1. Presentation of call
Presented to: Miss Amna Shahid
Presented by: Ayesha Amjad(06)
Nadia Majid (18)
Amara Ahsan(04)
Rashda Meraj(17)
PGD – ELT : Semester 2
University Of the Punjab( Dep't OF ENGLISH)…

2. Phrase structure
• General Approach:
• -universal grammar(UG)/Language Instinct
• Data:
• -Native Speakers 'intuitions (acceptability judgment)
• Resulting theory of Grammar:
• -words,phrases,catagories for words and
phrases(eg.noun,verbs,noun phrases, verb phrases)(basic concepts
any theory of grammar must have in order to capture the data)

3. Phrase structure (review)
• 1) Every word belongs to a lexical category
• 2) Lexical categories forms heads of phrases
• 3) How phrases are formed is governed by rules
(= ‘phrase structure rules’)

4. Phrase structure rules
• Rules that determine…
• …what goes into a phrase (‘constituents’)
• …how the constituents are ordered
• Constituent: a word or group of words that
function as a unit and can make up larger
grammatical units

5. Phrase structure rules
• General schema:
X  Y Z
“X consists of Y followed by Z”

6. Phrase structure rules
Noun phrase (NP)
• John N
• the boy Det N
• a little boy Det Adj N
• a boy in a bubble Det N PP
Phrase structure rule for NPs:
NP  (Det) (Adj) N (PP)
• (where ( ) indicates optionality)

7. Phrase structure trees
NP NP NP NP
N Det N Det Adj N Det N PP
John the boy a little boy a boy P NP
in Det N
a bubble

8. Prepositional phrase (PP)
• In P
• from a boy in a bubble NP
Phrase structure rule for PPs:
PP  P (NP)

9. Phrase structure trees
PP PP
P P NP
in from Det N PP
a boy P NP
in Det N
a bubble

10. Verb phrase (VP)
• Sang V
• ate the cake V NP
• ate the cake hungrily V NP Adv
• sang a song in the shower V NP PP
• fell into the pond slowly V PP Adv
Phrase structure rule for VPs:
VP  V (NP) (PP) (Adv)

11. VP VP VP
V V NP V NP PP Adv
sang ate Det N sang Det N P NP badly
the cake a song in Det N
the shower

12. •
THANK YOU…………….!