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- 3. Newtonâs 3 Laws of Motion: âș 1st law: A body at rest remains at rest and a body in motion remains in motion until an outside force acts on it (inertia) âș 2nd law: A forces causes an object to accelerate âș 3rd law: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
- 4. Kinetic Energy: energy in motion âș Examples: jogging, an mp3 player playing music âș KE = Âœ mv2 ï§ m = mass ï§ V=velocity
- 5. Potential Energy: stored energy âș The ability of a system to do work due to its position or internal structure âș Examples: batteries, the food we eat, a rock on a ledge, an expanded rubber band âș Gravitational PE = m x g x h ï§ M= mass g = gravity h=height
- 6. Law of Conservation of Energy: âș Saysthat energy cannot be created or destroyedâŠonly converted to another type of energy ï§ Example: chemical energy in food converting into different types of energy ï§ Example: Solar (sun) energy converts to chemical energy during photosynthesis ï§ Example: in an mp3âŠchemical energy in a battery is converted into electrical energy that powers the mp3, which becomes sound energy
- 7. Heat (a type of energy) can be transferred in 3 ways⊠1. conduction: transfer of heat through a solid object Example: heating on stove âș Convection: transfer of heat by liquid or gas example: currents in ocean waters, earthâs mantle layers, steam from water âș Radiation: transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves example: microwaves, x-rays, infrared
- 8. Chemical Properties: âș Any change that produces a new substance âș Examples:when copper corrodes and turns green, when iron rusts, when something is burned
- 9. Physical Change: âșA change that does not create any new substance. âș Examples: phase changes of water, cutting hair, creating mixture
- 10. Endothermic reactions: âșA reaction that absorbs heat from the surrounding âș Ex: baking a cake
- 11. Exothermic reactions: âșA reaction that gives off heat âș Ex: burning wood or paper produces heat
- 12. Other terms in phase changes: âș Freezing: when a liquid becomes a solid âș Melting: when a solid changes to liquid to allow molecules to move more freely âș Evaporation: liquid becomes a gas; molecules now moving rapidly âș Condensation: gas becomes a liquid (clouds) âș Sublimation: Solid directly to a gas (dry ice) âș Precipitation: clouds release water in rain/snow
- 13. Density âș Allows objects to float or sink âș Density = mass/volume âș Density of water is 1 g/ml
- 14. Atomic Structure âș Matter: anything that takes up space âș Atom: smallest particle of an element that has all the properties of that element ï§ Protons: positive (in nucleus) ï§ Neutrons: no charge (in nucleus) ï§ Electrons: negative (orbit nucleus) âș Element:pure substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance
- 15. Periodic Table âș Atomic number: # of protons in an atom ï§ Hydrogen: Atomic #1, so itâs the 1st element âșMoving left to right, the elements go up in atomic number on the periodic table âș Top number: atomic # âș Bottom number: atomic mass (protons & neutrons)
- 17. Bonds âș Ionic bonds: form when one or more valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating positive and negative ions âș Covalent bonds: some atoms complete their outer shell by sharing these valence electrons with other atoms
- 18. Wave Properties âș Earthquake, water, and sound waves require matter to travel through âș Electromagnetic waves do not require matter (light, radio, micro, x-rays)
- 19. âș Wavelength: the length of one complete wavelength cycle âș Amplitude: a measure of the energy a wave carries (distance from crest to midline) ï§ Larger the amplitudeâŠhigher the sound âș Frequency: # of waves that pass a point in a given amount of time âș In phase: when 2 waves match (become larger wave) âș Out of phase: when 2 waves do not match up (will cancel each other out)
- 20. Earth & Space Science
- 21. Big Bang Theory: âș Universewas created in one giant explosion about 13.7 billion years ago ï§ Galaxies are moving apart from central location ï§ Red shift: the light most galaxies give off is close to the red end of the spectrumâŠtherefore the light energy is longer and the color is red as they move out
- 22. How a star is formed⊠âș In space, dust & gas get pulled together by gravity = nebula âș this gravity produces heat, and nuclear fusion occurs Massive Star Cycle: nebula-massive star-large red giant-supernova- black hole or neutron star Low mass star cycle: nebula-star similar to sun-small red giant-white dwarf-black dwarf
- 23. Tools âș Telescopes: look at moons, planets, galaxies âș Spaceship: allows travel to collect data âș Satellites: transmit signals from outer space âș Probes: sent by scientists to collect data on far away planets that humans cannot get to
- 24. Galaxies âș Spiral âș Eliptical âș irregular
- 25. Why does the earth and other planets revolve around the sun? âș Gravitational forceï
- 26. âș Earth rotates on axis: causes night and day âș Earth revolves around sun ï§ 1 year = one time around sun
- 27. Seasons âș Hemispheres differ (summer/winter) depending on angle toward sun (think of the tiltï) âș Solar eclipse: when moon blocks sun from the Earthâs view (moon is between) âș Lunar eclipse: when Earth blocks our view of moon (Earth is between)
- 28. Plate Techtonics âș Theory that the Earthâs crust is made up of many plates that are floating on top of the Earthâs mantle layer (which is molten liquid rock) ï§ Earthquake: when plates slide past each other, creating friction ï§ Mountains: when plates collide & push up ï§ Magma: comes up between 2 plates or melt through a soft crustal plate ï§ Convection currents in mantle push plates around, causing continents to drift and seafloors to spread
- 29. Alfred Wegener âș Proposed Continental Drift Theory (at one time continents were all 1 land mass) Fossils: a piece/trace of an organism that was once alive (found in sedimentary rock) *Oldest rock sediments will be on the bottom
- 30. Non-renewable resources âș Fossil fuels: gasoline, oil, coal âș We can never replace or renew them 2 negatives: 1. They will eventually run out 2. They cause global warming
- 31. Renewable Resources âș Can be replaced and renewed âș Ex: sunlight, water power, wind, wood, crops
- 32. Global Warming âș When heat is trapped, and causes the planet to become warmer âș Greenhouse effect: insulation layer that allows some heat in, and other out
- 33. Alternative Energy Sources (VERY IMPORTANT!!) âș Wind power ï§ Good: no CO2 produced ï§ Bad: must have wind Hydroelectric (dams) ï§ Good: no CO2 produced ï§ Bad: need large river âș Solar panels ï§ Good: no CO2 produced ï§ Bad: expensive; must have sun shine
- 34. âș Hydrogen power ï§ Good: no CO2 produced; large amounts of energy ï§ Bad: explosive; expensive âș Geothermal ï§ Good: no CO2 produced ï§ Bad: need access to underground temperatures âș Ethanol-making alcohol from corn/sugar cane ï§ Good: produces less CO2 than fossil fuels ï§ Bad: still creates carbon dioxide
- 35. How can we conserve resources? âș Recycle âș Car pool âș Ride bike instead of driving âș Use public transportation âș Turn off water/electricity when not using
- 36. Biomes âș Desert: little rain; large temp. change âș Rainforest: hot and wet âș Tundra: cold; has wet/dry seasons âș Grasslands: wet/dry seasons; hot âș Deciduous forest (usï): even moisture; warm summers/cold winters âș Coniferous forest: moisture varies; cool summers/cold winters
- 37. âș Biomes with colder temperatures have less diversity of life
- 38. Mohâs Mineral Hardness Scale âș1 Talc (softest mineral on Earth) âș 2 Gypsum âș 3 Calcite âș 4 Fluorite âș 5 Apatite âș 6 Feldspar âș 7 Quartz âș 8 Topaz âș 9 Corundum âș 10 Diamond (hardest mineral on Earth) **higher number will scratch lower number**
- 39. Life Science
- 40. âș Predator: organisms that kill and eat others âș Prey: organisms that the predators kills âș Herbivore: feeds off plants only âș Carnivore: feeds off animals only âș Omnivore: feeds off plants and animals
- 41. âș Consumers: depend other organisms for energy ï§ Primary consumer: 1st to eat the plant ï§ Secondary consumer: eats 1st consumer âș Producers:produce own food through photosynthesis âș Food chain: 3-5 links âș Food web: network of food chains
- 42. Energy pyramid âș Bottom is the producers (get energy from sun) âș Most available energy is located at the bottom!! âș Only 10% of each level gets passed on ï§ Where does the other 90% go? âșLost as HEAT
- 43. Biotic (living) factors: âș Plants, animals, fungi, etc.
- 44. Abiotic (non-living) factors: âș Weather, rocks, water, hills, rocks, holes, etc.
- 46. Symbiosis (aka symbiotic relationships) 1. mutualism: both organisms benefit Ex: bee pollinating a flower 2. Commensalism: one benefits, other is not harmed OR helped Ex: birdâs nest in tree 3. Parasitism: one benefits, other is harmed Ex: flea on dog
- 47. Natural Selection âș When nature chooses the most favorable variation âș Those organisms that are the best for that environment will survive and reproduce the bestï âș Ex: giraffes with tall food (only tall giraffes survive and reproduce)
- 48. Photosynthesis âș When plants convert light energy (sun) into chemical energy (glucose=food) âș Must take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen! âș Who does this? PLANTS
- 49. Cellular Respiration âș Take in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide âș Who does this? ANIMALS & PLANTS âș Together: both cycles need each other!! ï§ Just opposites of each other
- 50. Cells: smallest functional unit of organism âș Eukaryotes: have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles ï§ Ex: plants, animals âș Prokaryotes: lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles ï§ Ex: bacteria
- 51. Organelles: have a membrane âș Nucleus: control center; contains DNA âș Ribosome: makes proteins âș Lysosomes: digests food particles âș Mitochondria:produces energy (powerhouse) âș Endoplasmic reticulum: transports âș Golgi complex (apparatus/body): process and packages proteins âș Vacuole: stores water & food âș Cytoplasm: gel-like substance that fills cell
- 52. Plants vs. Animal Cells: Only in plants: âș Chloroplast: contains chlorophyll (green pigment); photosynthesis occurs here âș Cell walls: give plants support
- 53. DNA âș Located on chromosomes âș Shaped like double helix âș DNA in specific spot on chromosome = gene âș Virusesare not cells; they must inject DNA into host in order to reproduce ï§ Ex: flu and HIV
- 55. Asexual reproduction: âș Reproduction from 1 parent âș DNA is identical to parent âș Involves mitosis âș Ex: bacteria, fungi, some plants/animals
- 56. Sexual reproduction: âș Involves 2 parents âș Causes VARIETY âș Involves meiosis
- 57. Mitosis vs. Meiosis âș Mitosis: cell division that produces 2 identical daughter cells âș Meiosis: cell division that produces 4 different daughter cells ï§ Sperm/egg ï§ Each have 23 chromosomes ï§ When sperm + egg = 46 chromosomes
- 58. Genetics âș Allele: one form of a gene âș Dominant: trait is expressed if 1 there âș Recessive: only expressed if 2 present âș Homozygous: same (hh, BB) âș Heterozygous: different (Hh, Bb)
- 59. Sex-linked traits âș Male: XY âș Female: XX âș Males are more likely to get a sex-linked disorder, for they only need 1 affected X to have the disorder. Females would need 2 affected xâs to have the disorder (which is less likely).
- 62. 2 kinds of nuclear energy âș Nuclear fusion: produced inside stars âș Nuclear fission: when radioactive atom called an isotope is broken up into two smaller atoms -occurs inside Earthâs core, nuclear power plants, and nuclear weapons
- 63. Other ideas: âș Know how technology and inventions impact our life and environment âș State advantages/disadvantages of specific technologies âș Examples: car adv/disadv, genetically altered food, hydroelectric power, lasers âș How modern practices use science: auditorium can quiet by using carpet, styrofoam, curtains (solid, smooth materials will reflect sound)
- 64. Scientific Inquiry Scientific Ways of Knowing
- 65. Scientific method âș Hypothesis must be able to be tested âș Dependent variable: depends on independent variable (ex: growth of plant) âș Independent variable: what you are actually changing (ex: adding fertilizer) âș Control: untreated sample
- 66. Know scientific instruments and their purposes âș Findvolume of object with graduated cylinder âș Observation: something you detect using your senses âș Inference: may or may not be true; based on past experiences
- 67. âș Deal with ethical issuesâŠwhy something is right or wrong âș Safety issues âș Explain yourself, no matter what your opinionï
- 68. *Much of this information in this powerpoint was gained from http://mapleschools.com/docs/286_11_8_2007science%20study%20guide09.pdf