INTRODUCTION TO
INVESTMENT & SECURITIES
DR. ESHA JAIN

Investment
• An investment is an asset or item acquired with the goal of generating
income or appreciation.
• In an economic sense, an investment is the purchase of goods that
are not consumed today but are used in the future to create wealth.
• In finance, an investment is a monetary asset purchased with the idea
that the asset will provide income in the future or will later be sold at
a higher price for a profit.

Speculation
• Speculation involves trading a financial instrument involving high risk, in
expectation of significant returns. The motive is to take maximum
advantage from fluctuations in the market.
• Speculation is the act of conducting a financial transaction that has
substantial risk of losing all value but with the expectation of a significant
gain.
• With speculation, the risk of loss is more than offset by the possibility of a
huge gain. Otherwise, there would be very little motivation to speculate.
• It may sometimes be difficult to distinguish between speculation and
investment, and whether an activity qualifies as speculative or investing
can depend on a number of factors, including the nature of the asset, the
expected duration of the holding period, and the amount of leverage.

Investor vs. Speculator
Basis Investor Speculator
Time horizon Plans for a longer time horizon. His
holding period may be vary from one
year to few years.
Plans for a very short period. Holding
period varies from few days to months.
Risk Assumes moderate risk. Willing to undertake high risk.
Return Likes to have moderate rate of return
associated with limited risk.
Likes to have high returns for assuming
high risk.
Decision Considers fundamental factors and
evaluates the performance of the
company regularly.
Considers inside information, heresays
and market behaviour.
Funds Uses his own funds and avoids
borrowed funds.
Uses borrowed funds to supplement his
personal resources.

Investment Objectives
Main objectives:
• Maximizing the return
• Minimizing the risk.
Subsidiary objectives:
• Maintaining liquidity
• Hedging against inflation
• Increasing safety
• Saving tax

Return
•Maximising the Return:
𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 =
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛+𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑
𝑃𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
× 100

Investment
Process
Investment
Policy
Investible
fund
Objectives
Knowledge
Analysis
Market
Industry
Company
Valuation
Intrinsic value
Future value
Portfolio
Construction
Diversification
Selection &
allocation
Portfolio
Evaluation
Appraisal
Revision