1. Contrastive
Analysis
Fernanda Dávalos Avila
May / 2015

2. 1. Nouns
2. Pronouns
3. Phrasal Verbs
4. Prepositional Phrases
5. Indirect Objects

3. 1. Nouns
 Words that refer to a person, animal, thing
or an abstraqct idea. Nouns answer to the
questions what and who. Nouns can
function as subject or object.
 Nouns can be: proper, common,
abstract, concrete, animate, inanimate,
colective, compound, countable and
uncountable

4.  Common: name a group of similar things.
Ex: table, cars, people, dogs, etc.
 Proper: refer to the name of a person,
animal, thing or place. Ex: Paris

5.  Abstract: idea, event, quatlity or concept.
Ex. Love
 Concrete: name something recognizable
to the senses . Ex: bird
 Compound: refer to 2 or more nouns
combined to a single word: Ex fruit juice

6.  Animate: person, animal, plant or other
living creature. Ex: shark
 Inanimate: refers to a material object. Ex:
shoe
 Collective: describes oa group of things or
people as a unit. Ex : family

7.  Countable: can be counted and have a
singular and plural form. Ex: one dog / three
dogs
1 3
 Uncountable: Cannot be counted, are used
only in singular. Ex: money

8. 2. Pronouns
 Refer to a noun, an individual or
individuals or thing or things whose
identity is made clear earlier in the text.
 Types of Pronouns: Personal,
demonstrative, relative, indefinite,
intensive, reflexive, interrogative and
reciprocal.

9. Personal Pronouns
 Pronouns that are associated primarily
with a particular grammatical person

10. Demonstrative Pronouns
 They identify or point to nouns:
this/that/these/those/such. For example:
• That is incredible! (referring to something you just
saw)
• I will never forget this. (referring to a recent
experience)
• Such is my belief. (referring to an explanation just
made)

11. Relative Pronouns
 The relative pronouns (who/whoever/which/that)
relate groups of words to nouns or other pronouns
(The student who studies hardest usually does the
best.). The word who connects or relates the
subject, student, to the verb within the dependent
clause (studies)

12. Indefinite pronouns
 The indefinite pronouns (everybody/anybody /
somebody /all/each/every/some/none/one) do not
substitute for specific nouns but function
themselves as nouns
Example : Everybody is happy
Nobody went to the party

13. Intensive Pronouns
 The intensive pronouns (such as myself, yourself,
herself, ourselves, themselves) consist of a
personal pronoun plus self or selves and emphasize
a noun. Example:
I myself don't know the answer.

14. Reflexive pronouns
 The reflexive pronouns (which have the same
forms as the intensive pronouns) indicate that the
sentence subject also receives the action of the
verb. Ex: You paid yourself a million dollars. She
encouraged herself to do well. What this means is
that whenever there is a reflexive pronoun in a
sentence there must be a person to whom that
pronoun can "reflect."

15. Interrogative Pronouns
 The interrogative pronouns (who/which/what)
introduce questions. Like the relative pronouns, the
interrogative pronouns introduce noun clauses, and
like the relative pronouns, the interrogative
pronouns play a subject role in the clauses they
introduce. Ex: I know who that man is

16. Reciprocal Pronouns
 The reciprocal pronouns are each other (2
nouns) and one another (3 or more nouns). They
are convenient forms for combining ideas
Ex: They gave each other books for Christmas

17. 3. Phrasal verbs
 The term phrasal verb is commonly applied to
two or three distinct but related constructions
in English: a verb and a particle OR ADVERB
and/or a preposition co-occur forming a single
semantic unit. This semantic unit cannot be
understood based upon the meanings of the
individual parts in isolation, but rather it can
be taken as a whole

18. Prepositional Phrasal verbs
VERB + PREPOSITION

19. Particle Phrasal Verbs
VERB + PARTICLE
Ex: bring up
think over
give in
hand in
hang out

20. Particle Prepositional Phrasal
Verbs
VERB + PARTICLE + PREPOSITION
Ex:
Put up with
Look forward to
Bear down on
Load down on

21. Transitive Phrasal Verbs
 Have a direct object
Examples: I find out the word (word: D.O.)
TRANSITIVE
Separable Inseparable
She looks after
her baby
I turn on the radio
I turn it on

22. Intransitive Phrasal Verbs
 Do NOT have a direct object
Example:
I get up at 6:00
The plane takes off at 7:00

23. 4. Prepositional Phrases
 Prepositional phrases consist of a preposition
and an object of a preposition. Prepositions
are indeclinable words that introduce the
object of a prepositional phrase. Indeclinable
words are words that have only one possible
form.

24.  A prepositional phrase will begin with a
preposition and end with a noun, pronoun,
gerund, or clause, the object of the preposition.
 A prepositional phrase will never contain the
subject of a sentence

25. Examples:
 Noun: At home / on time
 Pronoun: with me / from him/ to you
 Gerund: by swimming
 Clause: about what she was talking

26.  Prepositional phrases can function as:
ADJECTIVES ADVERBS
Answer to
question:
which one?
Anwer to
question: how,
when or ,
where
The girl in the
classroom is
crying
Before
school I
visited him

27. 5. Indirect Objects
 The indirect object (I.O) of a sentence is
the recipient of the direct object (D.O)
Example:
Michelle gave her mother a rose
I.O D.O.
Saul told her a secret
I.O. D.O

28. How to find an I.O?
 Before you can find the indirect object, you have
to find the direct object. You can find the direct
object by finding the verb and asking what?. Once
you've found the direct object, ask who or what
received it?
 Ex: Mary passed the salt to Luis
What did she pass? The salt (D.O.)
To whom did she pass the salt? To Luis (I.O)