Philosophy of Science

1. PHILOSOPHY
OF SCIENCE 3
KNOWLEDGE, THEORY,
COMMUNICATION
John W. Waterhouse:
The Crystal Ball (1902)
VIDENSKABSTEORI > BEGREBER > VIDEN, TEORI, KOMMUNIKATION

2. PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 3 KNOWLEDGE, THEORY, COMMUNICATION
VIDENSKABSTEORI > BEGREBER > VIDEN, TEORI, KOMMUNIKATION
Knowledge, Keywords: knowledge and learning, communication, meta theory
Theory and
Communication Scope: Reflection on learning and communication
Introduction
to the Concepts
Note on Literature
International class: Danish class:
This lesson is generally(!) based based on Lisa This lesson is generally(!) based based on
Bartolotti (2010): An Introduction to the Carsten Rønn (2006): Almen introduktion for
Philosophy of Science. Polity, UK. professionsuddannelserne. Alinea, DK.
Author’s profile: www.lisabortolotti.com Se også: www.samfundsviden.dk under
Philosophy ressource: http://www.iep.utm.edu/ teorier og metoder finder du videnskabsteori

3. PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 3 KNOWLEDGE, THEORY, COMMUNICATION
VIDENSKABSTEORI > BEGREBER > VIDEN, TEORI, KOMMUNIKATION
Knowledge
and Theory
Epistemology Distinction between
Knowledge that … (propositional knowledge, usual concept)
and
Knowledge how … (2 + 2 = 4)
Know how … (to add numbers)
Combined we can add the knowledge that A and B are in the category of C,
beacuse we have the know how and the knowledge of how to find the
relations that form that particular structure we call by the concept of C.
What about truth, logic and belief?
See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology

4. PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 3 KNOWLEDGE, THEORY, COMMUNICATION
VIDENSKABSTEORI > BEGREBER > VIDEN, TEORI, KOMMUNIKATION
Knowledge
and Theory The extended stratification model. Carsten Rønn 2006
A Good Theory
Is Practical Meta theory
Meta level
Analysis of the epistemological
(knowledge, why do we know),
ontological (being, existense and reality),
ethic and scientific basis of the theory.
Level of theory
Analysis of the strength of the formal,
SCIENCE functional, pragmatic type of theory.
What are the emperical variables,
the hypothetic variables?
Data level
Analysis of the emperical level
Reality

5. PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 3 KNOWLEDGE, THEORY, COMMUNICATION
VIDENSKABSTEORI > BEGREBER > VIDEN, TEORI, KOMMUNIKATION
Knowledge
and Theory
A Good Theory By studying multiple theories you can understand different relations
Is Practical between ways of creating several perspectives on the same concept.
By looking at the meta theoretical aspects, the science of theory, you can
develop a critical approach to knowledge as a network between the
investigator and the investigated concepts.
Knowledge as a network means coherent knowledge: Models, theory and
research fit together and validates each other consistently.

6. PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 3 KNOWLEDGE, THEORY, COMMUNICATION
VIDENSKABSTEORI > BEGREBER > VIDEN, TEORI, KOMMUNIKATION
Knowledge
and Theory A model of the construction of critical knowledge through the dynamic
relations between empirical data and theory (Rønn 2006)
A Good Theory
Is Practical
Meta theory
Meta theories
ontology, epistemology, ethics
methodology
Space of reflexivity
THEORY EMPIRICAL DATA
KNOWLEDGE

7. PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 3 KNOWLEDGE, THEORY, COMMUNICATION
VIDENSKABSTEORI > BEGREBER > VIDEN, TEORI, KOMMUNIKATION
Knowledge
and Theory ABSTRACTION
For example concepts, theories
and models of reality and relations
A Good Theory REDUCTION
Is Practical OF COMPLEXITY
CONCRETE From the concrete
The reality we meet per se. to abstraction.
Validated knowledge is produced by a scientific approach.
When I analyze I keep in mind a certain coherent structure for my
thinking. That is a relation between analysis and produced synthesis.
When I make a synthesis, a structure of analytic work, I use the several
parts of my former analyses as grounds for further development.

8. PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 3 KNOWLEDGE, THEORY, COMMUNICATION
VIDENSKABSTEORI > BEGREBER > VIDEN, TEORI, KOMMUNIKATION
Knowledge
as Differences Source: Saussure
See more on: http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/sem03.html
Associative‐/selective axis
PARADIGMATIC AXIS
Paradigm and ? ? ?
Syntagma
? BIRD SANG
A BOY DIED
THE MAN CRIED
SYNTAGMATIC AXIS
Combination‐/narrative axis

9. PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 3 KNOWLEDGE, THEORY, COMMUNICATION
VIDENSKABSTEORI > BEGREBER > VIDEN, TEORI, KOMMUNIKATION
Knowledge
and Signs Charles Kay Ogden & Ivor Armstrong Richards:
The concept as it is
understood by me
VS
The Meaning A definition used
Problems related to …
of Meaning professionally by
me
Language. The same structural language (grammar)
can have different types of meaning and content in
CONCEPT
various areas of science. Respect the terminology of
the specific area of science!
Concept (meaning). A specific concept is often
understood and defined specifically in a particular area
of science. But it can be precise and contested as well.
LANGUAGE RELEVANCE Relevance or reference. You have to define the
or relevant meaning of a concept according to your scope.
REFERENCE

10. PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 3 KNOWLEDGE, THEORY, COMMUNICATION
VIDENSKABSTEORI > BEGREBER > VIDEN, TEORI, KOMMUNIKATION
Communication
A Good Theory
CULTURE / IDEOLOGY
Is Practical
INSTITUTION / MEDIA
SOCIALLY DEFINED ROLE
Content and Relation Communication Model (Larsen 1988)
SOCIALLY DEFINED ROLE
SITUATION / GENRE
TEXT
ME RELATION YOU
CONTENT
IT
SOCIALLY DEFINED REALITY