Procter & Gamble operates in over 80 countries worldwide selling over 300 brands. The document analyzes P&G's external environment through a PESTEL analysis covering political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors. It then discusses key driving forces for P&G including a focus on product innovation through consumer research and connecting with consumers, as well as regulatory influences from consumer protection groups concerned with chemicals in cosmetic products.
1. University of Houston-Victoria
School of Business Administration
Individual Project
Procter and Gamble
Submitted by:
Frank J. Paul
October 18, 2009
Seminar in Strategic Management – MGT 6359 (Section 34509)
University of Houston - Victoria Fall 2009
Instructor: Dr. T. T. Selvarajan
2. Table of Contents
1.0.0 External Environmental Analysis…………………………………………
3
1.1.0 General Environmental Analysis……………………………………………
3
1.1.1 Demographic Segment……………………………………………….
3
1.1.2. Economic Segment………………………………………………….
6
1.1.3 Political/Legal Segment………………………………………………
10
1.1.4 Social-Cultural Segment………………………………………………
11
1.1.5 Technological Segment……………………………………………….
12
1.1.6 Global Segment……………………………………………………….
15
1.1.7 Summary of General Environment Analysis………………………….
15
1.2.0 Driving Forces………………………………………………………………….
16
1.3.0 Industry Analysis………………………………………………………………..
19
1.3.1. Description of the Industry……………………………………………..
19
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3. 1.3.2. Industry Dominant Economic Features………………………………….
19
1.3.3. Industry Trends………………………………………………………….
20
1.3.4. Summary of Industry Analysis………………………………………….
21
1.4.0 Five Forces Competitive Analysis…………………………………………..…..
22
1.4.1. Threat of New Entrants…………………………………………………
23
1.4.2. Power of Buyers………………………………………………………..
24
1.4.3. Power of Suppliers……………………………………………………….
24
1.4.4. Threat of Substitutes……………………………………………………..
25
1.4.5. Intensity of Rivalry……………………………………………………….
25
1.4.6. Summary of Five Forces Competitive Analysis………………………….
26
1.5.0 Competitor Analysis……………………………………………………………….
26
1.5.1 What Market Positions Rivals Occupy…………………………………….
26
1.5.2 Strategic Group Maps of Competitors…………………………………….
27
1.5.3 Competitor’s Strategies……………………………………………………
28
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4. 1.5.4 Strengths and Weaknesses of Competitors……………………………….
30
1.5.5 Competitor’s Next Moves…………………………………………………
32
1.5.6 Competitive Advantage of the Company in Relation to the Rivals………
32
1.5.7 Summary of Competitor Analysis………………………………………..
33
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5. 2.0.0 Internal Analysis and SWOT Analysis
2.1.0 Financial Analysis………………………………………………………………..
34
2.1.1 Valuation Analysis………………………………………………………
35
2.1.2 Growth Analysis…………………………………………………………
35
2.1.3 Profitability Analysis……………………………………………………
36
2.1.4 Financial Strength Analysis……………………………………………..
36
2.1.5 Dividend Analysis………………………………………………………
37
2.1.6 Management Efficiency Analysis……………………………………….
37
2.1.7 Stock Price Analysis…………………………………………………….
38
2.1.8 Summary of Financial Analysis…………………………………………
39
2.2.0 Strategic Analysis………………………………………………………………
39
2.2.1 Current Business Level Strategies……………………………………….
39
2.2.2 Elements of Company’s Strategy………………………………………..
40
2.2.3 Components of Company’s Business Level Strategy…………………….
42
2.2.4 How Well the Company’s Strategy is Working…………………………
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6. 43
2.2.5 Summary of Strategic Analysis………………………………………….
44
2.3.0 Value Chain Analysis…………………………………………………………….
44
2.3.1 Analysis of Primary Activities…………………………………………..
45
2.3.2 Analysis of Support Activities……………………………………..……
46
2.3.3 Analysis of Company’s Cost Competitiveness in Relation to Rivals……
46
2.3.4 Summary of Value Chain Analysis………………………………………
47
2.4.0 SWOT Analysis…………………………………………………………………
48
2.4.1 Strengths……………………………………………………………….
48
2.4.2 Weaknesses………………………………………………………………
49
2.4.3 Opportunities…………………………………………………………..
50
2.4.4 Threat………………………………………………………………….
51
2.4.5 Summary of SWOT Analysis………………………………………….
51
3.0.0 References…………..………………..………………………………………..
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7. 52
1.0.0 External Environmental Analysis
1.1.0 General Environment Analysis
All companies whether global, regional, or local operate in a macro-environment
shaped by influences stemming from the economy at large, population demographics,
societal values and lifestyles, governmental legislations and regulations, technological
factors, and the industry and competitive arena in which the company operates. Most
organizations do not have direct influence on its broad environment such as society, the
economy, technology, global politics; it can shield itself from most threats and take
advantage of opportunities as they present themselves.
Many major companies have lost industry dominance, market share, or gone out
of business because of their failure to recognize and adapt to changes in their
environments, or by failing to be leaders in making necessary changes. The key point is
that an organization needs to be in tune with its often turbulent external environment.
There must be a strategic fit between what the external environment needs or wants and
what the organization has to offer.
1.1.1 Demographic Segment
Population Size
The world population is in the midst of an unprecedented transformation brought
about by the transition from a regime of high mortality and high fertility to one of low
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8. mortality and low fertility. This demographic transition is responsible for the rapid and
accelerating growth that the world population experienced in the twentieth century as
well as for the slowing down of that growth and for the changes in the age distribution
associated with those developments (United Nations, 2005). Figure 1 below, illustrates
the World’s population growth over a 100 year span. Procter and Gambles currently
sales over 300 brands in over 180 countries around the world to people from all ages,
genders, ethnicity, social classes, and walks of life. The increase in the world’s
population provides a direct opportunity for P & G to increase the number of products
sold each year (Procter & Gamble 2009).
Figure 1
World Population: 1950-2050
10
Population (billions)
8
6
4
2
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
Source: United Nations
The emerging markets of Africa, Asia and Latin America present significant
opportunities for P&G because of the growth in the number of people that will be within
P & G target market. The graph below represents the percentage of the world’s
population mix by continent.
Table 1
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9. Population Percentage Estimates
Continent 1950 1975 2000 2010 2025 2050
Africa 8.99% 10.31% 13.40% 14.95% 17.48% 21.84%
Asia 55.46% 58.59% 60.48% 60.31% 59.57% 57.17%
Europe 21.64% 16.65% 11.88% 10.61% 9.10% 7.55%
Latin America and the
Caribbean 6.61% 7.96% 8.52% 8.52% 8.36% 7.97%
North America 6.78% 5.97% 5.21% 5.09% 4.96% 4.90%
Oceania 0.51% 0.52% 0.51% 0.52% 0.53% 0.56%
World 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Source: Geohive
1.1.2 Economic Segment
The United States, the country with the world’s largest economy, is currently in
an economic recession. Since the recession began in December 2007, the real gross
domestic product (GDP), the total value of U.S. goods and services produced in a year
and a basic measure of an economy’s performance, dropped at an annual rate of more
than 6 percent in the fourth quarter of 2008. Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke
said conditions in the labor market and declines in the value of housing along with tight
consumer credit conditions will continue to hold consumers back from spending more
until they experience a loosening of conditions that impact them directly. Bernanke said
economic activity abroad is also an important consideration in how soon the U.S.
economy rebounds. He states “the steep drop in U.S. exports that began last fall has been
a significant drag on domestic production, and any improvement on that front would be
helpful”. (America.gov)
1.1.3 Political/Legal Segment
With the U.S. economy currently experiencing a recession, other countries may
not be far behind. Japan, Britain, Spain and Singapore, which together represent about 12
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10. percent of the world’s economy, are equally vulnerable as fallout from the U.S. worsens
their economic weakness. Even emerging markets, including China, are likely to suffer as
exports to the U.S diminish.
The developing slump has put pressure on central bankers in Japan, the U.K. and
the euro region to follow the lead of Federal Reserve Chairman Ben S. Bernanke, who in
the 1st quarter of 2009 accelerated interest- rate cuts in the U.S. with an emergency move
to lower the benchmark rate by three-quarters of a percentage point.
The effect of the U.S. recession, which according to the IMF represents about 21
percent of the global economy, is spreading via multiple channels. There is less spending
by American consumers and companies are reducing demand for imported goods. The
meltdown of the U.S. subprime-mortgage market has pushed up credit costs worldwide
and forced European and Asian banks to write down billions of dollars in holdings.
Tumbling U.S. stock prices are also dragging down markets elsewhere. (Miller 2009)
1.1.4 Socio-Cultural Segment
Women form the major target group for household, personal products and
consumer goods companies. Several P&G consumer products, such as skin care and
beauty care, are addressed directly to women. Other products, such as food and
beverages, home cleaning and detergents are addressed to women as the primary decision
makers or decision influencers. In addition to the media choice, companies have to decide
on the type of programs they sponsor, so as to attract the attention of their target
audience.
1.1.5 Technological Segment
Organizations are rapidly trying to incorporate the Internet into their supply chain
practices. Global competitive pressure and heightened shareholder expectations have
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11. accelerated the rate of Internet adoption.Electronic markets are Web sites where buyers
and sellers converge to advertise, bid for products in auctions, post catalog information,
procure inventory, and manage inventory and fulfillment. An electronic market can be
aligned vertically, focusing on the procurement of industry-specific products such as
paper, metal, chemicals, agriculture, and energy. Or it can be horizontal, providing
products for a diverse range of industries. These markets act as hubs where buyers can
procure direct goods, and suppliers can market their products. In many respects, the
electronic market is a microcosm of the many-to-many supply chain market advocated
earlier.
Today, electronic markets deal mostly with transactions related to the
procurement of indirect and direct goods, whether they are by auction, request for
proposal (RFP), spot electronic procurement, or e-catalogs. P&G can use the electronic
marketplaces to consolidate its location on where to procure goods, which can immensely
lower the administrative and inventory costs. It also provides P&G and others an
additional channel to market their goods. (Kahl & Berquist 2000).
1.1.6 Global Segment
Procter and Gamble operates in more than 80 countries worldwide and sells more
than 300 products to over 5 billion people. The health of each nation’s economy and the
global economy as a whole affects P&G operations immensely. Given the current
economic recession of the United States, the world’s largest economy, the International
Monetary Fund predicts that the world economy, which grew by a robust 4.9% last 2007,
to slow sharply. The IMF predicts the global economy to grow by 3.7% in 2009 and 3.8%
in 2010 (IMF says U.S. recession, 2008). The graph below, lists the Current U.S.
Economic Indicators.
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12. Table 2
Current U.S. Economic Indicators
October 06, 2009 (Close of Day)
Indicator Value
Inflation % -1.44
GDP Growth % -0.74
Unemployment % 9.80
Gold $/oz 1,038.75
Oil $/bbl 70.88
Prime % 3.25
Source: www.forecast.org
1.1.7 Summary of General Environment Analysis
In the fast changing world of electronic commerce, no industry has been left
untouched by the impact of the Internet and the World Wide Web. The Internet has
caused fundamental shifts in the way consumers shop for and purchase goods and
services. This shift has the most impact on the household and personal care industry.
This industry is very dependent on the population growth of both developed and
developing countries. Major companies such as Procter and Gamble (P&G), market their
products to every demographic member of the global community. The final factor
affecting this industry is the current state of the global economy, especially the United
States with the world’s largest economy.
1.2.0 Driving Forces
Product innovation
Procter & Gamble attempts to maintain its competitive edge by focusing on
product innovation. P&G currently spends almost twice as much on R&D spending
nearly $2.2 billion in 2008 as its closest competitor.
The two most important factors in P&G's innovation process are its practice of
consumer demand research and its "Connect and Develop" R&D structure. When P&G
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13. first enters a new market it sets up in-home visits with consumers in order to fully
comprehend the needs, wants, and desires its’ potential consumers have for household
and personal products. P&G also incorporates consumers' input into the R&D process
through its "Connect and Develop" initiative. Through "Connect and Develop" P&G has
an online website where people can submit what P&G calls “game-changing product”
ideas, and provide input on topics such as packaging, product improvement and services
offered. P&G’s staff collects and sorts through all the ideas and work with the most
promising ones. This process is not responsible for the entire R&D that P&G does, but
approximately 42% of new products in the last several years were influenced by or
originated from "Connect and Develop." (PGconnectdevelop.com)
Regulatory influences and government policy changes
Several consumer protection groups are voicing concerns over the presence of
harmful chemical ingredients in cosmetic products. A recent study showed that about one
third of cosmetic products contain carcinogens. Due to increasing public pressure, the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration is expected to impose stringent quality norms on
cosmetic products. New regulations may delay the launch of new products for companies
like P&G and result in higher product development expenditure. In Europe new rules on
ingredients contained in a European Union draft are expected to come into force this year
and a European Chemicals Agency has been created to improve regulation of products.
The cost of compliance with more stringent regulations creates new barriers of entry and
increases the number of counterfeits of household and personal care products on the
market. P&G and other companies must monitor and try to control the widespread use of
counterfeit products because they can both weaken a companies' brand image, and also
divert revenues that should be obtained by the brand's owner.
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14. Changes is cost
P&G depends heavily on a diverse number of global commodities for
manufacturing its goods. Since 2002 prices have risen by nearly 50%. Nearly half of the
P&G’s cost of goods is directly related to commodity goods. The company has increased
prices due to higher costs of oil and other raw materials. In its recent conference call, the
company stated that it expected raw material costs to increase $3 billion in 2009. The
company has raised prices on most products such as Cascade dishwashing detergent,
Iams pet food, and Gillette razors to counter the increasing cost of oil in the first half of
2008. As the market leader, the company does benefit from pricing power and can
moderate commodity inflation better than its competitors (Wolf, 2008).
Some commodities of note:
▪ Coffee prices affect P&G’s Folgers’s brand, which most suffered from the rising
coffee prices as a result of Hurricane Katrina
▪ Growing paper pulp prices affect several of the company's tissue businesses, as
well as many of its products' paper packaging
▪ Increasing petroleum prices affect the fabric and home care businesses.
▪ Natural gas is a key energy input into the manufacturing process of toilet and
diaper goods, which are air dried
Changing societal concerns, attitudes, and lifestyles
Societal concerns, attitudes, and changing lifestyle not only affect P&G but every
company in the world that provides products, goods and services. P&G has faced a
number of boycotts over the years concerning the use of animals in testing the effects of
its products. Animal rights organizations argue that it is not only the specific practices of
individual companies that cause problems, but the attitude created by the currrent system
of exploitation that gives power and profits to the few, at the expense of people, animals
and the environment. They feel it is important to expose the unethical practices of
specific companies as their behavior is often indicative of the entire system.
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15. P&G admitted in 2005 at the 5th World Congress on Alternative and Animal Use
in the Life Sciences in Berlin, Germany that “P&G sometimes conducts research using
animals to demonstrate safety or efficacy in pharmaceuticals, pet nutrition studies and for
consumer products. Such studies are only conducted as a last resort once all other
reasonable options have been excluded”. P&G stated that it ultimately wants to eliminate
the need for all research involving animals for consumer products and their ingredients
(Procter & Gamble at the 5th World Congress, 2005).
In the meantime, P&G is dedicated to use non-animal alternatives whenever
possible across the company. P&G also stated that a large majority of its research studies
do not employ animals. Animal testing is therefore the exception, not the rule at P&G.
In order to control and protect its company image, P&G has been working with
government and different academia to promote the acceptance of alternative ways for
testing its products. P&G claim that it wants to ultimately eliminate the need for all
research involving animals for consumer products and their ingredients (Procter &
Gamble at the 5th World Congress, 2005).
1.3.0 Industry Analysis
The global household and personal products industry generated total revenues of
$503.3 billion in 2008. During the period from 2004 to 2008 the compound annual
growth rate (GAGR) was approximately 3.8%. The sales of personal products proved to
be the most lucrative for the global household and personal products industry in 2008,
generating total revenues of $408.5 billion, equivalent to 81.17% of the industry's overall
value. The performance of the industry is forecast to decelerate slightly, with an
anticipated CAGR of 3.7% for the five-year period 2008-2013, which is expected to drive
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16. the industry to a value of $602.7 billion by the end of 2013 (Household & Personal
Products, 2008).
Table 3
Compound Annual Growth Rate for Global Household
& Personal Products Industry
Year Total Revenue % Growth Rate
2004 434.1
2005 451.1 3.9%
2006 468.5 3.9%
2007 485.5 3.6%
2008 503.3 3.7%
2004-2008 3.8%
Source: Datamonitor
1.3.1 Description of the Industry
The global household and personal products industry consists of the global
household products and personal product markets. Manufactures in this industry focus on
selling products that meet the needs of everyday consumers in areas such as personal
hygiene, beauty and health, pet care and other household products. They also produce
and manufacturer different fragrances, hair care, make-up, oral hygiene, dishwashing
products, furniture polish, general purpose cleaners, insecticides, scouring products,
textile washing products and toilet care products. Procter and Gamble (P&G) is currently
the market leader with over 16% of the market share in this diverse and crowed industry.
Below, Figure 2 illustrates major manufactures in the industry and their perspective
market share.
Figure 2
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17. Global Household & Personal Products Industry Share %
16.60%
Procter & Gamble
5.40% Unilever
L'Oréal S.A.
5.00%
Kimberly-Clark
5.60% Johnson & Johnson
62.40%
3.20% Other
Source: Datamonitor & Kimberly-Clark’s 10-K annual report
1.3.2 Industry Dominate Economic Features
Market size and growth rate
The global household and personal care industry generated total revenues of $40.7
billion in 2008, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.7% for the
period spanning 2004-2008. In comparison, the Americas and European markets grew
with CAGRs of 4.5% and 2.7%, respectively, over the same period, to reach respective
values of $13.9 billion and $16.7 billion in 2008. Market consumption volumes increased
with a CAGR of 3.1% during 2004-2008, to reach a total of 10.6 billion units in 2008.
The market's volume is expected to rise to 12.2 billion units by the end of 2013,
representing a CAGR of 2.9% for the 2008-2013 periods. (Household & Personal
Products, 2008).
Number of rivals
The global household and personal products industry is a highly fragmented
industry with an enormous amount of products and manufactures. P&G faces competition
from local, low-cost manufacturers in developing countries and from increasing private
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18. label brands introduced by large format retailers and discounters worldwide. P&G’s
products must effectively compete with products from strong competitors as well as that
of retail chains at all times (Procter & Gamble Company 2008).
Scope of competitive rivalry
There are considerable substitutes for all of P&G's product offerings, creating an
intense competitive environment. In order to differentiate itself, the P&G must continue
to provide new, innovative products and branding to the customer.
Number of buyers
Although P&G is an extreme large company, its future is dependent on buyers.
Wal-Mart is P&G largest customer and accounted for over 15% of P&G total revenue in
2009, 2008, and 2007. This percentage of total revenue gives Wal-Mart the ability to
bargain with the P&G for lower prices, which would result in lower earnings. The current
credit crisis will not have a significant impact on P&G because of the diversity and
“recession-proof” status of its products. The products that P&G offers can sustain a
slowdown or recession in the US economy because of their product types. Consumers
will continue to purchase these goods through an economic correction. While P&G had
disappointing 2nd quarter earnings due to higher commodity costs in 2009, analysts’
reports indicate strong sales forecasts and growth opportunities for the rest of the year.
Degree of product differentiation
Procter and Gamble has one of the most diversified product portfolios among
leading global manufactures and marketers of consumer products. P&G participates in
more than 40 product categories with 300 brands in over 60 different markets.
The company is organized into three global business units (GBUs): Beauty,
Health and Well-Being, and Household Care. Please see Figure 21 for P&G three GBUs.
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19. In the beauty segment, the company's products include cosmetics, deodorants, feminine
care products, hair care, personal cleansing and skin care products. Tooth paste,
pharmaceuticals, personal healthcare, and pet food products are marketed under the
healthcare segment. The home care segment comprises of fabric care, hair care, dish care
and surface care products. In addition, P&G's products include baby care and family care
products such as diapers, baby wipes and bath tissue. The recent purchase of Gillette will
add blades and razors, batteries, electric razors, and small appliances to its broad product
offering. The company has more than 20 brands with sales exceeding one billion dollars,
which, together, have sales of over $24 billion. Brands include Pampers, Tide, Ariel,
Always, Whisper, Pantene, Bounty, Pringles, Crest, Clairol Nice 'n Easy, Actonel, Dawn
and Olay (Procter & Gamble 2009).
Product Innovation
P&G’s global scale allows it to quickly flow innovation across developing
countries. The diversity of P&G’s brand portfolio gives it the opportunity to innovate in
more aspects of consumers’ lives than nearly any other company. P&G brands are in
every room of the house, at virtually every hour of the day. As a result, P&G is able to
get a better sense of consumers’ needs than other companies. This helps them spot more
problems and allows P&G innovations to help solve consumer’s needs and wants.
Demand Drivers
Demand drivers in the household and personal care products industry include
some of the following categories: price, demographics, household income, and
innovation. The industry is mainly comprised of necessity products; meaning that even in
times of recession, sales remain steady. The price of the product is generally reflected on
the quality of the product and consumer preferences over a brand name or private label
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20. brands. Disposable income also plays a role, if a consumer has more disposable income,
they may buy the more expensive product.
Pace of technological change
Procter & Gamble’s advertising and R&D is spread over 44 brands that account
for 90% of the company’s profits. This allows P&G more opportunities to leverage
proprietary technology among multiple categories. Moreover, P&G’s research and
development is enhanced by a global relationship with nearly two million researchers in
technology areas connected with P&G businesses. New products can be quickly brought
to market using P&G’s existing brands and distribution system. P&G’s relative level of
innovation is apparent from the results of the 2008 industrial research institute’s pace
setter study that measures the top new products measured by sales. In 2008, P&G had 10
out of 25 of the top new products in the non-food category. In comparison, Unilever, J&J,
Kimberly Clark, Colgate (CL), L’Oreal (LRLCY.PK), and Energizer (ENR) collectively
had 7 (Q4, 2009)
Vertical Integration
Procter & Gamble, along with many of its top competitors have formed strategic
alliances and partnerships with suppliers such as Wal-Mart, Costco and other retailers in
order to improve is supply chain management, reduce storage cost and improve
efficiency. P&G has also created a special website for its customers called P&G
Everyday Solutions where its customers can get product updates, free samples, and print
coupons.
Economies of Scale
P&G will continue to innovate because economies of scale allow P&G to spend
much more than rivals on R&D. For example, P&G spends over twice as much on
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21. research and development than its nearest competitor. P&G’s largest competitors by
trailing 4 quarters revenue are Unilever (UL) ($60B), Kimberly Clark (KMB) ($19B),
and Johnson & Johnson’s (JNJ) consumer segment ($16B). Moreover, the same
economies of scale allow P&G to efficiently signal this value to consumers through
advertising. P&G economies of scale allow it to meet consumer needs in a particular
region and then quickly flow that technology across multiple countries faster than its
competitors.
Learning / Experience Curve Effects
Globally, there are many household care and personal product companies that
P&G must constantly be aware of and their decisions. Switching costs remain very low
in this industry and it allows consumers to easily switch their brands because of product
dissatisfaction, increased costs, or even out-of-stocked items.
Also it is becoming more difficult for consumers to differentiate competing
brands as the number of product introductions is continually increasing. Companies
within the industry are regularly enhancing older product lines, while new product lines
are also being introduced. Being first to market can be extremely profitable for P&G or
any other company, but it could also back fire as more brands and product features are
offered, thus making it more difficult for consumers to differentiate among the products
that are available.
1.3.3 Industry Trends
The personal care industry had an excellent growth rate in all the major markets
of the world in 2005-2006. Since the past few years, people have become more conscious
about their appearance and look, which has led to a huge demand for these products
worldwide. New products are launched by the leading brands to attract consumers. The
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22. trends in all the leading personal care markets show that this industry has massive
potential for growth. The women’s beauty industry is also growing at a rate of
approximately USD 202.254 billion every year where as the global market for cosmetics
alone USD 30.33 billion. The global personal care products industry is growing at a very
rapid pace; some of the factors directly responsible for this growth are:
▪ Rise in consumer spending power
▪ Increased demand due to people consciousness
▪ Entry of herbal and organic products
▪ Lifestyle and climactic changes, and
▪ Massive advertising and promotion strategy
1.3.4 Summary of Industry Analysis
In summary, the household and personal products industry is a mature,
fragmented, and stable industry. The industry is considered highly competitive with
considerable substitutes for most products on the market. In such a climate companies
must be able to differentiate themselves and build customer loyalty by providing
outstanding service and providing new, innovative products and branding to the everyday
customers.
The majority of developed countries are predicted to have only a small population
increase in the next decade. The developing and emerging markets will provide P&G
and other manufactures with incredible and unprecedented growth opportunities as
economies become more globally intertwined. Most of the products within this market
are considered recession proof and are considered necessities, therefore demand is
typically stable.
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23. 1.4.0 Five Forces Competitive Analysis
Michael Porter developed a framework consisting of five competitive forces,
which analyze how industry factors impacts a company's strategy. These factors are: the
threat of new entrants, power of buyers, power of suppliers, availability of substitutes and
competitive rivalry (Porter, 1985).
Figure 3
Porter's Five Competive Forces
Potential
Entrants
Suppliers' Power Industry Buyers' Power
Competitors
Substitutes
Source: Michael Porter’s Competitive Advantage
1.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
The enormous amount of products that are distributed under Procter & Gamble's
name creates a challenge for new entrants. Since the P&G possess a significant amount of
market shares around the world, a potential competitor that lack large sums of capital for
heavy marketing and research and development, would hardly be able to effectively
compete. However, there is concern about firms that specialize in niche markets. This
type of company could possibly become a threat to P&G's corresponding business
segment. Proctor and Gamble must continue to expand its operations internationally, due
10/18/2009 Procter & Gamble Page 23 of 87
24. to the decline of the US dollar to other currencies and the emergence of new markets,
such as India or China.
1.4.2 Power of Buyers
Although P&G is an extreme large company, its future is dependent on buyers.
P&G is heavily dependent on Wal-Mart and its affiliates for generating a major part of its
revenue. Sales to Wal-Mart and its affiliates have represented approximately 15% of its
total revenue since 2006 thus creating the “Wal-Mart effect.” High dependence upon
Wal-Mart reduces the bargaining power of P&G. Wal-Mart could use its bargaining
power to impose unfavorable terms on the company. Any decrease in revenue from Wal-
Mart could have a negative impact on the company's businesses.
1.4.3 Power of Suppliers
P&G has a codependent relationship with most of its suppliers. In order to
generate above average revenues the P&G needs various quality materials for product
production at the best prices available. Suppliers of these materials also need key
customers like P&G for profitable revenue generation and will very likely have little
bargaining power because of its small size. P&G can use its tremendous size and large
amounts of available cash to its advantage during this current credit crisis. Rising interest
rates and the declining availability of credit ultimately should not affect P&G’s
relationship with its suppliers. P&G’s successful history and large market share can be
used to back its borrowings, under the assumption that P&G continues to maintain its
current market share.
1.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
There is substantial number of substitutes for all of P&G's product offerings,
creating an intense competitive environment. In order to differentiate itself, the P&G
10/18/2009 Procter & Gamble Page 24 of 87
25. must continue to provide new, cutting edge, and innovative products and branding to the
customer. P&G notes that working collaboratively with customers and developing deep
shopper and consumer understanding will improve the in-store presence of its products
and win the "first moment of truth." This happens when customers choose which brands
to buy. Winning the "second moment of truth," when consumers decide whether P&G
products deliver on the brand promise, is essential for growth in such a competitive
environment (Procter & Gamble 2009).
1.4.5 Intensity of Rivalry
The intensity of rivalry is very high in this industry. P&G has several strong
competitors in different markets like Amway Corporation, Intimate Brands, Colgate-
Palmolive Company, Kimberly-Clark, Maybelline, Johnson & Johnson, Revlon, Inc.,
Estée Lauder, General Mills, S.C. Johnson & Son, Unilever, Sara Lee Corporation among
other big and medium sized competitors (Jones, 2005). Another important element
affecting the intensity of rivalry is that the switching costs in this industry are quite low
as it does not cost anything for a consumer to buy one brand of a consumer product
instead of another. The thing in favor of P&G is that unlike most of its competitors, who
use wholesalers who sell a variety of competing products, P&G’s network, while
independently owned and operated, mainly sells only P&G products giving the company
a slight competitive advantage.
1.4.6 Summary of Five Forces Competitive Analysis
The Michael Porter's Five Force Competitive Analysis is a powerful tool that
helps business managers understand both the strength of their company’s current
competitive position and whether new products, services or businesses have the potential
to be profitable. With a clear understanding of where power lies, managers can take
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26. advantage of a company’s situation of strength, improve a situation of weakness, and
avoid taking wrong steps.
The factors affecting P&G are economic, political, social, technological
advancements, environmental and legal. A detailed SWOT analysis revealed that the
company enjoys the strengths of a strong brand, R&D capabilities and strong global
infrastructure but also depends too much on a few top customers such as Wal-Mart and
mature markets. P&G should leverage its strengths to realize opportunities in emerging
markets and thwart away the threat from intense competition and increase in raw
materials. In the consumer products industry, P&G has a limited supplier power, mixed
buyer power, high risk of substitutes, intense competition and enjoys low risk of new
entrants.
1.5.0 Competitor Analysis
The global household and personal care industry is an $82.6 billion dollar
industry. It is projected to have a market value of $95.1 billion by 2013. In 2008, the
United States accounted for over $17.2 billion and Europe was estimated to be around
$35.1 billion. Supermarkets and hypermarkets lead the global household products
market, distributing 56.1% of the market’s overall value. P&G accounts for 17.1% of the
global household and personal care products market value.
Procter & Gamble principal activity is manufacturing and marketing consumer
products. It operates in six business segments: Beauty; Grooming; Health Care; Snacks,
Coffee and Pet Care; Fabric Care and Home Care. The Beauty Care segment includes
cosmetics, deodorants, fragrances, hair care and other products. Grooming includes
blades and razors, electric hair removal devices, face and shave products and home
appliances. The Health Care segment includes feminine care, oral care, personal health
10/18/2009 Procter & Gamble Page 26 of 87
27. care and pharmaceuticals. The Snacks, Coffee and Pet Care segment includes coffee, pet
food and snacks. The Fabric Care and Home Care business includes air care, batteries,
dish care, fabric care and surface care. The Baby Care and Family Care business includes
baby wipes, bath tissue, diapers and facial tissue. Some of its brands are Head &
Shoulders, Olay, Pantene, Gillette, Oral-B, Pringles, Ariel, Tide, Downy and Pampers.
The products are sold in more than 180 countries around the world.
1.5.1 What Market positions rivals occupy
Procter & Gamble (P&G) is the world's largest producer of household and
personal products by revenue with net sales of $83,503 million and with its products
reaching 4 billion people worldwide. P&G's product line includes 24 brands across
beauty, healthcare, and food including Tide detergent, Pampers diapers, and Gillette
razors, that generate over $1 billion in revenue annually. One of the key areas of growth
for the company is in emerging markets worldwide. Sales in developing nations have
increased steadily from 20% of total revenue in 2002 to 30% in 2008. According to
Wikinvest.com P&G already owns a large and growing market share in countries
including China and Russia. In light of the global economic downturn, P&G has
announced it will focus its growth strategy on emerging markets, opening almost all of its
20 new manufacturing facilities outside its established markets.
Johnson & Johnson (JNJ) is the world's second largest and most broadly based
manufacturer of health care products, with 2008 annual sales of $63.8 billion. The
company holds a significant share of the consumer and pharmaceutical markets, and is
the world's largest developer and manufacturer of medical treatment and diagnostic
devices. In the company's continuing effort to diversify its business and increase profits,
JNJ is constantly acquiring new companies. According to Wikinvest.com, JNJ acquired
10/18/2009 Procter & Gamble Page 27 of 87
28. 8 companies in 2008. JNJ over-the-counter pharmaceuticals and nutritionals include:
skin care, baby & kids care, and women's health products, totaling $16.0 billion in sales
in 2008. Although the Consumer Health Care division is the smallest of the company's
three segments, it includes some of the company's most recognizable brands such as
Tylenol, Neutrogena, and Band-Aid.
Kimberly-Clark is a consumer products giant with 19.4 billion in sales for FY
2008 and net income of $1.7 billion. KMB is microscopic in comparison to P&G, but
nevertheless a large force to be reckoned within the consumer products industry. In fact,
KMB continues to hold a significant market share in household and personal care
industry, with the No. 1 or No. 2 market share position in more than 80 countries. In
order to see continued growth and profits, however, Kimberly-Clark must develop new
innovative products or figure out a way to compete more effectively with its current line
of products. If KMB cannot do this, it is possible that the company will become
increasingly less profitable.
1.5.2 Strategic group maps of competitors
Driving forces and competitive pressures do not affect all strategic groups evenly.
Profit prospects vary from group to group based on the relative attractiveness of their
market potential. A Strategic group is a cluster of firms in an industry with similar
competitive approaches and market positions. Strategic group mapping is an analytical
tool for displaying the different market and/or competitive positions that rival firms
occupy in a particular industry. Figure 4 and Figure 5 below represent the strategic group
map of the household and personal care industry with three main competitors.
Figure 4
10/18/2009 Procter & Gamble Page 28 of 87
29. Household and Personal Care
Industry Strategic Group Map
High
Johnson &
Johnson
Procter &
Net Income
Gamble
Kimberly
-Clark
Low
Number of Operations in Different Countries
Low High
Figure 5
Household and Personal Care
Industry Strategic Group Map
High
Procter &
Gamble
Market Share
Kimberly
-Clark
Johnson &
Johnson
Low
Advertising Expenditure
Low High
10/18/2009 Procter & Gamble Page 29 of 87
30. 1.5.3 Competitor’s Strategies
JNJ diverse revenue base has helped insulate it from the highs and lows that affect
its competitors from time to time. As a result of this and its acquisition strategy, JNJ has
reported more than 70 years of sales growth and produce impressive free cash flow,
which is its operating cash flow less capital expenditures, reaching almost 20% of sales.
This excellent cash generation has enabled JNJ to grow its dividend for the last 44 years,
a trend that is expected to continue in the next couple of years.
KMB has been expanding its portfolio of services by entering into strategic
agreements, and acquiring alliances in order to strengthen its position in the industry. In
March of last year, KMB decided to purchase the remaining shares of its South African
subsidiary, Kimberly-Clark of South Africa (K-CSA) from the Lion Match Company. K-
CSA is a leading manufacturer and marketer of tissue, personal care and business-to-
business products and also markets Kimberly-Clark's line of health care products. KMB
increased ownership in K-CSA will allow it to expend its international reach and gain
market share in the African region.
1.5.4 Strength and Weaknesses of competitors
Johnson & Johnson (JNJ), the world’s leading consumer health company, is
engaged in the R&D, manufacture and sale of household and personal care products,
pharmaceuticals and medical devices and diagnostics. JNJ has a number of strengths and
weaknesses which are depicted in the table below.
Table 4
Strengths Weakness
▪ Strong Brand Image ▪ Over Dependence on Pharmaceutical Sales
▪ R&D ▪ Lack of size in therms of revenue
▪ Interaction with Customers ▪
▪
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31. J&J attaches great importance to developing an understanding about its products
among consumers, doctors and medical professionals. There is also a constant focus on
educating customers. This constant interaction with customers has afforded JNJ the
ability to grow its brand image that is almost unparallel to anyone else. JNJ’s R&D team
of scientists works in partnership with the marketing department and product supply
teams to improve products, packaging and supporting advertising claims. Several new
products have been developed and launched successfully by understanding the
consumer’s wants, needs, and requirements. Despite its remarkable strengths, JNJ has a
number of weaknesses. More than 40% of J&J’s revenue currently comes from its
pharmaceutical group, with seven drugs each bringing in more than $1 billion in sales.
Even with a strong brand portfolio and geographically diversified operations, JNJ lacks
the size, in terms of revenue, to compete with companies like Procter & Gamble, whose
revenues for the fiscal year ended June 2008 were $83,503 million, where as JNJ were
$63,747 million.
Kimberly-Clark Corporation (KMB) is a global health and hygiene company
offering household and personal care and consumer tissue products. KMB has a number
of strengths and weaknesses which are represented in the table below.
Table 5
Strengths Weakness
▪ Strong Brand Image ▪ Lack of Scale
▪ Strong Customer Loyalty ▪ High Dependence on Wal-Mart
▪ Broad Portfolio of Products ▪ Lack of International Revenue
▪ Diversified business structure
Kimberly-Clark's product portfolio includes some of the most popular brands of
the world such as GoodNites, Cottonelle, Kleenex, Scott, Andrex, Hakle, Huggies, Pull-
10/18/2009 Procter & Gamble Page 31 of 87
32. Ups, Kotex, Poise, Kimberly-Clark, Fiesta, Little Swimmers, Andrex, Ballard, Kimwipes,
Lightdays, Page and Depend. KMB has some of the most recognizable products in the
industry that have allowed it to achieve consumer loyalty and over time have ensured a
lofty market share. KMB has a diversified business structure that has been organized into
four reportable global business segments: Personal Care; Consumer Tissue; K-C
Professional & Other; and Health Care. Wal-Mart is KMB largest customers and
accounted for approximately 14 percent in 2008 and 2007, and approximately 13 percent
in 2006 of its net sales and revenue. KMB had approximately $10,461 million, which
was 52.1% of the total revenue coming from the North American region; out of which
$10,143 was from the U.S. alone.
1.5.5 Competitor’s next moves
In an effort to keep pace with a more competitive and ever changing market
Johnson & Johnson has decided to focus on redefining the image of certain products
through marketing drives that are closely integrated with packaging and product design.
The success of many of Johnson & Johnson’s packaging redesign projects is based partly
on the creative imagination of the designers.
Within this new structure today, JNJ also believes that another key focus is on
relationship management. JNJ wants to ensure that all divisions, from R&D to sales,
communicate effectively and collaborate around shared goals. Within a collaborative
environment that functions well, the product is linked to the process of packaging design
at a much earlier stage than ever before. JNJ believes that this bond between product
design and packaging design is crucially important to the future success of any
advertising and/or marketing campaign, because all internal stakeholders have an input
on the final product and the strategy to place it in the market.
10/18/2009 Procter & Gamble Page 32 of 87
33. KMB main focus is on its growth through acquisitions. KMB in October 2008,
purchased the remaining shares of Colombina Kimberly Colpapel (CKC) from Compañía
Colombiana de Inversiones. This acquisition will enhance KMB’s growth potential in
the rapidly developing markets of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela.
Earlier this year, KMB acquired Jackson Products, a privately held safety products
company. Jackson Products was one of the leading providers of welding safety products,
personal protective equipment and work zone safety products. The acquisition is expected
to bring a wealth of strengths to Kimberly-Clark's professional business, including a
strong product portfolio with an experienced sales force.
Kimberly-Clark will also focus its growth through product innovation. The
company will spend approximately 1.5% of its annual revenue on R&D in an effort to
drive innovative new products to the market. KMB will work more closely with
customers in order to increase shopper loyalty. Finally, in order to further build brand
equity and market share, KMB has decided to increase its marketing spending by $200
million over the last four years and plans to continue increasing its marketing investments
for the foreseeable future.
1.5.6 Competitive advantage of company in relation to the rivals
Procter and Gamble is one of the most admired and industry dominating
companies in the world today. P&G takes great pride in the products they produce and
work hard to ensure that their products are of the highest quality. They strongly believe
in the importance of advertising and research and development. They research intensely
to determine their target markets and what types of products would best fit their needs. In
fact P&G currently spends almost twice as much on R&D spending nearly $2.2 billion in
2008 as its closest competitor. P&G’s advertising and R&D are spread over 44 brands
10/18/2009 Procter & Gamble Page 33 of 87
34. that account for 90% of the company’s profits. P&G’s research and development is
enhanced by a global relationship with nearly two million researchers in technology areas
connected with P&G businesses. P&G promotes its products to those who most fit their
target market by appealing to the lifestyles that the consumer lives and understanding
what the consumer’s values and morals are. P&G has a long standing reputation of
having a family of products that are of excellent quality and continues to be a leader in
household goods.
1.5.7 Summary of competitor analysis
The household and personal care products industry is a highly competitive,
mature, and stable industry for the market. More times than not, it has not experienced
the major downfalls because of the economy. From the information provided by most
analysts a general conclusion can normally be made about the nature of this industry.
According to most analysts most slips in sales or volume are resulting from current
economical standings; however, these drops are not normally significant enough to affect
an industry that provides products people rely on for everyday living. Generally, when
the market falters it is because of a decrease in the consumers’ purchase of luxury items.
The household and personal care industry offer both types, necessity products which are
normally considered recession proof products and those of luxury.
In order for P&G to maintain its current market position, they must continue to
scan the environment for possible threats. Whether through acquisitions or Greenfield
investments, P&G must start to focus on developing and emerging markets. Rising gas
prices and new regulations will not only impact P&G but its competitors also. Therefore
P&G must work non-stop to ensure that they can continue to put forth a superior quality
10/18/2009 Procter & Gamble Page 34 of 87
35. of product. P&G has many loyal customers and has to continue to meet their needs while
attracting new customers in order to remain on top of their industry.
2.0.0 Internal Analysis and SWOT Analysis
2.1.0 Financial Analysis
Financial analysis is the use of financial statements to analyze a company’s
financial position and performance, and to assess future financial performance. It reduces
the reliance on hunches, guesses, and intuition for business decisions. Procter and
Gamble and it competitors’ financial statements were obtained from Yahoo Finance,
AOL Money & Finance, and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The most
recent annual 10-K report from each of the companies was evaluated in order to insure
the accuracy of the information provided.
2.4.1 Valuation Analysis
Financial minds are constantly trying to measure the value of securities (or
businesses). Valuation ratios are mathematical calculations that help individuals assess
and determine the cost of a security (or business) to the benefits of owning it. These
ratios are typically calculated by dividing a measure of price by a measure of value or
vice-versa. For purposes of my analysis, I am applying the following ratios:
Price/earnings ratio, Price to earnings growth ratio, Price/Cash flow ratio, Price/Book
ratio and Dividend yield.
Table 6
10/18/2009 Procter & Gamble Page 35 of 87
36. Valuation Ratios
PG JNJ KMB Industry
Market Cap 168.28 Billion 167.94 Billion 24.48 Billion 260 Billion
P/E Ratio 16.71 14.14 14.44 16.90
P/E Growth Ratio 1.46 1.65 1.50 N/A
Price/Cash Flow Ratio 11.70 10.70 10.30 12.90
Price/BookRatio 2.69 3.62 5.41 5.82
Dividend Yield 2.51 3.00 4.40 2.9
Source: MSN Money
▪ Price/earnings ratio (P/E): This formula is calculated by dividing the price of
the stock per share by the earnings per share. Although this calculation is simple,
the information is readily available and the ratio is a good valuation method to use
versus peers and for historical purposes.
▪ PEG ratio (Price to earnings growth ratio): This ratio is closely related to the
first ratio, but it is slightly more dynamic and incorporates the estimated growth
of a company. In the PEG ratio the formula uses the price/earnings ratio and then
divides that number by the expected annual earnings per share growth rate. This is
a great valuation method to use when considering whether a stock that is growing
quickly is still a good value or not, but the method is also subject to objective
guesses as to the growth rate.
▪ Price/cash flow ratio: This method measures the ability of a company to
provide cash flow on a per share basis. The ratio is calculated by taking the stock
price per share and dividing that by the operating cash flow per share. A top
reason to use this method is that it typically excludes possible accounting
distortions that other investment ratios might not be able to exclude.
10/18/2009 Procter & Gamble Page 36 of 87
37. ▪ Price/book value ratio: The book value of a company is a nice conservative
valuation method that value investors and more traditional investors love to use.
The price book value ratio is found by taking the stock price per share and
dividing it by the shareholder’s equity per share. Over the years the book value
has lost importance in many circles due to its undervaluing of modern asset types.
▪ Dividend Yield: While not every stock has a dividend, understanding that a
dividend yield is essential in valuing a company is important. An investor can find
the dividend yield of a stock by taking the annual dividend amount per share and
dividing that by the stock price per share. A Dividend yielding stocks are typically
more mature and more value related, as opposed to growth stocks which often
yield nothing or almost nothing.
Valuation Conclusion: Although the P/E ratio is slightly higher than the peer
comparison, the P/E ratio is in line with the industry. Plus, based on the more favorable
P/E growth ratio, cash flow and book ratio, it appears P&G is a more valuable option than
JNJ and KMB; therefore, investors are willing to spend more for an ownership interest in
P&G.
2.4.2 Growth Analysis
Growth ratios or growth rates tell us just how fast a company is growing. The most
important of these growth ratios include:
▪ Sales %: Sales growth is normally stated in terms of a percentage growth from
the prior year. Sales is the term used for operating revenues so it is important to
see the sales growth rate as high as possible.
10/18/2009 Procter & Gamble Page 37 of 87
38. Figure 6
Sales %
200 6
Kim be rly- Cla rk
200 7 Joh nso n & Joh nso n
Pr octer & G amb le
200 8
0.0% 5.0% 1 0.0% 1 5.0 % 2 0.0 % 2 5.0 %
2008 2007 2006
Procter & Gamble 9.2% 12.1% 20.2%
Johnson & Johnson 4.3% 14.6% 5.6%
Kimberly-Clark 6.3% 9.1% 5.3%
Source: Data and Chart constructed from each company’s 10-K Annual Report
▪ Net Income: Growth in net income is even more important that sales because
net income tells you how much money is left over after all of the operating costs
are subtracted from sales.
Figure 7 Net Income %
2 5.00 %
2 2.40 % 2 1 .6 0%
19 .10 % 1 9.6 0%
2 0.00 %
16 .80 %
1 5.00 %
9.9 0%
1 0.00 % P ro cter & Ga mb le
Jo hn so n & Jo hn son
5.00 % K imb e rly-Cl ar k
0.00 %
2 0 08 2 00 7 2 00 6
-5.00 %
- 4.30 % -4 .40 %
- 7.30 %
-1 0.00 %
2008 2007 2006
Procter & Gamble 16.80% 19.10% 19.60%
Johnson & Johnson 22.40% -4.30% 9.90%
Kimberly-Clark -7.30% 21.60% -4.40%
Source: Data and Chart constructed from each company’s 10-K Annual Report
10/18/2009 Procter & Gamble Page 38 of 87
39. ▪ Dividends: Dividend growth is a good indicator of the financial health of a
company. Some companies do not pay stock dividends at all; rather they use these
excess profits to reinvest money back into the company to hopefully accelerate
growth. One thing we like to see in Dividends (%) is that it does not go negative.
That is, once a dividend rate is established, a company needs to have a very good
reason to decrease the dividend payout.
Figure 8 Dividend Yield %
20 06
Ki mbe rl y-Cla rk
20 07
Joh nso n & Joh nso n
Pr octe r & G am ble
20 08
0.0 0% 0 .0 1% 0 .01 % 0.02 % 0.0 2%
2008 2007 2006
Procter & Gamble 0.01% 0.01% 0.01%
Johnson & Johnson 0.01% 0.01% 0.01%
Kimberly-Clark 0.01% 0.01% 0.01%
Source: Data and Chart constructed from each company’s 10-K Annual Report
Growth Analysis Conclusion: P&G has demonstrated a stronger ability to grow than
JNJ ad KMB. P&G’s sales growth has outpaced their peers and has resulted in strong net
income growth. P&G has been able to grow sales and net income year over year unlike
its peers.
2.4.3 Profitability Analysis
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40. Profitability ratios or profitability margins are a good indicator of how efficient a
company is operating. This is a measure were you would normally compare a company
to its industry as a benchmark rather than the overall stock market since the profitability
of companies can vary greatly by industry.
▪ Gross Margin (%): Sales Revenue less COGS divided by net sales revenue
Figure 9
Gross Profit Margin %
30%
2006 72%
51%
31% K imberly-Clark
2007 71 %
Johnson & Johnson
52%
P rocter & G amble
30 %
2008 71%
51%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 6 0% 70% 80%
2008 2007 2006
Procter & Gamble 51% 52% 51%
Johnson & Johnson 71% 71% 72%
Kimberly-Clark 30% 31% 30%
Source: Data and Chart constructed from each company’s 10-K Annual Report
▪ Earnings per Share trending
Figure 10
10/18/2009 Procter & Gamble Page 40 of 87
41. Earning per Share
$5.00
$4.55 $4.25
$4.50 $4.14 $4.15 $3.76 $3.90
$4.00 $3.64
$3.50 $3.04
$3.00 $2.64 Procter & Gamble
$2.50 Johnson & Johnson
$2.00 Kimberly-Clark
$1.50
$1.00
$0.50
$0.00
2008 2007 2006
2008 2007 2006
Procter & Gamble $3.64 $3.04 $2.64
Johnson & Johnson $4.55 $4.15 $3.76
Kimberly-Clark $4.14 $4.25 $3.90
Source: Data and Chart constructed from each company’s 10-K Annual Report
▪ Net Profit Margin (%): Gross sales revenue less all (not just COGS) expenses
divided by gross revenue. The net profit margin is the ratio of net profits to sales.
This is the best indicator of the company's efficiency in that net profit takes into
consideration all expenses of the company. You want the net profit margin to be
as high as possible.
Figure 11
10/18/2009 Procter & Gamble Page 41 of 87
42. Net Profit Margin %
25%
21%
20%
20%
17%
14% 14% 13% Procter & Gam ble
15%
10% Johnson & Jo hnson
10% 9% 9%
Kimberly-Cla rk
5%
0%
2008 2007 2006
2008 2007 2006
Procter & Gamble 14% 14% 13%
Johnson & Johnson 20% 17% 21%
Kimberly-Clark 9% 10% 9%
Source: Data and Chart constructed from each company’s 10-K Annual Report
Profitability Conclusion: Although P&G shows solid profitability performance, JNJ
appears to be the benchmark for our comparison. P&G demonstrates a strong gross
margin and healthy net margin. However, both peer comparisons demonstrate stronger
per share performance.
2.1.4 Financial Strength Analysis
▪ Current Ratio: current assets/current liabilities
Figure 12
10/18/2009 Procter & Gamble Page 42 of 87
43. Current Ratio
1.8
1.65 1.51
1.6
1.4 1.22 1.24 1.22 1.20
1.2 1.05 Procter & Gamble
1
0.79 0.78 Johnson & Johnson
0.8
Kimberly-Clark
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2008 2007 2006
2008 2007 2006
Procter & Gamble 0.79 0.78 1.22
Johnson & Johnson 1.65 1.51 1.20
Kimberly-Clark 1.22 1.24 1.05
Source: Data and Chart constructed from each company’s 10-K Annual Report
▪ Quick Ratio: cash + net receivables + marketable securities/ current liabilities
Figure 13
Quick Ratio
1.6
1.41
1.4 1.25
1.2
0.90 0.94
1 Procter & Gamble
0.70 0.74
0.8 J ohnson & Johnson
0.56 0.65
0.52 Kimberly-Clark
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2008 2007 2006
2008 2007 2006
Procter & Gamble 0.52 0.56 0.90
Johnson & Johnson 1.41 1.25 0.94
Kimberly-Clark 0.70 0.74 0.65
Source: Data and Chart constructed from each company’s 10-K Annual Report
▪ Working capital: Current assets less current liabilities
10/18/2009 Procter & Gamble Page 43 of 87
44. Figure 14
Working Capital
$15,000,000
$10,000,000
$5,000,000 Procter & Gamble
Johnson & Johnson
$0 Kimberly-Clark
2008 2007 2006
($5,000,000)
($10,000,000)
2008 2007 2006
Procter & Gamble ($6,443,000) ($6,686,000) $4,344,000
Johnson & Johnson $13,525,000 $10,108,000 $3,814,000
Kimberly-Clark $1,061,000 $1,168,000 $253,000
Source: Data and Chart constructed from each company’s 10-K Annual Report
▪ Times interest earned: Net income + interest exp + income tax expense divided
by interest expense
Figure 15
Times -Interes t-Earned
200
175.44
180
160
140
120 Procter & Gamble
100 95.73
J ohnson & Johnson
80 Kimberly-Clark
60
29.77
40
8. 23 5.59 7.93 6.88 7.75 6.81
20
0
2008 2007 2006
2008 2007 2006
Procter & Gamble 8.23 7.93 7.75
Johnson & Johnson 29.77 95.73 175.44
Kimberly-Clark 5.59 6.88 6.81
Source: Data and Chart constructed from each company’s 10-K Annual Report
10/18/2009 Procter & Gamble Page 44 of 87
45. ▪ Debt-equity ratio: Total liabilities/ total shareholders equity
Figure 16
Debt-to-Equity Ratio
2 00 6
`
K imb er ly-Cla rk
2 00 7
Jo hn son & Joh n son
P rocte r & G am bl e
2 00 8
0 0 .5 1 1.5 2 2 .5 3 3 .5
2008 2007 2006
Procter & Gamble 1.07 1.07 1.16
Johnson & Johnson 1.00 0.87 0.79
Kimberly-Clark 3.40 2.34 1.80
Source: Data and Chart constructed from each company’s 10-K Annual Report
▪ Debt-to-Assets Ratio: total liabilities/total assets
Figure 17
Debt-to-Assets Ratio
0.8
0.73 0.66
0.7 0.64
0.6 0.54
0.52 0.50 0.52
0.5 0.46
0.44 Procter & Gamble
0.4 Johnson & Johnson
0.3 Kimberly-Clark
0.2
0.1
0
2008 2007 2006
2008 2007 2006
Procter & Gamble 0.52 0.52 0.54
Johnson & Johnson 0.50 0.46 0.44
Kimberly-Clark 0.73 0.66 0.64
Source: Data and Chart constructed from each company’s 10-K Annual Report
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46. Financial Strength Conclusion: As an investor, I would like to see P&G work to
become more liquid and slightly more conservative in their use of debt to finance the
organization. JNJ again is the benchmark to compare against. JNJ has a more liquid
balance sheet and has no concern in covering interest owed. Although, P&G is not as
strong as JNJ, P&G is not leveraged as much as KMB.
2.1.5 Dividend Analysis
Figure 18
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47. Dividend Rate and Yield Ratio
5.00%
4.08%
4.00%
3.28%
2.73% Procter & Gamble
3.00% 2.40%
1.76% 1.96%
Johnson & Johnson
2.00% Kimberly-Clark
1.00%
0.00%
Div idend Rate Dividend Yield
Dividend Payout Ratio
70.00%
60. 56 %
60.00%
46 .41 %
50.00%
4 1.7 6%
Proc ter & Gamble
40.00%
Johnson & Johnson
30.00%
Kimberly-Clark
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
D ividend Payout Ratio
Dividend
Dividend Payout
Dividend Rate Yield Ratio
Procter & Gamble 1.76% 2.73% 46.41%
Johnson & Johnson 1.96% 3.28% 41.76%
Kimberly-Clark 2.40% 4.08% 60.56%
Source: Data and Chart constructed from Key Financials MSN Money and Finance AOL
Dividend Analysis Conclusion: All three companies pay a reasonable dividend yield.
One can assume that since P&G’s yield is lower and growth rate higher than peers (as
identified above) that P&G is investing its earnings back into the organization. KMB
10/18/2009 Procter & Gamble Page 47 of 87
48. which has a high Debt to Asset ratio is choosing to pay its shareholders rather than fund
its operation. JNJ appears to be a healthy blend between the two.
2.1.6 Management Efficiency Analysis
Figure 19
Management Efficiency
120
100
80 Pro cter & G amble
60 Johnson & Johnson
40 Kim berly-Clark
20
0
Days in Inventory Avg. Return on Return on Return on
In ventory Turnover Collection Equit y (pe r As se ts I nvested
Period share) Ca pital
Return on
Avg. Equity Return Return on
Days in Inventory Collection (per on Invested
Inventory Turnover Period share) Assets Capital
Procter & Gamble 75.48 4.84 38.35 17.62 10.24 13.85
Johnson & Johnson 99.62 3.66 75.29 30.22 15.98 24.68
Kimberly-Clark 67.12 5.44 49.31 37.35 9.82 16.09
Source: Data and Chart constructed from Finance AOL and each company’s 10-K annual report
Management Efficiency Conclusion: Although P&G is not the lagging in all
measurements, they are behind in return on equity. JNJ has a strong return due to the
strength of their operation. KMB has chosen to limit the shares outstanding and finance a
large percentage of the organization; as a result their return on equity is high. P&G is a
solid performer in the middle of the pack and could use its peers to benchmark against.
2.1.7 Stock Price Analysis
According to MorningStar.com Procter & Gamble stock opened at $57.37 on
October 13, 2009. Procter & Gamble’s stock price closed at $57.26. By the end of the
10/18/2009 Procter & Gamble Page 48 of 87
49. trading day P&G had a volume of 11.28 million shares and a 52wk range is $43.93 to
$66.82 as per figure below.
Figure 20
Source: http://www.wikinvest.com/stock/Procter_%26_Gamble_Company_(PG)/WikiChart
MorningStar.com also reported that Kimberly-Clark’s stock opened at $59.38 on
October 13, 2009. KMB’s stock price closed at $59.01. By the end of the trading day
KMB had a volume of 1.81 million shares and a 52wk range is $43.05 to $62.05 as per
figure below.
Figure 21
Source: http://www.wikinvest.com/stock/Kimberly-Clark_(KMB)/WikiChart?ref=topnav
Johnson & Johnson’s stock price opened at $60.92, on October 13, 2009. JNJ’s
stock price closed at $61.01. By the end of the trading day JNJ had a volume of 23.50
million shares and a 52wk range is $46.25 to $63.01 as per figure below.
Figure 22
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50. Source: http://www.wikinvest.com/stock/JOHNSON_%26_JOHNSON_(JNJ)/WikiChart
Stock Price Analysis: JNJ has the largest market capitalization of the three and appears
to be a more liquid asset (since the trading volume is significantly more). Based on the
analysis performed above, one would expect JNJ to demand a higher stock price and the
other two close behind. Also, based on KMB highly leveraged position, one would
expect its stock price to be more volatile than PG, and based on this one day snap shot,
this hypothesis holds true.
2.1.8 Summary of Financial Analysis
P&G’s stock price in relation to its peers sums up all the financial ratios in
comparison to KMB and JNJ. While PG has certain strong ratios, PG is not an industry
leader. JNJ is the most financially sound of the three companies and KMB has a higher
Owner’s equity return (but are more risky due to leveraging). PG is a solid blend that is
demonstrating strong growth compared to its peers, and appears to be a solid value play
for investors.
2.2.0 Strategic Analysis
Strategic analysis consists of measuring the strengths and weaknesses of a
company's position. There are a number of tools or methods used as the foundation for
strategic analysis of a business. Understanding and analyzing all these factors is crucial
to developing current strengths into competitive advantages over competition and
improving certain weaknesses that hinder a company's efficiency and growth. An
organization's core competencies should be focused on satisfying customer needs or
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51. preferences in order to achieve above average returns. This is done through Business-
level strategies. Business level strategy is an integrated and coordinated set of
commitments and actions a firm uses to gain a competitive advantage by utilizing its core
competencies in specific product markets.
2.2.1 Current Business Level Strategy
P&G is a global manufacturer and marketer of consumer products. The company
markets more than 300 brands in over 180 countries spanning Americas, Europe, the
Middle East and Africa, and Asian region. The company is currently organized into three
separate Global Business Units (GBUs. The three GBUs are: Beauty, Health and Well-
Being, and Household care.
Figure 23
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52. Procter &
Gamble
Health and
Household
Beauty GBU W ell-B eing
Care GBU
GB U
Sn acks, Coffee, Fabric Care and Baby Care and
Beau ty Groo ming H ealth Care
and Pet Care H ome Care Family Care
A riel
H ead &
Braun Acto nel Dawn Bo un ty
Shou ld ers
Fusion Always Iams Down y Charmin
Olay
Gillette Crest Prin gles D uracell Pampers
Pan tene
Wella M ach 3 O ral-B Gain
T id e
Source: Organizational Chart constructed from P&G’s 10-K annual report
2.2.2 Elements of Company’s Strategy
P&G new CEO Bob McDonald, who assumed office in July, has laid out P&G
new company strategy which will be centered on company values and a sense of purpose.
McDonald said that P&G will “focus on touching and improving more consumers' lives
in more parts of the world... more completely."
McDonald calls P&G's purpose the most consistent factor in a 171-year history of
the company. He said P&G will continue to provide branded products of superior quality
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53. and value that improve the lives of the world's consumers, now and for generations to
come. He believes that as a result of P&G’s new company strategy will cause consumers
to reward P&G with leadership sales, profit and value creations, and “allowing our
people, our shareholders, and the communities in which we live and work to prosper."
(Kanter, 2009)
2.2.3 Components of Company’s Business Level Strategy
Efforts to build competitive advantage
In an effort to continue its global leadership position and create an additional
competitive advantage, P&G has partnered with Cisco System to help develop its next
phase in supply chain management “Smart Packaging”.
“Smart Packaging,” is a highly innovative system that will enable the company to
look at its supply chain from a consumer’s perspective. Smart Packaging will embed a
chip into every item in the store, providing more information than today's standard
barcodes. By creating an easy way to track products through the factory, on delivery
trucks, and in the stores, this innovation will dramatically increase supply chain
efficiency. Smart-chip technology will result in fewer out-of-stocks, greater on-time
delivery, better products, and an enhanced user experience for consumers (Procter &
Gamble, 2002).
Collaborative partnerships and strategic alliance
P&G will outsource its worldwide print operations to Xerox. This collaborative
partnership with Xerox will allow P&G to reduce operational costs by an estimated 20-25
percent. The five-year services contract calls for Xerox to manage P&G's print shops,
offices and home-based work settings. Working with Xerox, P&G has the opportunity to
deliver substantial sustainability benefits in addition to cost savings and increased user
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54. satisfaction and reliability. P&G predicts it will reduce print-related power usage by 30
percent and paper consumption by 20-30 percent annually. (Xerox.com)
Distribution
P&G is currently working with i2 Technologies to support the physical
distribution of its North American operations. Utilizing the i2 Freight Matrix
transportation solution, P&G is working to drive efficiency across its finished product
logistics through improved carrier selection, event management and dashboard reporting.
Human Resource Strategy
Procter and Gamble view their more than 138,000 employees as the most important
asset of the company and encourage them to have the same values and principles as the
company. All employees of Procter and Gamble are considered leaders and encouraged
to take responsibility to do the best that they can while meeting business needs, bettering
the system and helping those around them (PG.com). According to P&G’s 2009 Annual
Report, its human resource strategy is built of five core values:
I. Hire the Best
P&G claim that almost 500,000 people apply for P&G jobs every year and that they
normally only hire less than 1% of those applicants. P&G believes that it attracts top
talent because of its reputation as a great company for current and future leaders
II. Challenge P&G People from Day One
P&G has learned that “there’s no substitute for hands-on experience when it comes to
leadership development.” To help develop this leadership P&G has created
consequential responsibilities for every employee. Its assignments typically demand
collaboration inside and outside the Company, disciplined project management and
the need to be in touch with consumers, retail customers and other external
stakeholders.
III. Business and Functional Leaders Actively Recruit, Teach and Coach
At P&G, leadership by example starts from the top. P&G’s Chairman of the Board
and former CEO A.G. Lafley, Corporate Officers, Presidents and Functional Officers
recruit on college campuses and teach in their executive education programs. These
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