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Threats to Mangroves,[object Object],A2 Geography,[object Object]
Learning Objectives,[object Object],Understand the nature and extent of mangrove loss,[object Object],What are the drivers of change,[object Object],Understand the problems associated with Human activity within Mangroves, including exploitation,[object Object],Appreciate the consequences of climate change on Mangrove forests,[object Object]
Mangrove Loss,[object Object],Over 50% of the world’s original mangroves have now been lost,[object Object],A size similar to 13 UK’s,[object Object],By 2007 less 15 million left hectares left,[object Object],Currently the rate of loss is 1% p.a. (Roughly the size of London),[object Object]
Rates of Loss,[object Object],Thailand has lost over half of its mangroves since 1961,[object Object],The Philippines 40% were lost to aquaculture between 1918 and 1988,[object Object],By 1993 123,000 hectares were left (70% loss in 70yrs),[object Object],Ecuador – Mangrove loss is estimated to range between 20% to 50% of the 362,000 hectares of mangrove forested coast.,[object Object]
Why?,[object Object],Think in groups why this might happen and write them down on the post it notes provided,[object Object],Think why do we deem this a palatable thing to do.,[object Object]
Asia has lost 50% due to aquaculture (38% Shrimp. 14% fish) 25% due to deforestation. 11% to upstream freshwater diversion.,[object Object],Latin America – Mainly due to the expansion of agriculture and cattle rearing, as well as the cutting of fuelwood and building materials as well as the establishment of a shrimping industry.,[object Object]
Drivers of Change,[object Object],What are the main threats to biodiversity:,[object Object],Habitat change,[object Object],Climate change,[object Object],Invasive species,[object Object],Over-exploitation,[object Object],Pollution,[object Object],Habitat change,[object Object],Climate change,[object Object],Invasive Species,[object Object],Over-Exploitation,[object Object],Pollution (N, P),[object Object],Coastal Wetlands ,[object Object]
Shrimp Farming in Thailand ,[object Object],Case Study (LEDC),[object Object]
Shrimping,[object Object],Been done in Thailand for over 60 years,[object Object],Traditional method now known as ‘Extensive production’ Shrimp (Known as ‘fry’) are trapped in salt beds and padi-fields around estuaries and harvested when mature.,[object Object],Between 1970 -1990 the coastal shrimp industry expanded massively,[object Object],With help from the govt the shrimping industry became more intensive,[object Object]
Why,[object Object],To help meet global demand,[object Object],Exported to USA (500,000 tonnes a year – 2003),[object Object],Japan = 250,000 tonnes,[object Object],France, Spain, UK and Italy = 500,000 tonnes,[object Object],Since 1990’s amount consumed in Thailand has also increased – rising incomes due to improved economic conditions,[object Object],Increase in tourist industry.,[object Object]
Production,[object Object]
Land Conversion,[object Object]
Shrimp farming area and Mangrove area,[object Object]
Impacts of the Industry,[object Object],What are the positive impacts of the industry?,[object Object],Shrimp farming has had positive impacts such as increased wealth leading to improved infrastructure and reduction in migration to Bangkok many are negative,[object Object]
Negatives,[object Object],Effluent from shrimp farms has to be removed before next crop cycle begins,[object Object],It is full of decaying food, shells and chemicals (Antibiotics),[object Object]
If chemicals get discharged into mangroves this can have a harmful effect on biodiversity,[object Object],Conflicts arise due to this discharge,[object Object],Constant threat of disease and infection,[object Object],Rice fields and channels suffer from salinisation,[object Object],Depletion of biodiversity in shrimp farms and surround areas,[object Object],Loss of mangrove forest or fertile land ,[object Object],Degradation of the soil due to salinisation ,[object Object],Deterioration of water quality ,[object Object]
Future?,[object Object],Marine shrimp culture along the coast is one of the main economic activities in the country,[object Object],It provides employment and earns national income,[object Object],Without management the environment maybe damaged beyond repair,[object Object],Governments should promote the development of marine shrimp culture along the coast but before implementation, a development plan should be formulated and good management practices should be specified,[object Object]
Department of Fisheries, Bangkok advice on Shrimp farming,[object Object],A land use plan should be formulated which does not allow the utilisation of mangrove for shrimp culture. The most suitable area for shrimp farming is rice fields or unused low land beyond the mangrove. The level of such land will be not over 1–2 m above the high tide level.,[object Object],To provide infrastructure which supports the shrimp culture industry such as drainage canals, roads, electricity and other necessary services. ,[object Object],Control and enforcement of farm practices will be done by the official agency.,[object Object],To provide education on farm and water management to farm owners and farm operators before they start farming.,[object Object],Monitoring of sea water quality along the coast will be routinely conducted and information on water quality transferred to the farmers.,[object Object], Shrimp pond wastes will not be discharged directly into natural water ways. The waste treatment pond will be attached to the farm system and waste must be treated before discharge.,[object Object],Research on farm management, disease and parasite problems must be conducted and findings regularly transferred to the farmers,[object Object]
Climate Change,[object Object],Threats to Mangroves,[object Object]
Links to AS,[object Object],I in 10 people live less than 10m above sea level near the coast,[object Object],Asia contains 75% of these people,[object Object],Global warming leads to:,[object Object],Increased Arctic ice cap melt,[object Object],Greenpeace predict sea levels to rise between 15 – 95cm this century,[object Object],This could cause some shorelines to retreat by upto 200m,[object Object]
Carbon Sequestration,[object Object]
Mangroves take up about 1.5million tonnes/hectare/year ,[object Object],Current removal means we are losing 220,000 tonnes of sequestration potential,[object Object],High levels of carbon in the soils is dug up and also released,[object Object],Removal of mangroves means carbon release is often 50 times higher than rate of sequestration,[object Object],By converting 2% of mangroves it effectively means all advantages of sequestration are lost,[object Object]
Mangrove time bomb,[object Object]
Mangrove Benefits,[object Object],Healthy mangroves can act as a buffer zone between the coastal fringes and inland areas,[object Object],Increases are expected in hurricanes and cyclones and the mangrove can help protect land,[object Object],Protect against coastal erosion,[object Object]
However,[object Object],Rising seas levels will swamp the forests nullifying their benefit,[object Object],Mangroves need a buffer zone themselves to develop and re-establish above the rising low tide – this too maybe lost,[object Object]
Over- Harvesting,[object Object],Mangrove trees serve many purposes,[object Object],Fuelwood,[object Object],Construction material,[object Object],Wood Chip and pulp production,[object Object],Charcoal,[object Object],Animal fodder,[object Object],Harvesting has been going on for centuries but it is no longer sustainable,[object Object]
Over Exploitation of Marine Life,[object Object],Unregulated fishing is depleting fish stocks,[object Object],As stocks of one become uneconomic to exploit people are simply turning to another,[object Object],Decline in biodiversity, loss of income and jobs,[object Object],Over fishing alters the food chain and webs and mangroves communities can be altered as a result,[object Object]
Other Threats,[object Object],Tourism,[object Object],Removal for golf courses,[object Object],Building of new cruise ship ports,[object Object],Marinas,[object Object],Hotels, apartments and restaurants,[object Object]
Oil Exploration,[object Object],Deforestation,[object Object],Changes in Soil pH,[object Object],Discharge of solids and liquid waste,[object Object]
Other Threats,[object Object],Domestic and Industrial waste,[object Object],Waste from aquaculture,[object Object],Exploration of minerals,[object Object]
Learning Objectives,[object Object],[object Object]
What are the drivers of change
Understand the problems associated with Human activity within Mangroves, including exploitation

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Threats To Mangroves

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  • 32. What are the drivers of change
  • 33. Understand the problems associated with Human activity within Mangroves, including exploitation
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