PSA Caratteristiche fondamentali azione incendio

PSA:
CARATTERISTICHE
FENOMENO INCENDIO
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FENOMENO INCENDIO
Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi
Ing. Chiara Crosti
Facolta’ di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale
Universita’ degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”
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PROGETTAZIONE STRUTTURALE
ANTINCENDIO

INCENDIO
• Incendio = combustione autoalimentata ed
incontrollata di materiali combustibili.
• Carattere estensivo (diffusione nello spazio):
1. wildfire
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1. wildfire
2. urbanfire
3. all’esterno di un edificio
4. all’interno di un interno
• Carattere intensivo (andamento nel tempo).
• Natura accidentale.
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CARATTERE ESTENSIVO
Diffusione nello spazio
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1. WILDFIRE
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2. URBANFIRE
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The Great Fire of London Sunday, 2 September
to Wednesday, 5 September 1666.
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The Great Fire of the City of New York,
16 December 1835
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The Great Fire of Chicago, October 7-10, 1871
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3. ALL’ESTERNO DI UN EDIFICIO
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4. ALL’INTERNO DI UN EDIFICIO
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ANTINCENDIO

NUMERICAL
MODELING
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ANTINCENDIO

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CARATTERE INTENSIVO
Andamento temporale
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ANTINCENDIO

ISO 13387: Example of Design Fire
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ANTINCENDIO

www.francobontempi.
orgEVOLUZIONE NEL TEMPO DELLA
POTENZA TERMICA
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ANTINCENDIO

Summary of periods of typical fire development
Incipient
period
Growth period Burning period Decay period
Fire
Behavior
Heating
of fuel
Fuel controlled burning Ventilation controlled
burning
Fuel controlled
burning
Human
behavior
Prevent
ignition
Extinguish by hand,
escape
Death
T
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behavior ignition escape
Detection Smoke
detectors
Smoke detectors, heat
detectors
External smoke and flame
Active
control
Prevent
ignition
Extinguish by sprinklers
or fire fighters; control
of smoke
Control by fire-fighters
Passive
control
- Select materials with
resistance to flame
spread
Provide fire resistance;
contain fire, prevent collapse
timeBuchanan, 20023/22/2011 52
ANTINCENDIO

flashover
TemperaturaT(t)
flashover
TemperaturaT(t)
FIRE MODEL
HEAT TRANSFER
MODEL
Fire thermal exposure
Curva naturale d’incendio
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STRATEGIE
ATTIVE
(approccio
sistemico)
STRATEGIE
PASSIVE
(approccio
strutturale)
Tempo t
andamento di T(t) a
seguito del successo
delle strategie attive
STRATEGIE
ATTIVE
(approccio
sistemico)
STRATEGIE
PASSIVE
(approccio
strutturale)
Tempo t
andamento di T(t) a
seguito del successo
delle strategie attive
MODEL
STRUCTURAL
MODEL
Thermal gradients
Load capacity
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ANTINCENDIO

F
L
A
passive
Create fire
active
Detection measures
prevention protection robustness
Limit ignition Prevent the
Fire Safety Strategies
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A
S
H
O
V
E
R
Create fire
compartments
Prevent damage
in the elements
Prevent loss of
functionality in
the building
Detection measures
(smoke, heat, flame
detectors)
Suppression
measures (sprinklers,
fire extinguisher,
standpipes, firemen)
Smoke and heat
evacuation system
Limit ignition
sources
Limit hazardous
human behavior
Emergency
procedure and
evacuation
Prevent the
propagation
of collapse,
once local
damages
occurred (e.g.
redundancy)
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ANTINCENDIO

Fire Safety Strategies
active
protection no failures
doesn’t
trigger
Y
N
Y
extinguishes
triggers
prevention
1 42 3
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protection
passive
protection
no failures
N
spreads
damages
Y
N
robustness
no collapse
collapse
Y
N
triggers
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ANTINCENDIO

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CARATTERE ACCIDENTALE
Evento
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ANTINCENDIO

DOI:10.3267/HE2008
Situazioni HPLC
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DOI:10.3267/HE2008
High Probability Low Consequences
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ANTINCENDIO

LPHC events www.francobontempi.
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ANTINCENDIO

HPLC
High probability
Low Consequences
LPHC
Low Probability
High
Consequences
release of energy SMALL LARGE
numbers of breakdown SMALL LARGE
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people involved FEW MANY
nonlinearity WEAK STRONG
interactions WEAK STRONG
uncertainty WEAK STRONG
decomposability HIGH LOW
course predictability HIGH LOW
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ANTINCENDIO

LINEAR interactions NONLINEAR
couplingsTIGHT
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Perrow
LOOSEcouplings
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ANTINCENDIO

TIGHT
COUPLING
INTERACTIONS
NON LINEAR
BEHAVIOR
LINEAR
TIGHT
COUPLING
INTERACTIONS
NON LINEAR
BEHAVIOR
LINEAR
Complexity
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LOW
AMBIGUITY
UNCERTAINTY
HIGH
INTERACTIONS
CONNECTIONS
LOOSE LOW
AMBIGUITY
UNCERTAINTY
HIGH
INTERACTIONS
CONNECTIONS
LOOSE

3300183 183777 627
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HANGERS
TOWERS
MAIN CABLES
GEOMETRIC NONLINEARITY
Nonlinearity
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+77.00 m+54.00
+118.00
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CONTROL DEVICES
SOIL BEHAVIOR
MATERIAL NONLINEARITY
SOIL/STRUCTURE INTERFACE CONTACT

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GEOMETRY AND MATERIAL
Uncertainty
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STRUCTURAL MODEL
LOADING SYSTEM

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TRAFFIC – STRUCTURE
Interactions
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WIND - STRUCTURE
SOIL - STRUCTURE
GLOBAL/LOCAL STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR

DOI:10.3267/HE2008 Approcci di analisi
HPLC
Eventi Frequenti con
Conseguenze Limitate
LPHC
Eventi Rari con
Conseguenze Elevate
Impostazione
del problema:
Deterministico
ANALISI
QUALITATIVA
ANALISI
PRAGMATICA
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DOI:10.3267/HE2008
Complessità:
Aspetti non lineari e
Meccanismi di interazioni
Deterministico
Stocastico
QUALITATIVA
DETERMINISTICA
ANALISI
QUANTITATIVA
PROBABILISTICA
PRAGMATICA
CON SCENARI
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ANTINCENDIO

Scenari (D.M. 14 settembre 2005)
Il Progettista, a seguito della classificazione e della caratterizzazione delle azioni,
deve individuare le possibili situazioni contingenti in cui le azioni possono
cimentare l’opera stessa. A tal fine, è definito:
• lo scenario: un insieme organizzato e realistico di situazioni in cui l’opera
potrà trovarsi durante la vita utile di progetto;
• lo scenario di carico: un insieme organizzato e realistico di azioni che
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• lo scenario di carico: un insieme organizzato e realistico di azioni che
cimentano la struttura;
• lo scenario di contingenza: l’identificazione di uno stato plausibile e
coerente per l’opera, in cui un insieme di azioni (scenario di carico) è
applicato su una configurazione strutturale.
Per ciascuno stato limite considerato devono essere individuati scenari di carico
(ovvero insiemi organizzati e coerenti nello spazio e nel tempo di azioni) che
rappresentino le combinazioni delle azioni realisticamente possibili e
verosimilmente più restrittive.
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ANTINCENDIO

Overview of scenario analysis
Determine geometry,
construction and
use of the building
Establish maximum likely
fuel loads
Estimate maximum likely
number of occupants
and their locations
Establish
performance
requirements
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and their locations
Assume certain fire protection
features
Carry out fire engineering
analysis
Acceptable
performance
Accept
design
Modify fire
protection
features
No Yes
Buchanan,2002
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ANTINCENDIO

ISO 13387: Example of Event Tree
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ANTINCENDIO

CONTROLLING FIRE SPREAD
• The larger a fire, the greater its destructive
potential.
• The control of fire movement, or fire spread, is
discussed in four categories:
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discussed in four categories:
1. within the room of origin;
2. to other rooms on the same level;
3. to other storey of the same building;
4. to other buildings.
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ISO 13387: Examples of Fire Spread Routes
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ANTINCENDIO

Fire spread within the room of origin
• Fire spread within the room of origin depends largely on
heat release rate of the initially burning object.
• Vertical and horizontal fire spread will be greatly
increased if the room is lined with combustible materials
susceptible to rapid flame spread on the walls and
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susceptible to rapid flame spread on the walls and
especially on the ceilings.
• The properties of interest are ignitability, flame spread
and the amount of smoke produced; these are often
called early fire hazard properties or reaction to fire
properties; these properties can be improved with the
use of special paints or pressure treatment.
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ANTINCENDIO

Fire spread to adjacent rooms (1)
• Spread of fire and smoke to adjacent rooms is a major
contributor to fire deaths. Fire and smoke movement depends
vey much on the geometry of the building. If doors are open,
they can provide a path for smoke and toxic combustion
products to travel from the upper layer of the fire room into the
next room or corridor.
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next room or corridor.
• Keeping doors closed is essential to preventing fire spread from
room to room. Doors through fire barrier must be able to
maintain the containment function of the barrier through which
they pass, whether for smoke control or fire resistance.
• Door closing devices which operate automatically when a fire is
detected are very effective for greatly increasing fire safety.
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ANTINCENDIO

Fire spread to adjacent rooms (2)
• Concealed spaces are one of the most dangerous paths for the
spread f fire and smoke. Concealed cavities are a particular
problem in old buildings, especially if a number of new ceilings
or partitions have been added over the years.
• Fire can also spread to adjacent rooms by penetrating the
surrounding walls. Fire resisting walls must extend through
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surrounding walls. Fire resisting walls must extend through
suspended ceilings to the floor or roof above so that the fire
does not spread by traveling through concealed space above
the wall.
• The wall can be extended above the roof line to form a parapet,
or the roof can be fire-rated for some distance either side of the
top of the wall.
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ANTINCENDIO

Fire spread to others storey (1)
• Vertical shafts and stairways must be fire-stopped or separated
from the occupied space at each level to avoid producing a path
for spread of fire and smoke from floor to floor. A particularly
dangerous situation can arise if there are interconnected
horizontal and vertical concealed spaces, within the building or
on the façade.
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on the façade.
• This is particularly important of curtain-wall construction where
the exterior panels are not part of the structure. Careful
detailing and installation is necessary to ensure that the entire
gap is sealed, especially at corners and junctions, to eliminate
any possible path for fire spread.
• Gaps such as these between structural and non-structural
elements are often filed with non-rigid fire-stopping materials
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ANTINCENDIO

Fire spread to others storey (2)
• Vertical fire spread can also occur outside the building
envelope, via combustible cladding materials or exterior
windows.
• Vertical spread of fire from window is a major hazard in multi-
story buildings. This hazard can be partly controlled by keeping
windows small and well separated, and by using horizontal
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windows small and well separated, and by using horizontal
aprons which project above windows openings.
• Flames from small narrow windows tend to project further
away from the wall of the building than flames from long wide
windows, leading to lower probability of storey fire spread.
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ANTINCENDIO

Fire spread to other buildings
• Fire can spread from a burning building to adjacent buildings by
flame contact, by radiation from windows, or by flaming brands.
• Fire spread can be prevented by providing a fire-resisting barrier
or by providing sufficient separation distances. If there are
openings in the external wall, the probability of fire spread
depends greatly on the distances between the buildings and the
size of the openings. It depends also on relative buildings
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size of the openings. It depends also on relative buildings
heights.
• Collapse of exterior walls can be a major hazard for fire-fighters
and bystanders, and can lead to further spread of fire to
adjacent buildings.
• Fire spread by flame contact is only possible if the buildings are
quite close together, whereas fire spread by radiation can occur
over many meters. Fire can also travel large distances between
buildings if combustible vegetation is present.3/22/2011 76
ANTINCENDIO

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IMPOSTAZIONE DELLA SICUREZZA
Rischio
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ANTINCENDIO

RISK CONCERNwww.francobontempi.org
RISK
RISCHIO
HAZARD
PERICOLO
EXPOSURE
ESPOSIZIONE
SYSTEM
SISTEMA
(walking person
pedone)
(hole
tombino)
cause
causa
78
VULNERABILITY
VULNERABLITA'
CONSEQUENCES
CONSEGUENZE
ENVIRONMENT
AMBIENTE
(sidewalk
marciapiede)
(path
percorso)
(distraction
distrazione)
June 2011 78www.francobontempi.org
effect
effetto

Risk treatment
Option 1 :
RISK
AVOIDANCE
START
No
Yes
100 %
50 %
50 %
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Option 2 :
RISK
REDUCTION
Option 3 :
RISK
TRANSFER
Option 4 :
RISK
ACCEPTANCE
STOP
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
30 %
20 %
25 %
5 %
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ANTINCENDIO

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Option 1 – Risk avoidance, which usually means not proceeding to
continue with the system; this is not always a feasible
option, but may be the only course of action if the
hazard or their probability of occurrence or both are
particularly serious;
Option 2 – Risk reduction, either through (a) reducing the
probability of occurrence of some events, or (b) through
reduction in the severity of the consequences, such as
downsizing the system, or (c) putting in place control
measures;
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measures;
Option 3 – Risk transfer, where insurance or other financial
mechanisms can be put in place to share or completely
transfer the financial risk to other parties; this is not a
feasible option where the primary consequences are not
financial;
Option 4 – Risk acceptance, even when it exceeds the criteria, but
perhaps only for a limited time until other measures can
be taken.
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ANTINCENDIO

Risk Analysis, Assessment,
Management (IEC 1995)
,2002
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Luur,2002
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ANTINCENDIO

Quantitative Risk Analysis
,2002
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Luur,2002
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ANTINCENDIO

Risk-based decision making
DEFINE CONTEXT
(social, individual,
political, organizational,
technological)
DEFINE SYSTEM
(the system is usually decomposed into a
number of smaller subsystems and/or
components)
HAZARD SCENARIO ANALYSIS
(what can go wrong?
how can it happen?
waht controls exist?)
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ESTIMATE
PROBABILITIES
(of occurrences)
ESTIMATE
CONSEQUENCES
(magnitude)
DEFINE
RISK SCENARIOS
RISK ASSESSMENT
(compare risks
against criteria)
RISK TREATMENT
option 1 - avoidance
option 2 - reduction
option 3 - transfer
option 4 - acceptance
SENSITIVITY
ANALYSIS
MONITOR
AND
REVIEW
Stewart&Melchers,1997
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ANTINCENDIO

RISK CONCERNS
DEFINE CONTEXT
technological)
RSK ANALYSIS
(for the system are defined organization,
scenarios, and consequences of
occurences) RISK
MANAGEMENT
RISK
ANALYSIS
RISK
ASSESSMENT
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RISK ASSESSMENT
(compare risks
against criteria)
RISK TREATMENT
option 3 - transfer
MONITOR
AND
REVIEW
ASSESSMENT
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ANTINCENDIO

RISK CONCERNS
DEFINE CONTEXT
technological)
RSK ANALYSIS
occurences) RISK
MANAGEMENT
RISK
ANALYSIS
RISK
ASSESSMENT
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RISK ASSESSMENT
(compare risks
against criteria)
RISK TREATMENT
option 3 - transfer
MONITOR
AND
REVIEW
ASSESSMENT
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ANTINCENDIO

RISK CONCERNS
DEFINE CONTEXT
technological)
RSK ANALYSIS
occurences) RISK
MANAGEMENT
RISK
ANALYSIS
RISK
ASSESSMENT
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RISK ASSESSMENT
(compare risks
against criteria)
RISK TREATMENT
option 3 - transfer
MONITOR
AND
REVIEW
ASSESSMENT
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ANTINCENDIO

RISK CONCERNS
DEFINE CONTEXT
technological)
RSK ANALYSIS
occurences) RISK
MANAGEMENT
RISK
ANALYSIS
RISK
ASSESSMENT
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RISK ASSESSMENT
(compare risks
against criteria)
RISK TREATMENT
option 3 - transfer
MONITOR
AND
REVIEW
ASSESSMENT
3/22/2011 87
ANTINCENDIO

RISK CONCERNS
DEFINE CONTEXT
technological)
RSK ANALYSIS
occurences) RISK
MANAGEMENT
RISK
ANALYSIS
RISK
ASSESSMENT
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RISK ASSESSMENT
(compare risks
against criteria)
RISK TREATMENT
option 3 - transfer
MONITOR
AND
REVIEW
ASSESSMENT
3/22/2011 88
ANTINCENDIO

RISK CONCERNS
DEFINE CONTEXT
technological)
RSK ANALYSIS
occurences) RISK
MANAGEMENT
RISK
ANALYSIS
RISK
ASSESSMENT
www.francobontempi.
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89
RISK ASSESSMENT
(compare risks
against criteria)
RISK TREATMENT
option 3 - transfer
MONITOR
AND
REVIEW
ASSESSMENT
3/22/2011 89
ANTINCENDIO

RISK CONCERNS
DEFINE CONTEXT
technological)
RSK ANALYSIS
occurences) RISK
MANAGEMENT
RISK
ANALYSIS
RISK
ASSESSMENT
www.francobontempi.
org
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90
RISK ASSESSMENT
(compare risks
against criteria)
RISK TREATMENT
option 3 - transfer
MONITOR
AND
REVIEW
ASSESSMENT
3/22/2011 90
ANTINCENDIO

RISK CONCERNS
DEFINE CONTEXT
technological)
RSK ANALYSIS
occurences) RISK
MANAGEMENT
RISK
ANALYSIS
RISK
ASSESSMENT
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91
RISK ASSESSMENT
(compare risks
against criteria)
RISK TREATMENT
option 3 - transfer
MONITOR
AND
REVIEW
ASSESSMENT
3/22/2011 91
ANTINCENDIO

www.francobontempi.
org
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ANTINCENDIO

Scenarios
DEFINE SYSTEM
(the system is usually decomposed into
a number of smaller subsystems and/or
components)
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(what can go wrong?
how can it happen?
ESTIMATE
CONSEQUENCES
(magnitude)
ESTIMATE
PROBABILITIES
(of occurrences)
DEFINE
RISK SCENARIOS
SENSITIVITY
ANALYSIS
RISK
ANALYSIS
FIRE
EVENT3/22/2011 93
ANTINCENDIO

Simulations
DEFINE SYSTEM
(the system is usually decomposed into
a number of smaller subsystems and/or
components)
(what can go wrong?
how can it happen?
waht controls exist?) RISK
NUMERICAL
MODELING
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ESTIMATE
CONSEQUENCES
(magnitude)
ESTIMATE
PROBABILITIES
(of occurrences)
DEFINE
RISK SCENARIOS
SENSITIVITY
ANALYSIS
RISK
ANALYSIS
3/22/2011 94
ANTINCENDIO

Fire safety concepts tree (NFPA)
1
2
3
4
Buchanan,2002
Strategie per
la gestione
dell'incendio
1
Prevenzione
2
Gestione
dell'evento
3
Gestione
dell'incendio
4
Gestione delle
persone e
dei beni
15
Difesa sul posto
16
Spostamento
17
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5
6
7
8
9
Buchanan,2002
Disposibilità
delle vie
di fuga
18
Far avvenire
il deflusso
19
Controllo
della quantità
di
combustibile
5
Soppressione
dell'incendio
10
Controllo
dell'incendio
attraverso il
progetto
13
Automatica
11
Manuale
12
Controllo dei
materiali
presenti
6
Controllo
del movimento
dell'incendio
7
Resistenza e
stabilità
strutturale
14
Contenimento
9
Ventilazione
8
3/22/2011 95
ANTINCENDIO

Fire safety concepts tree (NFPA)
Buchanan,2002
1
2
3
4
Strategie per
la gestione
dell'incendio
1
Prevenzione
2
Gestione
dell'evento
3
Gestione
dell'incendio
4
Gestione delle
persone e
dei beni
15
Difesa sul posto
16
Spostamento
17
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96
Buchanan,2002
5
6
7
8
9
Disposibilità
delle vie
di fuga
18
Far avvenire
il deflusso
19
Controllo
della quantità
di
combustibile
5
Soppressione
dell'incendio
10
Controllo
dell'incendio
attraverso il
progetto
13
Automatica
11
Manuale
12
Controllo dei
materiali
presenti
6
Controllo
del movimento
dell'incendio
7
Resistenza e
stabilità
strutturale
14
Contenimento
9
Ventilazione
8
3/22/2011 96
ANTINCENDIO

FIRE SAFETY CONCEPTS TREE (NFPA)
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Line 2
• La gestione dell’incendio non è necessaria se si previene l’ignizione.
• Può essere solo ridotta la probabilità che avvenga l’ignizione.
• Gli incendi dolosi è difficile da prevedere dal progettista
3/22/2011 97
ANTINCENDIO

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Line 4
Exposed persons and property can be managed by moving them from the building or
by defending them in place; in order for people to move, the fire must be detected,
the people must be notified, and there must be a suitable safe path for movement.
3/22/2011 98
ANTINCENDIO

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Line 6
• There are three options for managing a fire; in the first case the fuel source can be
controlled, by limiting the amount of fuel or the geometry; the second options is to
suppress the fire; the third is to control the fire by construction.
• Control fire by construction it is necessary to both control the movement of the fire
and provide the structural stability.
3/22/2011 99
ANTINCENDIO

Line 9 - The two strategies for controlling fire movement are:
a) fire venting: venting can be by an active system of mechanically operated vents, or a passive
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a) fire venting: venting can be by an active system of mechanically operated vents, or a passive
system that relies on the melting of plastic skylights; in either case, the increased ventilation
may increase the local severity of the fire, but fire spread within the building and the overall
thermal impact on the structure will be reduced;
b) containment of a fire to prevent spread is the principal tool of passive fire protection;
preventing fire growing to a large size is ne of the most important components of a fire safety
strategy; radiant spread of the fire to neighboring buildings must also be prevented, by limiting
the size of openings in exterior walls;
Smoke containment can also controlled by venting or containment; pressurizations and smoke
barriers can also used.
3/22/2011 100
ANTINCENDIO

Fire safety concepts tree (NFPA) (1)
• Line 4 – exposed persons and property can be managed by
moving them from the building or by defending them in place;
in order for people to move, the fire must be detected, the
people must be notified, and there must be a suitable safe
path for movement.
Buchanan,2002
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101
path for movement.
• Line 6 – there are three options for managing a fire; in the
first case the fuel source ca be controlled, by limiting the
amount of fuel or the geometry; the second options is to
suppress the fire; the third is to control the fire by
construction.
• Control fire by construction it is necessary to both control the
movement of the fire and provide the structural stability.
Buchanan,2002
3/22/2011 101
ANTINCENDIO

Fire safety concepts tree (NFPA) (2)
• Line 9 - the two strategies for controlling fire movement are:
a) fire venting: venting can be by an active system of
mechanically operated vents, or a passive system that relies
on the meltig of plastic skylights; in either case, the increased
ventilation may increase the local severity of the fire, but fire
spread within the building and the overall thermal impact on
the structure will be reduced;
Buchanan,2002
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102
the structure will be reduced;
b) containment of a fire to prevent spread is the principal tool
of passive fire protection; preventing fire growing to a large
size is ne of the most important components of a fire safety
strategy; radiant spread of the fire to nighbouring buildings
must also be prevented, by limiting the size of openings in
exterior walls;
Smoke containment can also controlled by venting or
containment; pressurizations and smoke barriers can also
used.
Buchanan,2002
3/22/2011 102
ANTINCENDIO

Design Process - ISO 13387
A. Design constraints and possibilities
(blue),
B. Action definition and development
(red),
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(red),
C. Passive system and active response
(yellow),
D. Safety and performance
(purple).
1033/22/2011
ANTINCENDIO

SS0a
PRESCRIBED
DESIGN
PARAMETERS
SS0b
ESTIMATED
DESIGN
PARAMETERS
SS1
initiation and
development
of fire and
fire efluent
SS2
movement of
SS5
life safety:
occupant behavior,
location and
condition
SS6
property
loss
SS7
business
(0)
DESIGN
CONSTRAINTS
AND
POSSIBILITIES
(1+2)
ACTION
DEFINITION
AND
DEVELOPMENT
BUSOFINFORMATION
DESIGN
ACTION
SAFETY&PERFORMANCE
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movement of
fire effluent
SS3
structural response
and fire spread
beyond enclosure
of origin
SS4
detection,
activitation and
suppression
business
interruption
SS8
contamination
of
environment
SS9
destruction
of
heritage
(3+4)
SYSTEM
PASSIVE
AND ACTIVE
RESPONSE
BUSOFINFORMATION
RESULTS
RESPONSE
SAFETY&PERFORMANCE
3/22/2011 104
ANTINCENDIO

STRUCTURAL
CONCEPTION
STRUCTURAL
TOPOLOGY
&
GEOMETRY
threats
No
Yes
threats
STRUCTURAL
MATERIAL
& PARTS
No
Yespassive
structural
characteristics
threats
No
Yes
STRUCTURAL STRUCTURAL
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FIRE DETECTION
& SUPPRESSION
active
structural
characteristics
threats
ORGANIZATION &
FIREFIGHTERS
No
Yes
threats
MAINTENANCE
& USE
No
Yes
threats
No
alive
structural
characteristics
Yes
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM
CHARACTERISTICS
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM
WEAKNESS
3/22/2011 105
ANTINCENDIO

STRUCTURAL
CONCEPTION
STRUCTURAL
TOPOLOGY
&
GEOMETRY
threats
No
Yes
STRUCTURAL
CONCEPTION
STRUCTURAL
TOPOLOGY
&
GEOMETRY
threats
No
Yes
threats
STRUCTURAL
MATERIAL
& PARTS
No
Yespassive
structural
characteristics
threats
FIRE DETECTION
& SUPPRESSION
No
Yes
active
structural
characteristics
threats
ORGANIZATION &
FIREFIGHTERS
No
Yes
threats
MAINTENANCE
& USE
No
Yes
threats
No
alive
structural
characteristics
Yes
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GEOMETRY
threats
STRUCTURAL
MATERIAL
& PARTS
No
Yespassive
structural
characteristics
threats
No
Yes
3/22/2011 106
ANTINCENDIO

FIRE DETECTION
& SUPPRESSION
No
active
structural
characteristics
threats
ORGANIZATION &
FIREFIGHTERS
No
Yes
threats
Yes
STRUCTURAL
CONCEPTION
STRUCTURAL
TOPOLOGY
&
GEOMETRY
threats
No
Yes
threats
STRUCTURAL
MATERIAL
& PARTS
No
Yespassive
structural
characteristics
threats
FIRE DETECTION
& SUPPRESSION
No
Yes
active
structural
characteristics
threats
ORGANIZATION &
FIREFIGHTERS
No
Yes
threats
MAINTENANCE
& USE
No
Yes
threats
No
alive
structural
characteristics
Yes
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threats
MAINTENANCE
& USE
No
threats
No
alive
structural
characteristics
Yes
3/22/2011 107
ANTINCENDIO

STRUCTURAL
CONCEPTION
STRUCTURAL
TOPOLOGY
&
GEOMETRY
STRUCTURAL
MATERIAL
& PARTS
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org
Str
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108
FIRE DETECTION
& SUPPRESSION
ORGANIZATION &
FIREFIGHTERS
MAINTENANCE
& USE
CRISIS
3/22/2011 108
ANTINCENDIO

HAZARD
HOLES DUE TO
ACTIVE ERRORS
FAILURE PATH www.francobontempi.
org
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IN-DEPTH
DEFENCE
HOLES DUE TO
HIDDEN ERRORS
3/22/2011 109
ANTINCENDIO

Causes of system failure
100%
%offailure
Unknown phenomena
Research level Design code level
BB B
C
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Time
%offailure
Known phenomena
past present future
A
BB B
Humanerrors
3/22/2011 110
ANTINCENDIO

Str
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111
111

StroNGER S.r.l.
Research Spin-off for Structures of the Next Generation
Energy Harvesting and Resilience
Rome – Athens – Milan – Nice Cote Azur
Str
112
Sede operativa: Via Giacomo Peroni 442-444, Tecnopolo Tiburtino,
00131 Roma (ITALY) – info@stronger2012.com
o N
GER

PSA Caratteristiche fondamentali azione incendio

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