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Introduction to Global
                                                           English
                                                           John R. Kohl
                                                           Linguistic Engineer
                                                           SAS Institute, Inc.
                                                           Cary, North Carolina
                                                           john.kohl@sas.com




Copyright © 2012 SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
Agenda

                             Important Concepts
                             Selected Guidelines
                             Benefits of Developing Global English Skills
                             How Will You Implement Global English?




                                                                             slide 2
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
Important Concepts

                             non-native speaker
                             translation-memory software
                                         • SDL Trados, Multicorpora, Wordfast, Déjà Vu, Transit
                             machine-translation software
                                         • Google Translate, Bing Translator, Asia Online,
                                           SYSTRAN, PROMT, Moses




                                                                                                  slide 3
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
Important Concepts (cont.)

                             Considerations:
                                         • For non-native speakers, we need to simplify our
                                           language somewhat and avoid unusual terms and
                                           constructions.
                                         • Native speakers typically still outnumber non-natives.
                                           We don‟t want to alienate native speakers by going to
                                           extremes.
                                         • The use of translation memory underscores the
                                           importance of consistency. (Global English targets
                                           sources of unnecessary inconsistency, not just errors.)
                                         • For translation—especially machine translation—
                                           simplification, consistency, and clarity are important.

                                                                                                     slide 4
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
Agenda

                             Important Concepts
                             Selected Guidelines
                             Benefits of Developing Global English Skills
                             How Will You Implement Global English?




                                                                             slide 5
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
Selected Guidelines

                            1. Conforming to Standard English
                            2. Simplifying Your Writing Style
                            3. Using Modifiers Clearly and Carefully
                            4. Making Pronouns Clear and Easy to Translate
                            5. Eliminating Undesirable Terms and Phrases
                            6. Punctuation and Capitalization Guidelines
                            7. Using Syntactic Cues


                                                                             slide 6
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
1. Conforming to Standard English

                             Use standard verb complements
                                          By default, a command bar is displayed at the top of
                                           the window. Alternatively, you can select to display a
                                           floating command dialog box instead.
                                          By default, a command bar is displayed at the top of
                                           the window. Alternatively, you can choose to display
                                           a floating command dialog box instead.


                                         But don‟t just use the first revision that comes to mind
                                          By default, a command bar is displayed at the top of
                                           the window. To enter commands in a floating dialog
                                           box instead, select Command box from the
                                           Preferences dialog box. (5 words longer, but tells them how to
                                                  do it.)
                                                                                                       slide 7
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
1. Conforming to Standard English




                                                            slide 8
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
1. Conforming to Standard English

                             Don‟t use intransitive verbs transitively, or vice
                              versa
                                          If you are not sure what an icon represents, pause
                                           your cursor on the icon.
                                          If you are not sure what an icon represents, position
                                           your cursor over the icon.




                                                                                                slide 9
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
1. Conforming to Standard English

                             Don‟t use non-standard comparative and
                              superlative adjectives
                                          Ants are likelier to take bait when the temperature is
                                           between 65 and 85 degrees Fahrenheit.
                                          Ants are more likely to take bait when the
                                           temperature is between 65 and 85 degrees
                                           Fahrenheit.




                                                                                                slide 10
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
2. Simplifying Your Writing Style

                             Some familiar guidelines:
                                         • Use shorter sentences
                                         • Avoid unnecessary use of passive voice
                                         • Avoid unnecessary use of future tense
                                         • Consider revising or defining noun phrases
                                         • etc.




                                                                                        slide 11
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
2. Simplifying Your Writing Style

                             Avoid unusual constructions
                                         • The “get” passive
                                                    When you press F6, your program gets submitted
                                                     for execution.
                                                    When you press F6, your program is submitted for
                                                     execution.




                                                                                                    slide 12
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
2. Simplifying Your Writing Style

                             Avoid unusual constructions
                                         • Causative “have”
                                                    All variables that are shorter than 8 bytes will have
                                                     their lengths increased by 1 byte.
                                                    If a variable is shorter than 8 bytes, its length will be
                                                     increased by 1 byte. [same word count, but two
                                                     short clauses instead of one long one]




                                                                                                           slide 13
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
2. Simplifying Your Writing Style

                             Avoid ambiguous verb constructions
                                         • “appear” plus an infinitive:
                                          The Message Display window appears to indicate
                                           how many records were inserted into the new table.
                                         ? The Message Display window seems to indicate how
                                           many records were inserted into the new table.
                                          The Message Display window appears. This window
                                           indicates how many records were inserted into the
                                           new table.




                                                                                                slide 14
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
3. Using Modifiers Clearly and Carefully

                             Place “only” immediately before whatever it is
                              modifying
                                          Treatment for the most common type of stroke is
                                           generally only effective within three hours of the first
                                           symptom.
                                          Treatment for the most common type of stroke is
                                           generally effective only within three hours of the first
                                           symptom.




                                                                                                  slide 15
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
3. Using Modifiers Clearly and Carefully

                             Clarify what each prepositional phrase is
                              modifying:
                                          Only 17 characters are available for the table name
                                           on a standard tape label.
                                         ? Only 17 characters are available for the table name
                                           that is on a standard tape label.
                                          On a standard tape label, only 17 characters are
                                           available for the table name.




                                                                                                 slide 16
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
4. Making Pronouns Clear and Easy to Translate

                             “it”
                                                  You must correct the error in your program before
                                                  submitting it again.
                                         ? Vous devez corriger l’erreur dans votre programme
                                            avant de la soumettre encore.
                                         ? Vous devez corriger l‟erreur dans votre programme
                                            avant de le soumettre encore.
                                          You must correct the error in your program before
                                           resubmitting the program.




                                                                                                      slide 17
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
5. Eliminating Undesirable Terms and Phrases

                             Eliminate unnecessary unusual non-technical
                              terms
                                          If the MEND statement is extraneous, then delete it.
                                          If the MEND statement is unnecessary, then delete it.


                                          This book includes many of the same procedures as
                                          the User's Guide, albeit at a more advanced level.
                                          This book includes many of the same procedures as
                                          the User's Guide, but at a more advanced level.




                                                                                                  slide 18
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
5. Eliminating Undesirable Terms and Phrases

                             Eliminate unnecessary unusual non-technical
                              terms
                                         Abbreviations
                                         • a.k.a.
                                         • n.a., n/a, N.A., N/A
                                         • i.e., e.g., etc. (common, but they lead to inconsistency)


                                         Truncated spellings
                                         • dupe
                                         • hi, lo
                                         • But what about app?
                                                                                                  slide 19
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
6. Punctuation and Capitalization

                             Don‟t use an em dash to introduce an -ING
                              phrase
                                          ActiveX draws each part of the step—resulting in a
                                           somewhat different graph.
                                          ActiveX draws each part of the step, resulting in a
                                           somewhat different graph




                                                                                                 slide 20
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
6. Punctuation and Capitalization

                             Use a period instead of a semicolon before
                              certain transitional words and phrases
                                          Because the shares add up to one, the system is
                                           singular; therefore, one equation is omitted from the
                                           estimation process.
                                          Because the shares add up to one, the system is
                                           singular. Therefore, one equation is omitted from the
                                           estimation process.




                                                                                               slide 21
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
7. Using Syntactic Cues

                            A linguist‟s definition of syntactic cue:
                                  any element or aspect of language that helps
                                  readers identify parts of speech and analyze
                                  sentence structure.


                            Syntactic cues help readers make sense even out
                              of nonsense:
                                                            „Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
                                                            Did gyre and gimble in the wabe.
                                                                             Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky

                                                                                                          slide 22
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
7. Using Syntactic Cues

                            The Global English definition of syntactic
                              cue:
                                               any optional element or aspect of language
                                               that helps readers identify parts of speech and
                                               analyze sentence structure.




                                                                                            slide 23
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
7. Using Syntactic Cues

                            The Global English definition of syntactic
                              cue:
                                               any optional element or aspect of language
                                               that helps readers identify parts of speech and
                                               analyze sentence structure.




                                                                                            slide 24
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
7. Using Syntactic Cues

                            Examples:
                                         • Ensure the client computer is still connected.
                                         • Ensure that the client computer is still connected.

                                         • A label assigns a variable a more informative name.
                                         • A label assigns a more informative name to a variable.




                                                                                                 slide 25
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
7. Using Syntactic Cues

                            Research (summarized in Appendix D) shows:
                             Non-native speakers rely more heavily on syntactic cues
                              than native speakers do.
                             Syntactic cues also improve readability for native
                              speakers.
                            Empirical evidence shows:
                             Syntactic cues eliminate ambiguities that would otherwise
                              impede translation.




                                                                                        slide 26
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
7. Using Syntactic Cues

                            Syntactic cues proof of concept:

                                      If you‟re ready to master the basics of the
                                      software, take your SAS skills to the next level,
                                      become SAS Certified, or simply need access to
                                      SAS software to practice along with a course or
                                      book, check out SAS OnDemand for
                                      Professionals.




                                                                                     slide 27
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
7. Using Syntactic Cues

                            Syntactic cues proof of concept:

                                      If you‟re ready to master the basics of the
                                      software, to take your SAS skills to the next
                                      level, or to become SAS Certified, or if you
                                      simply need access to SAS software in order to
                                      practice along with a course or a book, check out
                                      SAS OnDemand for Professionals.




                                                                                     slide 28
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
7. Using Syntactic Cues

                            Explicit sentence structure improves readability:

                                          The page you requested could not be located.
                                          The page that you requested could not be located.




                                                                                               slide 29
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
7. Using Syntactic Cues

                            Syntactic cues eliminate ambiguity:

                             The Cardiac Compass report includes an entry for every
                              defibrillation therapy delivered.
                            ? The Cardiac Compass report includes an entry for every
                              defibrillation therapy that is delivered.
                            ? The Cardiac Compass report includes an entry for every
                              defibrillation therapy that was delivered.
                             The Cardiac Compass report includes an entry for every
                              defibrillation therapy that has been delivered.



                                                                                       slide 30
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
7. Using Syntactic Cues

                            Syntactic cues eliminate ambiguity:

                             Use the FILENAME statement to specify the logical
                              member name and member type.
                            ? Use the FILENAME statement to specify the logical
                              member name and the logical member type.
                             Use the FILENAME statement to specify the logical
                              member name and the member type.




                                                                                  slide 31
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
7. Using Syntactic Cues

                             Two cardinal rules of Global English
                                         1. Don‟t make any change that will sound unnatural to
                                             native speakers of English.
                                             Corollary: There‟s usually a natural-sounding
                                             alternative if you have time to think of one.
                                         2. Don‟t insert a syntactic cue without considering
                                             whether some other revision would be even better.
                                             The data available in the episode log includes the
                                                following types of data:
                                            ? The data that is available in the episode log
                                                includes the following types of data:
                                             The episode log includes the following types of
                                                data: (31% reduction in word count)
                                                                                              slide 32
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
Agenda

                             Important Concepts
                             Selected Guidelines
                             Benefits of Developing Global English Skills
                             How Will You Implement Global English?




                                                                         slide 33
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
Benefits of Developing Global English Skills

                             The Global English guidelines help technical
                              writers and editors make “sense out of
                              nonsense.”
                             The guidelines provide explanations and
                              justifications for edits that editors might naturally
                              be inclined to make anyway.
                             Writing or editing for a global audience can be a
                              marketable skill (if you‟re job-hunting), or an
                              added value for your current employer!



                                                                                  slide 34
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
Agenda

                             Important Concepts
                             Selected Guidelines
                             Benefits of Developing Global English Skills
                             How Will You Implement Global English?




                                                                             slide 35
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
How Will You Implement Global English?


                                 Option 1                   Leave it all up to the
                                                              editors?




                                                                                     slide 36
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
How Will You Implement Global English?

                                                            Teach it to writers and editors
                             Option 2                         in workshops?




                                                                                              slide 37
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
How Will You Implement Global English?

                                                            Controlled-authoring software:
                             Option 3                       • Use computers to flag the errors that
                                                              computers can reliably detect.
                                                            • Allow editors to focus on things that add
                                                              more value (substantive edits, content
                                                              reduction, standardizing terminology).




                                                                                                   slide 38
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
How Will You Implement Global English?

                            Controlled-authoring software (“language
                                     quality-assurance software”)
                                     • checks grammar, style, spelling, and terminology
                                     • is highly customizable, hence very “on target”
                                     • gives users immediate feedback (= effective training)




                                                                                               slide 39
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
How Will You Implement Global English?

                            Some controlled-authoring software products:
                                     • Acrolinx IQ (www.acrolinx.com)
                                     • HyperSTE (www.simplifiedenglish.net)
                                     • SDL Global Authoring Management System
                                       (http://www.sdl.com/en/xml/products/sdl-global-ams/)
                                     • crossCheck (http://www.across.net/en/translation-
                                       quality.aspx)
                                     • Congree Authoring Server
                                       (http://www.congree.com/en/index.aspx)
                                     • Boeing Simplified English Checker
                                       (http://www.boeing.com/phantom/sechecker/)
                                     • MAXit (http://www.smartny.com/maxit.htm)


                                                                                              slide 40
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
How Will You Implement Global English?

                                                            See the handout.
                             Option 4




                                                                               slide 41
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
Handout

                            The handout on the STC Live Learning Center
                            (http://www.softconference.com/stc/default.asp)
                            includes the following:
                             Learning to Follow the Global English Guidelines: A table
                              of search strings that you can use to collect and analyze
                              examples from your own documentation.
                                     Example: Search for every instance of “get” and determine whether it is
                                     being used to form passive voice. (Guideline 3.10.1 Avoid using “get” to
                                     form passive voice.)

                             Syntactic Cues Guidelines: A concise listing of the major
                              syntactic cues guidelines, with examples.
                             Recommended Reading and Resources

                                                                                                            slide 42
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
Concordancer Software for Terminology Research




                                                            slide 43
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
Concordancer Software for Terminology Research




                                                            slide 44
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
Concordancer Software for Terminology Research




                                                            slide 45
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
The Whole Scoop

                            For the complete set of Global English guidelines,
                            see Kohl, John R. The Global English Style Guide:
                            Writing Clear, Translatable Documentation for a
                            Global Market (2008, SAS Press). Available at all
                            the major online booksellers.




                                                                             slide 46
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
Questions?                                              Fragen?                         Quaestiones
                                                                                                  ?



                                                                                       Domande
                                                                Sorular?               ?                질문



                          ¿Preguntas?                                       Вопросы?
                                                                                                  Perguntas?
                                                            Questions?


                                                                   Ερωτήσεις ;         Pytania?        Vragen?




                                                                                                               slide 47
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
Thank You                                                  Danke!                          Gratias!




                                                                                     Grazie!
                                                                                                       당신을 감사하
                                                             Teşekkürler!
                                                                                                       십시오

                  ¡Gracias!                                                   Срасибо!
                                                                                                     Obrigado!
                                                            Merci!



                                                                 Σας                     Dziękuje!         Dank u!
                                                                 εσταριστούμε


                                                                                                                 slide 48
Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.

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Introduction to Global English

  • 1. Introduction to Global English John R. Kohl Linguistic Engineer SAS Institute, Inc. Cary, North Carolina john.kohl@sas.com Copyright © 2012 SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 2. Agenda  Important Concepts  Selected Guidelines  Benefits of Developing Global English Skills  How Will You Implement Global English? slide 2 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 3. Important Concepts  non-native speaker  translation-memory software • SDL Trados, Multicorpora, Wordfast, Déjà Vu, Transit  machine-translation software • Google Translate, Bing Translator, Asia Online, SYSTRAN, PROMT, Moses slide 3 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 4. Important Concepts (cont.)  Considerations: • For non-native speakers, we need to simplify our language somewhat and avoid unusual terms and constructions. • Native speakers typically still outnumber non-natives. We don‟t want to alienate native speakers by going to extremes. • The use of translation memory underscores the importance of consistency. (Global English targets sources of unnecessary inconsistency, not just errors.) • For translation—especially machine translation— simplification, consistency, and clarity are important. slide 4 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 5. Agenda  Important Concepts  Selected Guidelines  Benefits of Developing Global English Skills  How Will You Implement Global English? slide 5 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 6. Selected Guidelines 1. Conforming to Standard English 2. Simplifying Your Writing Style 3. Using Modifiers Clearly and Carefully 4. Making Pronouns Clear and Easy to Translate 5. Eliminating Undesirable Terms and Phrases 6. Punctuation and Capitalization Guidelines 7. Using Syntactic Cues slide 6 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 7. 1. Conforming to Standard English  Use standard verb complements  By default, a command bar is displayed at the top of the window. Alternatively, you can select to display a floating command dialog box instead.  By default, a command bar is displayed at the top of the window. Alternatively, you can choose to display a floating command dialog box instead. But don‟t just use the first revision that comes to mind  By default, a command bar is displayed at the top of the window. To enter commands in a floating dialog box instead, select Command box from the Preferences dialog box. (5 words longer, but tells them how to do it.) slide 7 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 8. 1. Conforming to Standard English slide 8 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 9. 1. Conforming to Standard English  Don‟t use intransitive verbs transitively, or vice versa  If you are not sure what an icon represents, pause your cursor on the icon.  If you are not sure what an icon represents, position your cursor over the icon. slide 9 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 10. 1. Conforming to Standard English  Don‟t use non-standard comparative and superlative adjectives  Ants are likelier to take bait when the temperature is between 65 and 85 degrees Fahrenheit.  Ants are more likely to take bait when the temperature is between 65 and 85 degrees Fahrenheit. slide 10 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 11. 2. Simplifying Your Writing Style  Some familiar guidelines: • Use shorter sentences • Avoid unnecessary use of passive voice • Avoid unnecessary use of future tense • Consider revising or defining noun phrases • etc. slide 11 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 12. 2. Simplifying Your Writing Style  Avoid unusual constructions • The “get” passive  When you press F6, your program gets submitted for execution.  When you press F6, your program is submitted for execution. slide 12 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 13. 2. Simplifying Your Writing Style  Avoid unusual constructions • Causative “have”  All variables that are shorter than 8 bytes will have their lengths increased by 1 byte.  If a variable is shorter than 8 bytes, its length will be increased by 1 byte. [same word count, but two short clauses instead of one long one] slide 13 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 14. 2. Simplifying Your Writing Style  Avoid ambiguous verb constructions • “appear” plus an infinitive:  The Message Display window appears to indicate how many records were inserted into the new table. ? The Message Display window seems to indicate how many records were inserted into the new table.  The Message Display window appears. This window indicates how many records were inserted into the new table. slide 14 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 15. 3. Using Modifiers Clearly and Carefully  Place “only” immediately before whatever it is modifying  Treatment for the most common type of stroke is generally only effective within three hours of the first symptom.  Treatment for the most common type of stroke is generally effective only within three hours of the first symptom. slide 15 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 16. 3. Using Modifiers Clearly and Carefully  Clarify what each prepositional phrase is modifying:  Only 17 characters are available for the table name on a standard tape label. ? Only 17 characters are available for the table name that is on a standard tape label.  On a standard tape label, only 17 characters are available for the table name. slide 16 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 17. 4. Making Pronouns Clear and Easy to Translate  “it” You must correct the error in your program before submitting it again. ? Vous devez corriger l’erreur dans votre programme avant de la soumettre encore. ? Vous devez corriger l‟erreur dans votre programme avant de le soumettre encore.  You must correct the error in your program before resubmitting the program. slide 17 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 18. 5. Eliminating Undesirable Terms and Phrases  Eliminate unnecessary unusual non-technical terms  If the MEND statement is extraneous, then delete it.  If the MEND statement is unnecessary, then delete it.  This book includes many of the same procedures as the User's Guide, albeit at a more advanced level.  This book includes many of the same procedures as the User's Guide, but at a more advanced level. slide 18 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 19. 5. Eliminating Undesirable Terms and Phrases  Eliminate unnecessary unusual non-technical terms Abbreviations • a.k.a. • n.a., n/a, N.A., N/A • i.e., e.g., etc. (common, but they lead to inconsistency) Truncated spellings • dupe • hi, lo • But what about app? slide 19 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 20. 6. Punctuation and Capitalization  Don‟t use an em dash to introduce an -ING phrase  ActiveX draws each part of the step—resulting in a somewhat different graph.  ActiveX draws each part of the step, resulting in a somewhat different graph slide 20 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 21. 6. Punctuation and Capitalization  Use a period instead of a semicolon before certain transitional words and phrases  Because the shares add up to one, the system is singular; therefore, one equation is omitted from the estimation process.  Because the shares add up to one, the system is singular. Therefore, one equation is omitted from the estimation process. slide 21 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 22. 7. Using Syntactic Cues A linguist‟s definition of syntactic cue: any element or aspect of language that helps readers identify parts of speech and analyze sentence structure. Syntactic cues help readers make sense even out of nonsense: „Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe. Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky slide 22 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 23. 7. Using Syntactic Cues The Global English definition of syntactic cue: any optional element or aspect of language that helps readers identify parts of speech and analyze sentence structure. slide 23 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 24. 7. Using Syntactic Cues The Global English definition of syntactic cue: any optional element or aspect of language that helps readers identify parts of speech and analyze sentence structure. slide 24 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 25. 7. Using Syntactic Cues Examples: • Ensure the client computer is still connected. • Ensure that the client computer is still connected. • A label assigns a variable a more informative name. • A label assigns a more informative name to a variable. slide 25 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 26. 7. Using Syntactic Cues Research (summarized in Appendix D) shows:  Non-native speakers rely more heavily on syntactic cues than native speakers do.  Syntactic cues also improve readability for native speakers. Empirical evidence shows:  Syntactic cues eliminate ambiguities that would otherwise impede translation. slide 26 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 27. 7. Using Syntactic Cues Syntactic cues proof of concept: If you‟re ready to master the basics of the software, take your SAS skills to the next level, become SAS Certified, or simply need access to SAS software to practice along with a course or book, check out SAS OnDemand for Professionals. slide 27 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 28. 7. Using Syntactic Cues Syntactic cues proof of concept: If you‟re ready to master the basics of the software, to take your SAS skills to the next level, or to become SAS Certified, or if you simply need access to SAS software in order to practice along with a course or a book, check out SAS OnDemand for Professionals. slide 28 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 29. 7. Using Syntactic Cues Explicit sentence structure improves readability:  The page you requested could not be located.  The page that you requested could not be located. slide 29 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 30. 7. Using Syntactic Cues Syntactic cues eliminate ambiguity:  The Cardiac Compass report includes an entry for every defibrillation therapy delivered. ? The Cardiac Compass report includes an entry for every defibrillation therapy that is delivered. ? The Cardiac Compass report includes an entry for every defibrillation therapy that was delivered.  The Cardiac Compass report includes an entry for every defibrillation therapy that has been delivered. slide 30 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 31. 7. Using Syntactic Cues Syntactic cues eliminate ambiguity:  Use the FILENAME statement to specify the logical member name and member type. ? Use the FILENAME statement to specify the logical member name and the logical member type.  Use the FILENAME statement to specify the logical member name and the member type. slide 31 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 32. 7. Using Syntactic Cues  Two cardinal rules of Global English 1. Don‟t make any change that will sound unnatural to native speakers of English. Corollary: There‟s usually a natural-sounding alternative if you have time to think of one. 2. Don‟t insert a syntactic cue without considering whether some other revision would be even better.  The data available in the episode log includes the following types of data: ? The data that is available in the episode log includes the following types of data:  The episode log includes the following types of data: (31% reduction in word count) slide 32 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 33. Agenda  Important Concepts  Selected Guidelines  Benefits of Developing Global English Skills  How Will You Implement Global English? slide 33 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 34. Benefits of Developing Global English Skills  The Global English guidelines help technical writers and editors make “sense out of nonsense.”  The guidelines provide explanations and justifications for edits that editors might naturally be inclined to make anyway.  Writing or editing for a global audience can be a marketable skill (if you‟re job-hunting), or an added value for your current employer! slide 34 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 35. Agenda  Important Concepts  Selected Guidelines  Benefits of Developing Global English Skills  How Will You Implement Global English? slide 35 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 36. How Will You Implement Global English? Option 1 Leave it all up to the editors? slide 36 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 37. How Will You Implement Global English? Teach it to writers and editors Option 2 in workshops? slide 37 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 38. How Will You Implement Global English? Controlled-authoring software: Option 3 • Use computers to flag the errors that computers can reliably detect. • Allow editors to focus on things that add more value (substantive edits, content reduction, standardizing terminology). slide 38 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 39. How Will You Implement Global English?  Controlled-authoring software (“language quality-assurance software”) • checks grammar, style, spelling, and terminology • is highly customizable, hence very “on target” • gives users immediate feedback (= effective training) slide 39 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 40. How Will You Implement Global English?  Some controlled-authoring software products: • Acrolinx IQ (www.acrolinx.com) • HyperSTE (www.simplifiedenglish.net) • SDL Global Authoring Management System (http://www.sdl.com/en/xml/products/sdl-global-ams/) • crossCheck (http://www.across.net/en/translation- quality.aspx) • Congree Authoring Server (http://www.congree.com/en/index.aspx) • Boeing Simplified English Checker (http://www.boeing.com/phantom/sechecker/) • MAXit (http://www.smartny.com/maxit.htm) slide 40 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 41. How Will You Implement Global English? See the handout. Option 4 slide 41 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 42. Handout The handout on the STC Live Learning Center (http://www.softconference.com/stc/default.asp) includes the following:  Learning to Follow the Global English Guidelines: A table of search strings that you can use to collect and analyze examples from your own documentation. Example: Search for every instance of “get” and determine whether it is being used to form passive voice. (Guideline 3.10.1 Avoid using “get” to form passive voice.)  Syntactic Cues Guidelines: A concise listing of the major syntactic cues guidelines, with examples.  Recommended Reading and Resources slide 42 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 43. Concordancer Software for Terminology Research slide 43 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 44. Concordancer Software for Terminology Research slide 44 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 45. Concordancer Software for Terminology Research slide 45 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 46. The Whole Scoop For the complete set of Global English guidelines, see Kohl, John R. The Global English Style Guide: Writing Clear, Translatable Documentation for a Global Market (2008, SAS Press). Available at all the major online booksellers. slide 46 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 47. Questions? Fragen? Quaestiones ? Domande Sorular? ? 질문 ¿Preguntas? Вопросы? Perguntas? Questions? Ερωτήσεις ; Pytania? Vragen? slide 47 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 48. Thank You Danke! Gratias! Grazie! 당신을 감사하 Teşekkürler! 십시오 ¡Gracias! Срасибо! Obrigado! Merci! Σας Dziękuje! Dank u! εσταριστούμε slide 48 Copyright © 2012, SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.