavioural
                                                                control                                                                 planned behavior to predict immediate hedonic
                                                                change                                                                  behaviors and distal benefit behaviors. Food
     (n=90)                        (n=90)                                                                                               Quality and Preference. 2011;22(7).
                                                                                                                                     5. Hardeman W, Kinmonth AL, Michie S, Sutton S.
                                                                                                                                        Theory of planned behaviour cognitions do not
     Follow-up assessment                                    Figure 3. Change in theory of planned behaviour
                                                             variables did not predict change in fruit and vegetable
                                                                                                                                        predict self reported or objective physical activity
                                                                                                                                        levels or change in the ProActive trial. British
                                                             consumption                                                                Journal of Health Psychology. 2011;16(1):135-50.
            (n=162)                                          beta weights shown, significant paths in dark blue

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Kothe - EHPS - Theory of planned behaviour cognitions do not predict change in fruit and vegetable consumption

  • 1. Theory of planned behaviour cognitions do not predict change in fruit and vegetable consumption Emily Kothe & Barbara Mullan School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Australia emily.kothe@sydney.edu.au & barbara.mullan@sydney.edu.au Abstract Results Results (cont). Background The present study investigated whether Theory of planned behaviour accounted for 17% of theory of planned behaviour (TPB) cognitions variance in fruit and vegetable intake at baseline. predicted change in fruit and vegetable intake in a trial cohort of Australian young adults. Attitude Theory of planned behaviour accounted for 24% of T1 variance in fruit and vegetable intake at follow-up. Methods Participants of a randomised controlled trial of a TPB-based intervention (N=162) completed Theory of planned behaviour accounted for just 2.3% questionnaires assessing fruit and vegetable intake of variance in change in fruit and vegetable and TPB constructs at baseline and 30 days. consumption. Fruit and Findings The theory of planned behaviour predicted Subjective .42 Intention .37 vegetable fruit and vegetable consumption at baseline and norm Conclusion T1 intake follow-up. Change in attitude, perceived behavioural T1 control and subjective norm predicted change in T1 intention, but change intention and perceived Failure of the theory to predict change in fruit and behavioural control failed to predict change in fruit and vegetable consumption may reflect artefacts of the vegetable intake study design. Perceived Discussion Failure of the theory to predict behaviour behavioural However, the lack of support for the theory of planned change may be due to the inadequacy of the theory or control behaviour when applied to the modelling of behaviour to artefacts of the study design that facilitate change in T1 change is consistent with a other recent intervention fruit and vegetable consumption without corresponding studies based on the theory.5 changes in cognitions. Researchers should be cautious when interpreting empirical support for the Researchers should not assume that theories that predictive utility of the TPB as evidence the theory can Figure 1. Theory of planned behaviour variables successfully predict behaviour (either crosssectionally be applied to behaviour change. predicted fruit and vegetable consumption at T1 or prospectively) will adequately model change in beta weights shown, significant paths in dark blue behaviour. Introduction More research on the mediation of behaviour change through theory relevant pathways are needed to Attitude confirm or clarify these findings. T2 Australian young adults are less likely than any other age group to consume adequate quantities of fruit and Acknowledgments vegetables.1 The theory of planned behaviour has previously been Fruit and found to predict a large proportion of the variance in Subjective .40 Intention .18 vegetable intake in this population. 2,3,4 norm T2 intake T2 T2 Objectives To determine whether change in fruit and vegetable Perceived consumption in the FreshFacts study could be behavioural explained by change in theory of planned behaviour control cognitions. T2 Methods Figure 2. Theory of planned behaviour variables predicted fruit and vegetable consumption at T2 beta weights shown, significant paths in dark blue This research would not have been possible without University undergraduates (N=162) completed a theory of planned behaviour intervention designed to the support of staff and students at the University of increase fruit and vegetable intake. Sydney. The researchers would especially like to thank Vanessa Allom, Kirby Sainsbury, Jemma Todd, Alyssa Participants were randomised to either the intervention Milton and Kristina Xavier. Attitude or control conditions. change All participants completed a theory of planned References behaviour questionnaire and a self-report measure of fruit and vegetable consumption at baseline and immediate post-intervention follow-up (Day 30). 1. Australian Bureau of Statistics. National Nutrition Change in Survey. Canberra 1997 Subjective .14 .03 fruit and Baseline norm Intention vegetable 2. Allom V, Mullan B. Self-regulation versus habit: The influence of self-schema on fruit and vegetable change assessment intake consumption. Psychology & Health. 2011. 3. Kothe EJ, Mullan B, Butow P. Promoting fruit and (n=180) vegetable consumption: Testing an intervention based on the theory of planned behaviour. Appetite. Perceived 2012;58(3). 4. Collins A, Mullan B. An extension of the theory of Control Intervention behavioural control planned behavior to predict immediate hedonic change behaviors and distal benefit behaviors. Food (n=90) (n=90) Quality and Preference. 2011;22(7). 5. Hardeman W, Kinmonth AL, Michie S, Sutton S. Theory of planned behaviour cognitions do not Follow-up assessment Figure 3. Change in theory of planned behaviour variables did not predict change in fruit and vegetable predict self reported or objective physical activity levels or change in the ProActive trial. British consumption Journal of Health Psychology. 2011;16(1):135-50. (n=162) beta weights shown, significant paths in dark blue