Swm BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14

I.R. Ilaboya, E. Atikpo, F.F. Asekhame, D.O. Onaiwu and F.E Omofuma, 2011. Design of an Integrated Solid Waste
ISSN 2088-3218
Management Scheme: A Model Design for Igbinedion University Community.

Volume 1, Number 2: 125-138, August, 2011
© T2011 Department of Environmental Engineering
Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya
& Indonesian Society of Sanitary and Environmental Engineers, Jakarta
Open Access http://www.trisanita.org/jates

International peer-reviewed journal International peer-reviewed journal
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Practical Case Study

DESIGN OF AN INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SCHEME: A
MODEL DESIGN FOR IGBINEDION UNIVERSITY COMMUNITY
I.R. ILABOYA1*, E. ATIKPO3, F.F. ASEKHAME4, D.O. ONAIWU2 and F.E OMOFUMA5
1Department of Civil Engineering, 2Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria.
3Department of Civil Engineering, 4Department of Mechanical Engineering, 5Department of Petroleum

Engineering, General Abdusalami A. Abubakar College of Engineering, Igbinedion University Okada, PMB
0006, Nigeria.
*Corresponding Author: Phone: 08038027260; E-mail: id_rudolph@yahoo.com

Received: 20th April 2011; Revised: 1st June 2011; Accepted: 3rd June 2011

Abstract: A critical review of the existing solid waste management system was first
carried out through an effective and detailed solid waste survey and administration of
relevant questionnaires to selected group of person taking into consideration there sex,
age limit and scope of work of the individual. Attempt was also made to study the
possible defects of the existing solid waste management system in other to suggest
possible and lasting solutions. The main focus of the research work therefore was to
review the existing solid waste management scheme and to design a more effective
and integrated solid waste management system of lower transportation, construction
and operation/maintenance cost for the study area and which can also serve as a
model for a larger population.

Keywords: Integrated solid waste systems, source reduction, transfer station, waste
generation, waste storage

INTRODUCTION

Rapid increase in volume and types of solid waste as a result of continuous economic
growth, urbanization and industrialization, is becoming a burgeoning problem for national and
local governments to ensure effective and sustainable management of waste [1]. It is estimated
that in 2006 the total amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated globally reached 2.02
billion tones, representing a 7% annual increase since 2003 (Global Waste Management Market
Report 2007). It is further estimated that between 2007 and 2011, global generation of municipal

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Journal of Applied Technology in Environmental Sanitation, 1 (2): 125-138.


waste will rise by 37.3%, equivalent to roughly 8% increase per year [2]. Although considerable
efforts are being made by many Governments and other entities in tackling waste-related
problems, there are still major gaps to be filled in this area. Hence, developing countries face
uphill challenges to properly manage their waste with most efforts being made to reduce the final
volumes and to generate sufficient funds for waste management [3]. This forms the premise for
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) system.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Description of Study Area
General overview of the university: Generally, the university has a central administrative
unit and various colleges which include among others: The college of Engineering, college of
Natural and Applied Sciences, College of Basic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, College of Law,
College of Business and Social Sciences. In addition, there is the university teaching hospital,
Works transport and planning, Security unit among others.
Location: The University (Igbinedion University Okada) is located in the North Eastern part
of Benin City in Edo State Nigeria. Edo State came into being on August 27, 1991 when what
was known as Bendel State split into two in a state creation exercise that also led to the birth of
Delta State. Edo State shares boundaries with Delta on the South, Ondo on the West, and Kogi
on the North-East. The main towns in the state are Benin, is also the state capital, Ubiaja, Auchi,
Ekpoma and Uromi. The State has such educational institutions as the University of Benin,
Ambrose Ali University, Edo State institute of Technology Management, College of Educations
and Auchi Polytechnic among others. Igbinedion University is actually located at the heart of
Okada the head quarter of Ovia North East Local government area in Edo State.
Topography: The land is generally flat. It is higher towards the north because of the levee of
the River Ogbese. The area falls within the delta flood plain morphology. It is overlain by sand
and silt soil along the bank of the river which leaves fine texture clay at the back swamp.
Rainfall and vegetation: The area fall in the tropical rainforest and hence sometimes
experience heavy down pour. This area falls within the tropical rainforest vegetation and thus
exhibits characteristics of the tropical rain forest belt. The mean average temperature of the area
can be estimated at 270C.
Estimated population: Igbinedion University Okada is estimated at a population of around
eight thousand persons (8000). The population distributions per person and per locations are
given with the figures 1-3 as follows.

Fig 1: Estimated population Distribution per persons

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Fig 2: Population Distribution per location from 8am-4pm

Fig 3: Population Distribution per location from 4pm

The reason for the variation in population distribution for figure 3 and 4 is based on the fact that
the seat of administration is in the permanent site and the crown estate houses the students and
bulk of the staffs.

Methodology of Research
Solid waste management and design of integrated solid waste management scheme is a
fundamental issue that requires the attention of all concern individuals irrespective of the level of
planning (local, continental or international). On the bases of these, it is pertinent to know and
understand much about the underlying concept of solid waste (MSW). Important question that
needs to be properly addressed includes [4]:
What type and quantities of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) are generated/collected
At what rate are these wastes generated/collected
Are the wastes generated properly stored/collected
Is the collection process effective or not
What problems if any are associated with the collection process
Is there any transfer station for the waste collection systems
What treatments processes are employed to take care of the waste
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What disposal methods are employed in taking care of the waste
In addition to the above questions, information regarding the design of an integrated solid waste
management scheme for the study area was also evaluated as follows [5]:
What is the present waste management practice in the area under study
The present needs of the study area for an efficient waste management system
In other to find solution to the above issues of concern, the following basic research
methodologies were employed:
Examination of available literatures on the subject matter
Oral interview with the generators of the waste
Accurate solid waste survey and sites visitation
Use of questionnaires
Application of mass balance equations
Literature examination: An extensive literature survey was done on the subject matter.
Theses include; review of available books, journals, book of abstract, dailies, including articles
and monographs.
Oral interviews: Waste dump sites were visited, households and solid waste handlers were
also visited and oral interview conducted to find out the effectiveness of the existing waste
management scheme
Accurate solid waste survey: One basic problem that has militated against most solid
waste management scheme has being the under estimation of the amount of solid waste
generated. This has lead to poor design calculation which has propagated into incorrect capacity
of waste management systems. This issue needed to be addressed hence an accurate solid
waste survey was done to get an insight of the approximate amount of solid waste generated
within the area under study.
Use of questionnaires: Relevant questionnaires were designed and given to individuals
(Students, staffs and non staffs). The focus of the questionnaires was to check the effectiveness
of the existing waste management scheme and to design a model for an integrated solid waste
management scheme. The questionnaires were administered and collated; thereafter they were
analyzed using relevant statistical software. For the purpose of this work, statistical package for
the social sciences (SPSS) was employed.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Analysis of Questionnaires
Key issues in the questionnaires were selected and critically analyzed to study the efficiency
of the existing waste management system and establish the need for an integrated waste
management system. Some of the critical issues that were carefully analyzed include:
To established whether or not there is a problem with waste generation within the area under
study
Whether or not there is existing facilities for proper waste storage within the study area.
To evaluate the effective usage of waste storage facilities if at all they exist. i. e., in location
where the waste storage facilities exist, are they properly used or not.
Is there any transfer station within the area under study
Is it important to have a transfer station for the study area
Is there any limitation against one very large transfer station within the study area
Are waste generated within the study area treated before being disposed
Are there facilities for waste treatment within the study area
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Are there facilities for proper and effective waste disposal within the study area
Finally to establish the need for an effective and integrated waste management system for the
area under study.
These issues where critically analyzed using appropriate statistical software (SPSS) and the
following conclusion were drawn at the end of the analysis/evaluation;
That lack of accurate population data was a critical issue that hinders the ability of researchers
to account for the total waste generated within the area. This issue was then properly handled
by conducting regular visitation to different departments and units to get an update of their
population records.
It was discovered from the analysis of the questionnaires; that waste storage facilities exist in
some locations; but the fact remains that the facilities were rather too small in terms of size
and also they were under utilized.
It was also discovered from the analysis of the questionnaires; that no transfer station exist
within the study area even as individuals who where issued questionnaires agreed that a
transfer station is of utmost importance in the effective design of an integrated waste
management system.
The questionnaires analysis also reveals that wastes generated were not treated since
treatment processes do not exist in the first place.
Finally, analysis of the questionnaires reveals that wastes are improperly disposed thus
making individuals to clamour for the design of an integrated waste management scheme for
the study area.
A statistical method was employed in the analysis of the questionnaires. Detail result of the
analysis is given in tables 1-10 as follows.

Table 1: Is there problem with waste generation
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cum. Percent
Yes 39 60.9 60.9 60.9
No 25 39.1 39.1 100.0
Total 64 100.0 100.0

Table 2: Existing facilities for waste storage
Yes 38 59.4 59.4 59.4
No 26 40.6 40.6 100.0
Total 64 100.0 100.0

Table 3: Effective Usage of Storage Facilities
Yes 23 35.9 35.9 35.9
No 41 64.1 64.1 100.0
Total 64 100.0 100.0

Table 4: Presence of Transfer Station
Yes 17 26.6 26.6 26.6
No 47 73.4 73.4 100.0
Total 64 100.0 100.0
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Table 5: Importance of transfer station
Yes 55 85.9 85.9 85.9
No 9 14.1 14.1 100.0
Total 64 100.0 100.0

Table 6: Limitation Against one Very Large Transfer Station
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cum.Percent
Yes 40 62.5 62.5 62.5
No 24 37.5 37.5 100.0
Total 64 100.0 100.0

Table 7: Availability of treatment Processes
Yes 13 20.3 20.3 20.3
No 51 79.7 79.7 100.0
Total 64 100.0 100.0

Table 8: Need for Effective Waste Treatment
Yes 59 92.2 92.2 92.2
No 5 7.8 7.8 100.0
Total 64 100.0 100.0

Table 9: Presence of Effective Waste Disposal Systems
No 44 68.8 68.8 68.8
Yes 20 31.3 31.3 100.0
Total 64 100.0 100.0

Table 10: Need for Effective Waste Disposal Systems
Yes 62 96.9 96.9 96.9
No 2 3.1 3.1 100.0
Total 64 100.0 100.0

Integrated Solid Waste Management Scheme
To integrate a solid waste management program within a community, the program should
address the needs of the community as a whole. In other words waste generated from individual
homes and apartments, public places, businesses, and industries located within a community
should be taken into consideration for efficient management of all types of solid waste generated
within the community. The program must satisfy the regulatory requirements and address the
economic parameters set by the community [6]. Enough flexibility should be built into a program
so it can protect the environment in a variable marketplace. Educating the public (including
managers of industrial and commercial institutions) understanding the benefits of an ISWM
program is a key to the success of the program in the long run.

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Willing participation of the community as a whole (which includes both industrial and
nonindustrial sectors) in reducing waste is essential. Thus, apart from management practices,
due consideration should be given to educating the public regarding the source reduction concept
coupled with proper storage, effective collection, transshipment, proper treatment and disposal of
the different waste generated.
Basically, an integrated waste management scheme consist of the following basic elements
[7]. It includes waste generation and the sources, waste storage in bins (small, big and dynasure
bins), waste collection in an organized waste management systems, waste transfer which include
the bulk movement of the solid waste from the collection point to another loaction called the
transfer station before the final disposal point, waste treatment options, and waste disposal.

Design of an Integrated Solid Waste Management System
Design criteria: Some of the criteria assumed for the overall design include [11]:
Design Period. This is the period when the capacity of the waste management system
(especially the disposal structure will be used up or the period when the excess capacity will
equal zero. For the purpose of this work, a 35 year design period was assumed. The meaning
is that the excess capacity of the system will become zero by 2045.
Population. Using the past and present population figure (2005 and 2010), the population
growth rate was computed and gotten to be 2.5% using a geometric growth rate analysis. This
growth rate was used to compute the ultimate population figure which was finally used in the
design.
From:
lnPt = e lnP0 + B (t2045 – t2005)
Where Pt is the ultimate population, P0 is the present population, and B is the population
growth rate.
= ln (8000) + 0.025 (40)
= 8.987 + 1
= 9.987
= 21,742
However, a safety factor of 1.2 (Ayanta 2001) would be applied for a more accurate design
= 21,742 x 1.2
= 26,090. This is the ultimate population that was used in design.
This gives the design projected population to P2045 = 26,090
Design specification: Effective design of integrated solid waste management systems will
require accurate knowledge regarding the following:
Rate of generation of solid waste
Total solid waste generated
Total volume of waste generated
Effective collection calculation including required numbers of trucks
Sanitary Landfill computation including land requirement, leachate and gas control design
requirements.
Solid waste composition: Information regarding the composition of solid waste generated
within the study area is an essential component needed in the design. This information is
important not only in the design or processing alternatives, but also in the selection of appropriate
waste storage equipments and effective planning of the collection system. The figure below
shows the mean percentage composition by mass of the different components of the total waste
generated within the study area.
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Fig 4: Percentage Composition of Residential Solid Waste generated Within the Study Area

Fig 5: Percentage Composition of Institutional Solid Waste generated Within the Study Area

Igbinedion University Okada has a teaching hospital that generates hospital wastes that must be
properly disposed of. These wastes include pathological and surgical wastes, clinical and
biological wastes, patient care items, drugs, chemicals and food waste together with
administrative and related office waste.

Determination of Design Parameters
Amount of solid waste generation: For the purpose of this calculation, Igbinedion
University Environment was tag a medium income area having a residential waste generation
rate of 0.75kg/capital/day and low income area of 0.54kg/capital/day residential waste generation
rate. This generation rate was also assumed to remain fairly constant over the design period
except under the emergence of industrialization around the university community which is likely to
cause a little increment. On the bases of theses, a 1.2 projection safety factor was used to take
care of any likely increment that can take place over the design period. For long term planning,
combined residential generation rate is usually more accurate. With medium income at 90% and
low income at 10%, a weighted average of 0.75*0.9 + 0.54*0.1 is gotten. Therefore, solid waste
generation rate within the study area was given as 0.675 + 0.054 = 0.729kg/capital/day. Applying
a projection safety factor of 1.2 over the design period of 35 years, the actual generation rate was
calculated to be 0.875kg/capital/day. Total waste generated = 0.875*26090 =
22828.75kg/capital/day. When this was spread over the design period of 35 years we had

132



1.787kg/day. Finally, total waste generated was computed to be 22828.75kg/capital/day at a rate
of 1.787kg/day.
Volume of storage containers needed: The primary objective here is to ensure that
wastes generated are properly stored to ease the collection process. As such, it was important to
know the sizes of the different storage containers that will be needed per locations. In deciding
the containers to be used for outside storage, the following factors were considered; waste
generation rate, coupled with public health and aesthetics. With a generation rate of 1.787kg/day
adopted for use as the average of municipal solid waste generation rate, and also adopting an
average solid waste density of 297kg/m3, the volume of waste generated per capital/day was
computed as: Volume = Mass/Density = 1.787/297 = 0.00602m3 = 6 liters/capital/day. Consider a
hostel having 4 students per room; we have 4*6 = 24 liters per day. If the waste is to be disposed
of every two days, then the container size should be 2*24 = 48 litres/day: hence a container size
of 60 liters will be appropriate per rooms. Consider a hostel building containing about 100 rooms,
then 6,000 liters central dinosaurs will be needed which must be emptied every 3 days.
Collection frequency: The frequency of collection has a direct bearing on public health and
welfare as well as aesthetic reasons. The optimum collection frequency of twice per week for
residential building waste management design was adopted for the purpose of this research
work.
Collection vehicles: From the volume generated per capital per day (0.00602m3), total
volume of solid waste generated by the entire population is given by: 0.00602m3 *26,090 =
157m3/day. If 157m3 wastes are to be collected using a vehicle capacity of 27m3, then the
number of trips to be made from the station by such a vehicle will be:
Nt = (Vw) / (Vr * n)
Where: Nt is the number of trips to be made by the collection vehicle, Vw is the volume of waste
generated per day (157m3), Vr is the capacity of collection vehicle and n is the collection
frequency (2). Finally, Nt was computed to be approximately 3 trips. Since collection vehicle will
each require periodic maintenance, during which they will be unavailable for service, an additional
reserve vehicle will be needed to cater for both periodic maintenance lapses and allow for 100%
operations during the collection period. For crew performance and evaluation, the use of three
man crews will be adopted for this design. Three man collection crew appears most appropriate
and will allow for a driver and two labourers to collect from containers along both sides of the walk
ways and handle large bins efficiently thus minimizing labour cost within acceptable limit.
Design of collection systems: The collection system adopted for this research is the SCS
(Stationary Collection System) in which case, the containers used for the storage of waste remain
at the point of storage and compacted vehicles and labourers are used to empty them. For the
design of the collection system, the following parameters were used:
• Ultimate population = 26,090
• Average number of residents per service = 16
• Solid waste generation rate = 1.787kg/day
• Average density of solid waste = 297
• Collection frequency = 2 times weekly
• Assumed container per service = 500 liters
• Collection vehicle compaction ratio (r) = 2
• Round trip haul distance (X) = 20 miles
• Nominal length of work day (H) = 8hrs
• Number of trips per day (Nt) = 3
The following assumptions were then made for the accuracy of the overall design:
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• Travel time for first pickup location (T1) = 0.1hr/day
• Travel time from last pickup location (T2) = 0.3 hr/day
• Off – route factor (w) = 0.15
• At site time per trip (s) = 0.10hr/trip
• Haul time constants; a = 0.01hr/trip, b = 0.02hr/mile.
Appropriate empirical equations where then employed to compute the following collections
parameters:
• Pickup Time per Trip (Ptpt). This parameter was computed using the equation below :
[ H (1 − w )] − [( T1 + T 2 )] (1)
Ptpt =
[ N d − ( s + a + bx )]
Where:
H = Nominal length of work day (8hrs)
W = off route factor (0.15)
T1 and T2 = Pickup time for first and last pickup location (0.1hrs and 0.3hrs respectively.
Nt = Number of trips per day (3)
X = Round trip haul distance (20miles)
S = at – site time per trip (0.10hr/trip)
a and b = Haul time constants (0.016hr/trips and 0.02hr/trip respectively)
[8 (1 − 0 .15 )] − [( 0 .1 + 0 .3)]
Ptpt =
[3 − ( 0 .10 + 0 .016 + 0 .4 )]
[ 6 .8 − 0 .4 ]
=
[ 3 − 0 .516 ]
6 .4
=
2 .484
= 2 .576
= app ; 3hrs for 3 trips per location per day

• Pickup time per pickup location: This was computed using the empirical equation shown
below:
PT = 0.72 + 0.18Cn (2)
Where: Cn was taking as one i.e. average number of containers at each location.
PT = 0.72 + (0.18 * 1)
PT = 0.90 collector-min/location
• Number of pickup location: The number of pickup location from which waste can be
collected using three member crew was calculated using the empirical equation below:
 6 * PTPT * n 
Np =   (3)
 PT 
Where n is the number of collector (2)
6 * 3* 2
NP = [ ]
0.9
36
=[ ]
0.9
= 40 locations/trip

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• Volume of waste generated: The volume of waste generated per pickup location was
computed using the empirical equation shown below:
R * N PPL * N d / w
VPL = [ g ] (4)
ρw
Where:
Rg = Rate of solid waste generation (1.787kg/day)
NPPL = Number of persons per pickup location (24 persons/pickup location)
Nd/w = Number of days in a week (7days)
ρw = Average density of solid waste (297)
VPL = [1.787 *24 * 7] / [297]= 1.0108M3/location/week
• Required truck volume: The required volume of truck was computed using the empirical
equation as below:
N *V
VT = [ P PL ] (5)
n
VT = [(40 * 1.0108)/2]
VT = 20.216m3
• Capacity of transfer station: Using the design periods of (35 years), ultimate population of
26,090 persons, the ultimate weight of waste generated was computed using the empirical
equation shown below:
UTW = Rg * Ultimate Population (6)
Where:
UTW = ultimate total waste generated
Assumed that the waste was to spend 5 days in the transfer station before being disposed, then,
the capacity of the transfer station was computed as shown below:
CT / S = [ N d / s * Vw * Ultimate Population] (7)
Where:
Nd/s = Number of days waste will spent in the transfer station
Vw = Computed volume of waste
CT/S = 5 * 0.00602 * 26,090
CT/S = 785.309m2
Assuming a transfer station of height 3m, then the floor area of the transfer station was computed
as shown below:
Capacity of Transfer Station
FA = (8)
Height of Transfer Station
FA = (785.309) / (3)
FA = 261.770m2
Applying the design equation for the relationship between length and height of the form:
L = 3B
A = L*B
therefore : A = 3B * B = 3B 2
Capacity of Transfer Station
3B 2 =
Height of Transfer Station
1 Transfer Station Capacity
B= ( )
3 Height of transfer Station
B = [(785.309) / (3 *3)] 1/2
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B = (87.257)1/2
B = 9.34m
Therefore, length of transfer station was computed as 3 * 9.34 = 28.02m. Finally, the storage
capacity of the transfer station was computed as 28m * 9m * 3m. The transfer station will consist
of a steel portal frame construction, gladded in concrete block work to the eaves. It will contain
inlet for waste deposition, and a chamber for waste sorting before been transported to locations
designed for effective waste disposal.
Design of integrated waste disposal system: Owing to the available land within the study
area, a sanitary landfill method was chosen as the best waste disposal method for the area
understudy. It was proposed that each location will have its own waste disposal facility for
effective management of the different waste since a uniformly flat land is available at each
location. A regional waste disposal system was also proposed; optimization modeling will be
needed in this regard to choose between individual waste management systems at each
locations or a regional waste disposal system at a central location. On the whole, the following
design computation was done to calculate the required dimensions of the proposed waste
disposal systems.
Design criteria for sanitary landfill
Ultimate Population = 26,090
Design Period = 35 years
Waste generation rate = 1.787kg/day
Volume of waste generated = 0.00602m3
Average compaction ration = 3.5
Density of uncompacted waste = 297kg/m3
Design computation for sanitary landfill
• Waste generated per day
Waste generated per day was computed as follows:
Ultimate population * Rate of generation
26,090 * 1.787 = 46,622.83kg/day
• Density of compacted fill
The density of the compacted fill was calculated as follows:
Compaction Ration * Average Density
3.5 * 297 = 1039.5kg/m3
• Volume of waste per day
The volume of waste per day was computed as shown below:
(Waste generated per day) / (Density of compacted fills)
(46,622.83) / (1039.5) = 44.85m3/day
Assuming an average depth of compacted solid waste plus cover to be 0.75m
• Area of land required per year
(44.85 * 365) / (0.75) = 21827m2/year
For a cover of 1 to 4, the capacity of the proposed landfill
(4 * 21827) / (5) = 17461.6m2/year
Therefore for 35 years design period, the required area of land is 17461.6 * 35 = 611,156m2.

For the construction of the land fill, the following basic steps must be adhered to:
• Existing site drainage if any must be modified to route any runoff away from the intended land
fill area.
• Construction of access roads, purchase/use of weighing facilities and installation of fences.
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• Excavation and preparation of the land fill bottom and subsurface sides. The land fill bottom
must be shaped to allow effective drainage of leachate.
• A low permeability liner (plastics or clay materials) is needed to be placed at the bottom and
the sides of the land fill
• Leachate collection and extraction facilities must be properly design for the land fill area and
must be incorporated round the land fill.
• Horizontal gas recovery trenches must be installed at the bottom and within the body of the
land fill.
• Standard height of waste to low permeability liner of 0.6m to 0.15m must be maintained
• Overall surface of the landfill must be curved to allow drainage of collected precipitation.
• Heavy structures are not to be built on land fill area.

Table 11: Design Parameters and their computed values
S/No Parameter Computed Value
1 Design Period 35 years
2 Ultimate Population 26,090
3 Amount of Waste generated 22828.75kg/capital/day
4 Rate of waste generation 1.787kg/day
5 Volume of waste generated 157m3/day
6 Volume of storage containers 60 liters per room
7 Number of trips per collection vehicles 3 trips per vehicle
8 Number of crew 3 member crew
9 Type of collection system adopted (SCS): Stationary Collection System
10 Pickup time per trip 3 hours per 3 trip per location
11 Pickup time per location 0.90 collector-min/location
12 Number of pickup location 40 locations/ trip
13 Volume of waste generated per pickup location 1.0108M3/location/wk
14 Volume of Truck 20.216m3
15 Capacity of Transfer Station 785.309m3
16 Transfer Station Floor Area 261.770m2
17 Dimensions Of Transfer Station 28m * 9m * 3m
18 Density of Compacted Fill 1039.5kg/m3
19 Required Land Area For Landfill (17461.6 * 35)m2
20 Density of Uncompacted Solid Waste 297kg/m3

CONCLUSION

Integrated solid waste management is a complex task and must involve various disciplines.
A successful program must include both short-term and long-term goals. It must also provide a
balance between three main factors: environmental regulation cost of running the program and
community needs. To develop a program one needs to comprehend the basic principles involved
in managing each component and their effect on one another. For instance, if the ash generated
by incineration of municipal waste tests out to be hazardous, then either the ash must be
detoxified or it must be disposed in a specially designed landfill/landfill cell. Therefore, prior to
including incineration in the program, one needs to ascertain the characteristics of the incinerator
ash so that correct disposal practice is included in the program. On a local or community level,
integrated solid waste management programs essentially consist of the following five steps:
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1. Waste source identification and characterization; 2. Efficient waste collection; 3. Reduction of
volume and toxicity of the waste to be discarded; 4. Land disposal or incineration of the waste; 5.
Optimization of the first four steps to reduce cost and environmental impact.

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