SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 10
Download to read offline
Introduction To Econometrics
By: Feras Jobeir
‫ي‬ ‫القياس‬ ‫االقتصاد‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫مدخل‬
‫مالحظة‬:‫واالقتصاد‬ ‫والرياضيات‬ ‫اإلحصاء‬‫في‬ ‫بسيطة‬ ‫معرفة‬‫س‬‫و‬‫الدر‬‫هذه‬ ‫تتطلب‬
Next Slide 
‫القياس؟‬ ‫ملاذا‬
‫لو‬‫دنا‬‫ر‬‫أ‬‫فرش‬‫الغرفة‬‫التي‬‫أيناها‬‫ر‬‫سابقا‬،‫اد‬ ّ‫بالسج‬‫سأقف‬‫أنا‬‫في‬‫الغرفة‬‫وأقوم‬‫بت‬‫قدير‬‫كل‬‫من‬
‫ل‬‫الطو‬‫والعرض‬‫من‬‫أجل‬‫معرفة‬‫مساحة‬‫اد‬ ّ‫السج‬،‫املطلوب‬‫ستقوم‬‫أنت‬‫ضتي‬‫ر‬‫بمعا‬
‫قائال‬‫إنني‬‫أخطأت‬‫التقدير‬‫وستعطي‬
‫ا‬
‫طوال‬
‫ا‬
‫وعرضا‬‫مختلفين‬‫عما‬‫مته‬ ّ‫قد‬‫أنا‬.
‫وبينما‬‫نحن‬‫كذلك‬‫سيأتي‬‫شخص‬‫ثالث‬‫ل‬‫ويقو‬:‫لدينا‬‫أداة‬‫ى‬ ّ‫تسم‬‫املتر‬‫وهي‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫قاد‬‫ع‬‫لى‬‫أن‬‫تعطينا‬
‫ل‬‫الطو‬‫والعرض‬‫الصحيحين‬‫ة‬
ّ
‫بدق‬‫وال‬‫داعي‬‫للتكهنات‬‫والتوقعات‬‫الشخصية‬‫التي‬‫على‬‫األقل‬
‫أحدها‬‫ن‬‫سيكو‬
‫ا‬
‫خاطئا‬.
‫والوقت‬ ‫واملال‬ ‫الجهد‬ ‫من‬ ‫مزيدا‬ ‫سيكلفنا‬ ‫كان‬ ‫خاطئ‬ ‫تقدير‬ ‫من‬ ‫القياس‬ ‫أنقذنا‬ ‫لقد‬!
‫االقتصاد؟‬ ‫في‬ ‫القياس‬ ‫يعني‬ ‫ماذا‬
‫في‬‫االقتصاد‬‫نحن‬‫نتعامل‬‫مع‬‫ات‬‫ر‬‫متغي‬،‫على‬‫سبيل‬‫املثال‬(‫العرض‬‫النقدي‬‫بأنواع‬،‫ه‬،‫التضخم‬
‫الناتج‬‫املحلي‬،‫اإلجمالي‬‫سعر‬،‫الفائدة‬....‫الخ‬)‫وغيرها‬‫الكثير‬.‫علينا‬‫كاقتصاديي‬‫ن‬‫أن‬‫نفهم‬‫إن‬
‫هذه‬‫ات‬‫ر‬‫املتغي‬‫ليست‬‫مستقلة‬‫تماما‬‫عن‬،‫بعضها‬‫أي‬‫أن‬‫صانع‬‫السياسة‬‫االقتصادي‬‫ة‬‫وعند‬
‫اتخاذ‬‫اء‬‫ر‬‫إج‬‫يؤثر‬‫على‬‫متغير‬‫ما‬‫فإنه‬‫يجب‬‫أن‬‫س‬‫ر‬‫يد‬‫أثر‬‫ه‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ق‬‫على‬‫باقي‬‫ات‬‫ر‬‫املتغي‬.
‫قد‬‫يؤثر‬‫تفاع‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫معدل‬‫التضخم‬‫على‬‫سعر‬‫الصرف‬‫أو‬‫حتى‬‫على‬‫سعر‬‫الفائدة‬‫مثال‬‫وبع‬‫د‬‫ذلك‬‫إن‬
‫تغير‬‫سعر‬‫الصرف‬‫بحد‬‫ذاته‬‫قد‬‫يؤثر‬‫الحقا‬‫في‬‫التضخم‬‫أي‬‫أن‬‫هناك‬‫شبكة‬‫من‬‫العال‬‫قات‬‫يجب‬
‫على‬‫صانع‬‫السياسة‬
ّ
‫أال‬‫يستخدم‬‫أساليب‬‫عفوية‬‫عند‬‫التأثير‬‫فيها‬‫حتى‬‫ال‬‫ن‬‫تكو‬‫هناك‬‫نتائج‬
‫اجتماعية‬‫واقتصادية‬،‫ة‬ّ‫ثي‬‫ر‬‫كا‬‫خاصة‬‫عندما‬‫نتحدث‬‫على‬‫ى‬‫مستو‬‫االقتصاد‬‫ي‬
ّ
‫الكل‬.
‫االقتصاد؟‬ ‫في‬ ‫القياس‬ ‫يعني‬ ‫ماذا‬
،‫إذن‬‫يجب‬‫فهم‬‫العالقة‬‫بين‬‫ات‬‫ر‬‫املتغي‬‫االقتصادية‬‫ومعرفة‬‫كيف‬‫تتأثر‬‫وتؤثر‬‫وك‬‫م‬‫تتأثر‬‫وتؤثر‬‫في‬
‫ات‬‫ر‬‫املتغي‬‫ى‬‫خر‬
ُ
‫األ‬
‫مستخدما‬ ‫ي‬ ‫القياس‬ ‫االقتصاد‬ ‫لنا‬ ‫يؤمنه‬ ‫ما‬ ‫وهذا‬‫واالقتصاد‬ ‫والرياضيات‬ ‫اإلحصاء‬‫م‬‫عا‬
‫نتعامل‬‫في‬‫االقتصاد‬‫ي‬ ‫القياس‬‫مع‬‫بيانات‬(data)‫وقد‬‫ى‬‫نر‬‫تسميتها‬‫في‬‫بعض‬‫اجع‬‫ر‬‫امل‬‫األجنبي‬‫ة‬‫أو‬
‫برمجيات‬‫االقتصاد‬‫ي‬ ‫القياس‬dataset‫أو‬sample‫أما‬‫املصطلح‬‫مشاهدات‬(observations)
‫فيدل‬‫على‬‫القيم‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫املتكر‬‫ملتغير‬،‫ما‬‫سعر‬‫الفائدة‬‫اليومي‬‫على‬‫سبيل‬‫املثال‬‫حي‬‫ث‬‫أن‬‫املشاهدة‬
‫الواحدة‬(one observation)‫تمثل‬‫إحدى‬‫قيم‬‫املتغير‬‫في‬‫لحظة‬‫ما‬.
‫كيف‬‫يقوم‬‫االقتصاد‬‫ي‬ ‫القياس‬‫بتحديد‬‫العالقة‬‫بين‬‫ات‬‫ر‬‫املتغي‬‫سة؟‬‫و‬‫املدر‬
-‫عن‬‫طريق‬‫النموذج‬‫ي‬ ‫القياس‬(Econometric Model)
‫ما‬‫هو‬‫النموذج‬‫ي؟‬ ‫القياس‬
-‫هو‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫عبا‬‫عن‬‫نموذج‬‫يحدد‬‫العالقة‬‫اإلحصائية‬(statistical relationship)‫التي‬‫عتقد‬ُ‫ي‬‫أنها‬
‫موجودة‬‫بين‬‫متغير‬‫أو‬‫عدة‬‫ات‬‫ر‬‫متغي‬‫وبين‬‫الظاهرة‬‫سة‬‫و‬‫املدر‬.
‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫أخر‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫بعبا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫قام‬‫ر‬‫أ‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الظاهرة‬ ‫وصف‬ ‫بتحويل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫القياس‬ ‫النموذج‬ ‫يقوم‬ ‫بالتالي‬‫الكالم‬ ‫حويل‬
‫معادلة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫ي‬‫النظر‬.
‫مثال‬:‫مسألة‬‫أثر‬‫ى‬‫املستو‬‫التعليمي‬‫على‬‫األداء‬‫الوظيفي‬‫للعامل‬:‫الحالة‬‫سة‬‫و‬‫املدر‬‫هنا‬‫هي‬‫األداء‬
‫الوظيفي‬‫للعامل‬‫في‬‫مؤسسة‬،‫ما‬‫ويمكن‬‫توسيع‬‫النموذج‬‫ليشمل‬‫ات‬‫ر‬‫متغي‬‫ى‬‫أخر‬‫غي‬‫ر‬‫ى‬‫املستو‬
‫التعليمي‬‫كأن‬‫يصبح‬:‫أثر‬‫كل‬‫من‬‫ى‬‫املستو‬‫التعليمي‬‫وجنس‬‫العامل‬‫على‬‫أدائه‬‫الوظ‬‫يفي‬!
‫ففي‬‫الحالة‬‫األولى‬‫يمكن‬‫لنا‬‫أن‬‫نكتب‬‫النموذج‬‫اآلتي‬:
𝑦 = 𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝜀
‫وفي‬‫الحالة‬‫الثانية‬‫حيث‬‫يوجد‬‫ان‬‫ر‬‫متغي‬‫ان‬‫ر‬‫يؤث‬‫على‬‫الظاهرة‬،‫سة‬‫و‬‫املدر‬‫نكتب‬‫النم‬‫وذج‬‫اآلتي‬
𝑦 = 𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑧 + 𝜀
‫ال‬ ‫وسنشرحها‬ ‫اآلن‬ ‫فهمها‬ ‫املطلوب‬ ‫فليس‬ ‫مفهومة‬ ‫غير‬ ‫السابقة‬ ‫املعادالت‬ ‫بدت‬ ‫وإن‬‫حقا‬
Standard data structure in econometrics
 Cross-sectional (observing many subjects in one time)
(All Industrial stocks price in January, 2015)
 Time series (historical observations for one subject)
(General Electric stock prices between 2000 and 2015)
 Panel data (combine cross-sectional & time series).
(All Industrial stocks prices between 2000 and 2015
‫املقط‬ ‫التحليل‬ ‫ى‬ ّ‫يسم‬‫عي‬
‫الزمن‬ ‫السالسل‬ ‫تحليل‬ ‫ى‬ ّ‫يسم‬‫ية‬
Math Review
‫ل‬‫لنحاو‬‫أن‬‫نسترجع‬‫معا‬‫ما‬‫تعلمناه‬‫سابقا‬‫من‬‫خالل‬‫هذه‬‫املعادلة‬‫والتي‬‫سيمر‬‫معنا‬‫ما‬‫يشب‬‫هها‬‫الحقا‬:
‫مثال‬:
‫إذا‬‫علمت‬‫أننا‬‫مزنا‬‫ر‬‫لإلنفاق‬‫ـ‬‫ب‬𝑦‫وللدخل‬‫ـ‬‫ب‬𝑥‫كيف‬‫أ‬‫ر‬‫تق‬‫املعادلة؟‬
𝑦 = 10000 + 0.6𝑥
‫من‬‫املعادلة‬‫نستنتج‬:
(1‫اإلنفاق‬‫يتبع‬‫للدخل‬.
(2‫هناك‬‫عالقة‬‫طردية‬،‫بينهما‬‫أي‬‫يزداد‬‫اإلنفاق‬‫دياد‬‫ز‬‫با‬‫الدخل‬
(3‫في‬‫حال‬‫انعدام‬‫الدخل‬𝑥 = 0‫فإنه‬‫سيتم‬‫إنفاق‬10000‫ليرة‬
(4‫كل‬‫تغير‬‫في‬‫الدخل‬‫بمقدار‬‫وحدة‬‫واحدة‬‫يقابله‬‫تغير‬‫في‬‫اإلنفاق‬‫بمقدار‬0.6‫وبنفس‬‫االتجاه‬‫يادة‬‫ز‬
‫أو‬‫نقصان‬.

More Related Content

Featured

Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsSocial Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Kurio // The Social Media Age(ncy)
 
Good Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them well
Good Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them wellGood Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them well
Good Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them well
Saba Software
 

Featured (20)

Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
 
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
 
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsSocial Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
 
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
 
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
 
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
 
Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next
 
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentGoogle's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
 
How to have difficult conversations
How to have difficult conversations How to have difficult conversations
How to have difficult conversations
 
Introduction to Data Science
Introduction to Data ScienceIntroduction to Data Science
Introduction to Data Science
 
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity -  Best PracticesTime Management & Productivity -  Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
 
The six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project managementThe six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project management
 
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
 
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
 
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
 
ChatGPT webinar slides
ChatGPT webinar slidesChatGPT webinar slides
ChatGPT webinar slides
 
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike RoutesMore than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
 
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...
 
Barbie - Brand Strategy Presentation
Barbie - Brand Strategy PresentationBarbie - Brand Strategy Presentation
Barbie - Brand Strategy Presentation
 
Good Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them well
Good Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them wellGood Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them well
Good Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them well
 

Introduction to econometrics