1) Municipal energy financing, also known as Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) programs, allow homeowners to finance energy improvements through assessments on their property tax bills.
2) PACE programs have faced objections from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac due to the senior lien status of PACE assessments.
3) Solutions to overcome the objections have included lawsuits against Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, legislation to require them to accept PACE loans, and alternatives like on-bill financing or junior lien structures.
Corporate Governance is to conduct the business in accordance with owner or shareholders’ desires, which generally will be to make as much money as possible, while conforming to the basic rules of the society embodied in law and local customs.
--- Milton Friedman, American Economist, Statistician, Writer, Professor of Economics, University of Chicago, Fulbright Visiting Fellow at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge and Noble laureate
With a population of almost 100 million people and annual economic growth averaging between 6 to 7%, the Philippines’ is anticipated to continue to have a robust energy demand. The Government’s refusal to subsidize power, heavy reliance on expensive fossil fuel imports, and added transmission cost because of the country’s archipelagic configuration have resulted in electricity prices being among the highest in the world. Thus, renewable energy projects present a viable business opportunity to resource developers.
The business community believes that the introduction of retail competition and open access is the logical move to bring the power industry to the next level and establish a competitive market structure. There is a need to further diversify the energy mix and the government is banking on renewable energy to wean the country from its dependence on fossil fuel. The government through the Renewable Energy Act of 2008 (“RE Act”) sought to address the issues on the absence of a ready and guaranteed market for the output of RE power plants and the recovery of investments through electricity tariffs.
Corporate Governance is to conduct the business in accordance with owner or shareholders’ desires, which generally will be to make as much money as possible, while conforming to the basic rules of the society embodied in law and local customs.
--- Milton Friedman, American Economist, Statistician, Writer, Professor of Economics, University of Chicago, Fulbright Visiting Fellow at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge and Noble laureate
With a population of almost 100 million people and annual economic growth averaging between 6 to 7%, the Philippines’ is anticipated to continue to have a robust energy demand. The Government’s refusal to subsidize power, heavy reliance on expensive fossil fuel imports, and added transmission cost because of the country’s archipelagic configuration have resulted in electricity prices being among the highest in the world. Thus, renewable energy projects present a viable business opportunity to resource developers.
The business community believes that the introduction of retail competition and open access is the logical move to bring the power industry to the next level and establish a competitive market structure. There is a need to further diversify the energy mix and the government is banking on renewable energy to wean the country from its dependence on fossil fuel. The government through the Renewable Energy Act of 2008 (“RE Act”) sought to address the issues on the absence of a ready and guaranteed market for the output of RE power plants and the recovery of investments through electricity tariffs.
Renewable Energy Act of 2008: Hits and Misses for the Philippine Geothermal I...Fernando Penarroyo
The enactment of the Renewable Energy Act of 2008 (“RE Act”) and its implementing rules and regulations was expected to open the way for the entry of risk capital in geothermal exploration, development and utilization. The Department of Energy (“DOE”) admitted that progress on implementing support systems for renewable energy development in the power sector has been hobbled by delays. The Philippine government initiated major structural reforms in the geothermal industry sector by undertaking the privatisation of geothermal generating assets and divesting its interests in the state-owned geothermal development company. Like in any resource development project, the Philippine government needs to address issues related to the complicated approval and permitting process to reduce and expedite procedures particularly in foreign ownership, land use, environment and social acceptability regulations. Needless to say, streamlining the permit process by government regulators will have an impact on geothermal development, as shorter project periods would reduce uncertainty for policy and market dynamics when modelling economic returns. As geothermal projects are characterized by significant upfront capital investment for exploration, well drilling, and the installation of plant and equipment, the DOE must develop publicly available database protocols and tools for geothermal resource assessments to facilitate access by developers to risk capital. Government regulators must also develop guidelines for the inclusion of non-conventional and leading edge geothermal technologies in the setting up of feed-in tariff rates. Risk mitigation instruments like risk guarantee schemes and geologic risk insurance will also encourage investments in geothermal exploration.
Presented by Adam Cooper, The Edison Foundation's Institute for Energy Efficiency, Washington D.C., USA at the IEA DSM workshop in Washington D.C., USA on 27 April 2011.
The Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) infrastructure gap particularly affects low-income and marginal areas. Efficient, targeted subsidy mechanisms are needed for sustainable public financing of WSS access.
Course on Regulation and Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries - Session 2Leonardo ENERGY
schemes for the large-scale dissemination of renewable energy technologies in developing countries. Market-based mechanisms overcome partly the limits of donor aid-projects. They build on public-private partnerships where a network of local entrepreneurs contributes to the maintenance of systems.
Solar home systems
Rural energy services companies.
Case studies: Zambia, South Africa, Bangladesh, China...
Institutional and regulatory framework
Michigan Energy Forum - April 4, 2013 - Jean Redfield, NextEnergyAnnArborSPARK
Governor Snyder has begun a process to deliver comprehensive energy policy recommendations by December 2013. How we address energy policy has broad impacts on climate, economic competitiveness, employment and job skills, environment, and health. What should be our major policy focus within Michigan? Can we find the right balance given divergent opinions? Our expert panel will discuss implications for goal setting, strategies, new technologies, and the legislative process.
Renewable Energy Act of 2008: Hits and Misses for the Philippine Geothermal I...Fernando Penarroyo
The enactment of the Renewable Energy Act of 2008 (“RE Act”) and its implementing rules and regulations was expected to open the way for the entry of risk capital in geothermal exploration, development and utilization. The Department of Energy (“DOE”) admitted that progress on implementing support systems for renewable energy development in the power sector has been hobbled by delays. The Philippine government initiated major structural reforms in the geothermal industry sector by undertaking the privatisation of geothermal generating assets and divesting its interests in the state-owned geothermal development company. Like in any resource development project, the Philippine government needs to address issues related to the complicated approval and permitting process to reduce and expedite procedures particularly in foreign ownership, land use, environment and social acceptability regulations. Needless to say, streamlining the permit process by government regulators will have an impact on geothermal development, as shorter project periods would reduce uncertainty for policy and market dynamics when modelling economic returns. As geothermal projects are characterized by significant upfront capital investment for exploration, well drilling, and the installation of plant and equipment, the DOE must develop publicly available database protocols and tools for geothermal resource assessments to facilitate access by developers to risk capital. Government regulators must also develop guidelines for the inclusion of non-conventional and leading edge geothermal technologies in the setting up of feed-in tariff rates. Risk mitigation instruments like risk guarantee schemes and geologic risk insurance will also encourage investments in geothermal exploration.
Presented by Adam Cooper, The Edison Foundation's Institute for Energy Efficiency, Washington D.C., USA at the IEA DSM workshop in Washington D.C., USA on 27 April 2011.
The Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) infrastructure gap particularly affects low-income and marginal areas. Efficient, targeted subsidy mechanisms are needed for sustainable public financing of WSS access.
Course on Regulation and Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries - Session 2Leonardo ENERGY
schemes for the large-scale dissemination of renewable energy technologies in developing countries. Market-based mechanisms overcome partly the limits of donor aid-projects. They build on public-private partnerships where a network of local entrepreneurs contributes to the maintenance of systems.
Solar home systems
Rural energy services companies.
Case studies: Zambia, South Africa, Bangladesh, China...
Institutional and regulatory framework
Michigan Energy Forum - April 4, 2013 - Jean Redfield, NextEnergyAnnArborSPARK
Governor Snyder has begun a process to deliver comprehensive energy policy recommendations by December 2013. How we address energy policy has broad impacts on climate, economic competitiveness, employment and job skills, environment, and health. What should be our major policy focus within Michigan? Can we find the right balance given divergent opinions? Our expert panel will discuss implications for goal setting, strategies, new technologies, and the legislative process.
City of Berkeley Electric Vehicle Infrastructure StrategyRudi Halbright
Expansion of electric vehicle infrastructure is imperative to the success of EV adoption. While demand remains unknown, many experts have forecasted over a million EVs will enter the US market in the next decade (Levin, 2010). If hybrid adoption rates are an indicator of EV adoption, then the City of Berkeley (CoB) can expect to have one of the highest EV adoption rates in the country.
While CoB is interested in investing in EV infrastructure, this does create financial risk. In order to maximize citizen benefit while minimizing the city’s financial risk, Team dEVA recommends the following three high level strategies (see presentation)
Presentation from the Alliance to Save Energy's 2010 Great Energy Efficiency Day, which took place on March 10, 2010 in the Dirksen Senate Office Building in Washington, DC.
Shared solar (aka community solar) solar has the attention of states, regulatory commissions, and utilities across the country. Best practices and success stories are emerging, but the market still remains relatively small. What's more, as the model gains traction, this relatively new sector of the solar industry is meeting new growing pains. In her presentation at Intersolar North America 2016, Erica McConnell shares what's happening across several states to scale the model to reach more consumers and new markets, including low-income customers.
Debt review presentation qecb-power saver, march 2012HarcourtBrownEF
Matthew H. Brown presented to the Salt Lake County Debt Review Committee about a structural option for using Qualified Energy Conservation Bonds, the proceeds of which would be used to fund energy efficiency loans supported by a Title 1 PowerSaver loan insurance project. The Debt Review Committee sent the proposal on to the County Council with a positive recommendation, subject to a review of certain alternatives.
The growth of the Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEV) is creating an opportunity for forward-thinking utilities to leverage their size and scale and deploy PEV charging infrastructure to support load growth, extend customer engagement, and grow the PEV market. This presentation is designed to help utilities who are considering the expansion of their current electric transportation program to include more PEV infrastructure and those who are considering the initial launch of their PEV program. Key program criteria and design considerations are presented to help encourage the thoughtful planning and design of a PEV infrastructure program that will help your utility capitalize on the growing PEV market. To learn more, please visit www.scottmadden.com.
The Electric Vehicle Market: Utility Perspective and Considerations for Utili...ScottMadden, Inc.
The growth of the Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEV) is creating an opportunity for forward-thinking utilities to leverage their size and scale and deploy PEV charging infrastructure to support load growth, extend customer engagement, and grow the PEV market. This presentation is designed to help utilities who are considering the expansion of their current electric transportation program to include more PEV infrastructure and those who are considering the initial launch of their PEV program. Key program criteria and design considerations are presented to help encourage the thoughtful planning and design of a PEV infrastructure program that will help your utility capitalize on the growing PEV market.
The Electric Vehicle Market: Utility Infrastructure DeploymentScottMadden, Inc.
The growth of the Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEV) is creating an opportunity for forward-thinking utilities to leverage their size and scale and deploy PEV charging infrastructure to support load growth, extend customer engagement, and grow the PEV market. This presentation is designed to help utilities who are considering the expansion of their current electric transportation program to include more PEV infrastructure and those who are considering the initial launch of their PEV program. Key program criteria and design considerations are presented to help encourage the thoughtful planning and design of a PEV infrastructure program that will help your utility capitalize on the growing PEV market.
For more information, please visit www.scottmadden.com.
2014 PV Distribution System Modeling Workshop: Interconnection Standards in California: A Regulatory Approach to a Fast-Changing Grid: Rachel Peterson, CPUC
PV Project Financing: Utility, Federal & State Initiatives Designed to Suppor...Smithers Apex
- Which developers and projects are able to attract financing?
- Will loss of 1603 Treasury Grants disrupt the market?
- Is the Tax Equity market back?
- Are REC markets making a different?
Which Costs Less? A Surprising Comparison of Utility-Scale, Community, and Ro...John Farrell
Electric utilities often misrepresent the cost of solar energy to serve their own profit interests. The truth? Costs are comparable for utility-scale, rooftop, and community solar––and local solar offers benefits aside from clean electricity, from reducing energy burdens for electric customers to providing resilience in the face of natural disaster. State legislatures should create policies to capture the benefits of all sizes and ownership methods of building more solar energy, but should especially work to undo years of utility misdirection by promoting local solar.
Which Costs Less? A Surprising Comparison of Utility-Scale, Community, and Ro...John Farrell
Electric utilities often misrepresent the cost of solar energy to serve their own profit interests. The truth? Costs are comparable for utility-scale, rooftop, and community solar––and local solar offers benefits aside from clean electricity, from reducing energy burdens for electric customers to providing resilience in the face of natural disaster. State legislatures should create policies to capture the benefits of all sizes and ownership methods of building more solar energy, but should especially work to undo years of utility misdirection by promoting local solar.
Energy Democracy: How the deciders in the energy system are changingJohn Farrell
This presentation as part of the Distributed Energy Resources debate at the 2019 MIT Energy Conference, dispels myths about the relative economics of distributed and centralized renewable energy and emphasizes how the decision making structure of energy systems is already changing hands.
Can Puerto Rico overcome a colonial past to build and own a greener grid? This slideshow accompanied a 10-minute presentation by ILSR co-director John Farrell to the Black Start Conference in Puerto Rico in March 2019. He explains the lingering colonial impact, the dangers of relying on privatization for accountability, and the opportunity from embracing distributed renewable energy with widely shared ownership.
Choosing the Electric Avenue: Unlocking Savings, Emissions Reductions, and Co...John Farrell
Already available electric vehicles can meet most Americans' daily travel needs, charge inexpensively, and cost less to operate than gasoline cars. This webinar explains how to capture their benefits for drivers, the grid, and society and why we need to act now.
Reverse Power Flow: How solar+batteries shift electric grid decision making f...John Farrell
For 100 years, most decisions about the U.S. electric grid have been made at the top by electric utilities, public regulators, and grid operators. That era has ended.
Small-scale solar has provided one-fifth of new power plant capacity in each of the last four quarters, and over 10 percent in the past five years. One in 5 new California customers of the nation’s largest residential solar company are adding energy storage to their solar arrays. Economic defection––when electricity customers produce most of their own electricity––is not only possible, but rapidly becoming cost-effective. As the flow of power on the grid has shifted one-way to two-way, so has the power to shape the electric grid’s future.
In 4 weeks, citizens of Decorah, Iowa, will vote whether to take over the electric company for more local control. In this talk from March 26, John Farrell explains the advantages and opportunities of local power.
What makes local, renewable electricity generation best for a community? ILSR's Director of Energy Democracy presents to a forum in Rochester, MN, about pursuing 100% renewable energy and the economic value to the city in pursuing this ambitious goal.
A Vision for Minnesota Solar: Lessons and Barriers from the North Star StateJohn Farrell
Minnesota policy makers have set the table for solar to grow in this northern state, but are incumbent utilities willing to aid their customers' pursuit of solar? This presentation looks at the successes so far and who is best positioned to lead the growth of solar at a time of rapid technological change.
AERO Presentation: How Communities Use Clean Energy to Build Local PowerJohn Farrell
In October 2017, John Farrell gave a keynote address to the annual meeting and expo of AERO, a Montana organization with a similar mission of empowering communities to promote a sustainable economy. He addressed the widespread opportunity for clean energy in Montana, the shared desire of communities to capture that growing economic opportunity, and three ways communities can get started.
Will the Feds Preserve Electricity Market Competition?John Farrell
The 1978-era Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) is under fire, but does a law passed in an era of shag carpeting just as out of fashion or still essential to preserving market competition?
Choosing the Electric Avenue - Webinar PresentationJohn Farrell
On June 21st, 2017, John Farrell delivered a webinar presentation discussing the impact electric vehicles can have on the electric grid and renewable energy. You can view the report that these slides are based on here: https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Electric-Vehicles-Report-Final.pdf.
A YouTube video recording of the webinar presentation is available here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwL8WZILRWo.
Choosing the Electric Avenue - Webinar PresentationJohn Farrell
On June 21st, 2017, John Farrell delivered a webinar presentation discussing the impact electric vehicles can have on the electric grid and renewable energy.
February 2017 - NARUC Debate on Distributed GenerationJohn Farrell
On February 13, John Farrell participated in a debate on the value of small-scale distributed generation at the annual meeting of the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC) in Washington, D.C. with a utility-scale renewable energy booster named Brian Potts.
Mighty Microgrids: How Small Grids Could Become a Big DealJohn Farrell
A twist on John Farrell's previous microgrid presentation adds in the potential for biogas to play a role in microgrid development. Can cow poop and food waste power microgrids?
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
1. Municipal Energy Financing
a.k.a. Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE)
John Farrell
Institute for Local Self-Reliance
Presentation to the Southwest Renewable Energy Conference (SWREC)
Santa Fe| September 14, 2010
2. New Rules Project @ ILSR
• Public Broadband
• Local Banking
• Independent Retail
• Community Energy
www.muninetworks.org Energy Self-Reliant States
@ Inst. For Local Self-Reliance
3. Municipal Energy Financing
• Overview
• Rationale
• Potential
• Issues
Municipal Energy Financing: Lessons Learned
http://bit.ly/munienergyfinance
Municipal Energy Financing
@ SWREC
4. Overview
Sells bonds
Installs energy
efficiency
improvements and on-
site renewable energy
Pays for property
improvements
Pays with long-term
property tax
assessment
Assesses property for
cost plus interest
Municipal Energy Financing
@ SWREC
5. Rationale: Financing Mismatch
Average time in one residence:
5-6 years 5-6 years
Finance terms:
10-15 years
5-6 years
Municipal Energy Financing
@ SWREC
6. Solution: Property Tied Financing
Long-term financing stays with property
5-6 years 5-6 years
10-15 years
Municipal Energy Financing
@ SWREC
7. Rationale: Information Disjointed
State Utility
rebate rebate
Utility
audit
Energy
Nonprofit Star rating
energy
guide Federal tax
credit
Municipal Energy Financing
@ SWREC
8. Solution: One-stop Shop
Utility
State
PACE
program
Federal
Nonprofit
Municipal Energy Financing
@ SWREC
9. PACE Process
Information Energy
PACE program advertised Sign-up
sessions audits
Municipal Energy Financing
@ SWREC
10. PACE Process
Retrofit
y Retrofit Owner pays assessment,
completed,
s contract enjoys energy savings
City pays
Municipal Energy Financing
@ SWREC
11. PACE Status
• 22 states
• 4 established municipal programs
– Almost $40 million spent
– 2,000 properties served
Legend
Recently enacted
PACE laws
Pre-2009 statutes
supporting PACE
Municipal Energy Financing
@ SWREC
12. PACE Status
Spending in 2009
PACE Programs $40
Utility Energy Efficiency Programs $3,600
$0 $1,000 $2,000 $3,000 $4,000
Millions
Municipal Energy Financing
@ SWREC
13. PACE Potential
Future Spending?
PACE Programs 2010 $300
PACE Programs 2011 $600
Utility Energy Efficiency Programs $3,600
$0 $1,000 $2,000 $3,000 $4,000
Millions
Municipal Energy Financing
@ SWREC
14. Issue: Fannie Mae Objects
Lender Letter LL-2010-06
May 5, 2010
TO: All Fannie Mae Single-Family Sellers and Servicers
Property Assessed Clean Energy Loans
PACE loans generally have automatic first lien priority
over previously recorded mortgages. The terms of the
Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac Uniform Security Instruments
prohibit loans that have senior lien status to a mortgage.
As PACE programs progress through the experimental
phase and beyond, Fannie Mae will issue additional
guidance to lenders as may be needed from time to time.
Lender letter: http://tinyurl.com/3y2g4mw
15. Issue: Fannie Mae Objects
Lender Letter LL-2010-06
May 5, 2010
TO: All Fannie Mae Single-Family Sellers and Servicers
Property Assessed Clean Energy Loans
1. We don’t come second.
2. This isn’t a public good.
3. “We’re buried in a subprime mess. Nothing
new, please.”
Municipal Energy Financing
@ SWREC
16. Solution #1: Lawsuits
• FHFA, Fannie, & Freddie sued by:
– California Attorney General
– Sierra Club
– Sonoma County, CA
– Town of Babylon, NY
Municipal Energy Financing
@ SWREC
17. Solution #2: Legislation
• The PACE Assessment Protection Act of 2010
– Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac must revise their
lending standards to conform with Department of
Energy PACE Guidelines from May 2010.
– FHFA, Fannie, and Freddie
may not discriminate
against any borrower in a
community with a PACE
program.
Municipal Energy Financing
@ SWREC
18. Solution #3: Alternatives
• On-bill financing
– Utility finances improvements
– Utility ties billing to the meter instead of
individual
– “Pay As You Save” (now defunct)
• Drawbacks
– Requires utility participation
– Utility billing system may need upgrade
Municipal Energy Financing
@ SWREC
19. Solution #3: Alternatives
• Junior liens (e.g. Maine)
– Does not come before mortgage in event of
default
– Still tied to property tax bill
• Drawbacks
– No secondary market
– Can’t transfer between owners?
Municipal Energy Financing
@ SWREC
20. Solution #3: Alternatives
• Subsidized home retrofits
– E.g. weatherization
• Drawbacks
– Who pays for subsidy?
Municipal Energy Financing
@ SWREC
21. Solution #3: Alternatives
• Loan loss reserves
– Can insulate lender
• Drawbacks
– Who pays for reserve?
• DOE webinar on Monday
– http://tinyurl.com/37wt6o9
Municipal Energy Financing
@ SWREC
22. Solution #3: Alternatives
• Loan insurance
– Insulates lenders
– Low cost
• Drawbacks
– Offered to FHFA, but rejected
– No private market right now
Municipal Energy Financing
@ SWREC
23. Thank you!
John Farrell
• www.newrules.org
• jfarrell@ilsr.org
• http://twitter.com/johnffarrel
l
*New*
Community Solar Power:
Obstacles and Opportunities
Municipal Energy Financing: Lessons Learned
http://bit.ly/munienergyfinance