This document discusses the definition and history of literature. It defines literature as anything printed related to human ideas and feelings, whether factual or imaginary. True literature is described as expressing human emotions and being timeless. The document then discusses various elements, genres, forms and figures of literature such as fiction, poetry, prose, and authors. It provides examples and defines terms. It concludes with a brief overview of the history of literature from ancient civilizations to modern times and the development of written language systems.

1. LITERATURE

2. LITERATURE
The word literature is derived from the Latin
term litera (“literae” plural) which means
letter.
For Webster, literature is anything that is
printed, as long as it is related to the ideas and
feelings of people, whether it is true, or just a
product of one’s imagination.

3. LITERATURE
In PANITIKING PILIPINO written by
Atienza, Ramos, Salazar and Nazal, it says
that “true literature is a piece of written
work which is undying. It expresses the
feelings and emotions of people in response
to his everyday efforts to live, to be happy in
his environment and, after struggles, to
reach his Creator.”

4. QUALITIES OF GREAT LITERATURE
1. Artistry- the quality that appeals our sense of
beauty.
2. Intellectual value- the quality that enriches our
mental life by making us realize the fundamental
truth about life and human nature.
3. Suggestiveness- this is the quality associated with
emotional power of literature.
4. Spiritual value- literature elevates the spirit by
bringing out moral values which make us better
person.

5. QUALITIES OF GREAT LITERATURE
5. Permanence- a great work of literature
endures.
6. Style- this is the peculiar way in which writer
sees life, form his ideas and express them.

6. QUESTION 1
Give one element
of literature.

7. ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE
1. Subject of literature- any work of literature is
about something, and for this reason it has
subject.
2. Forms of literature- a form is a verbal and
artistic structuring of ideas, like the sonnet which
contain fourteen lines of iambic
pentameter, others are stanza and rhyme.
3. Point of view of literature- the point of view is
taken to mean the angle of vision of the narrator.

8. TYPES OF LITERATURE
1. Oral literature- literature handed down
from generation by word of mouth.
Examples are riddle, folk song, tales, epics,
ballad, etc.
2. Written literature- hand written, recorded
or printed. Examples are novels, short
stories. Etc.

9. QUESTION 2
It is the one of the
category of literature that
is an imaginative form.

10. FORMS OF LITERATURE
1. Fiction- a literary work based of
imagination.
2. Non-fiction- a literary work that is true.

11. QUESTION 3
A literary figure who
offers a value of
judgment or an
interpretation.

12. LITERARY FIGURES
1. Authors originate or initiate something
2. Critics’ person who offers a value judgment
or an interpretation.
3. Dramatist an author of dramatic
compositions
4. Essayist who writes compositions which
can be about any particular subject.
5. Journalist is a person who practices
journalism.

13. 6. Novelist writer of a novel
7. Poets are authors of poems
LITERARY FIGURES

14. QUESTION 4
History is not
not part of literature.

15. HISTORY AND LITERATURE
Literature and history are closely interrelated.
History can also be written and this too, is
literature. Events that can be written down are
part of true literature. Literature, therefore, is
part of history.

16. LITERARY COMPOSITIONS THAT HAVE INFLUENCED
THE WORLD.
1. The Bible or the Sacred Writings
2. Koran
3. The Iliad and the Odyssey
4. The Mahab-harata
5. Canterbury Tales
6. Uncle Tom’s Cabin

17. LITERARY COMPOSITIONS THAT HAVE INFLUENCED THE
WORLD.
7. The Divine Comedy
8. El Cid Campeador
9. The Song of Roland
10. The Book of the Dead
11. The Book of the Days
12. One Thousand and One Nights or The
Arabian Nights

18. QUESTION 5
A genre of literature that does not
adhere to any particular formal
structure not totally rhyming.

19. GENRES(DIVISIONS) OF LITERATURE
A.Prose - writing that does not adhere to any
particular formal structure not totally
rhyming.
1) Novels. A long narrative divided into
chapters and events are taken from true-to-
life stories.
Example: WITHOUT SEEING THE DAWN
by Stevan Javellana

20. TYPES OF PROSE
2) Short story. This is a narrative involving one
or more characters, one plot and one single
impression. Example: HOW MY
BROTHER LEON BROUGHT HOME A
WIFE by Manuel Arguilla
3) Plays. This is presented on a stage, is
divided into acts and each act has many
scenes. Example:THIRTEEN PLAYS by
Wilfredo M. Guerrero

21. 4) Legends. These are fictitious
narratives, usually about origins. Example:THE
BIKOL LEGEND by Pio Duran
5) Fables. These are also fictitious and they deal
with animals and inanimate things who speak
and act like people and their purpose is to
enlighten the minds of children to events that
can mold their ways and attitudes.
Example:THE MONKEY AND THE TURTLE
TYPES OF PROSETYPES OF PROSE

22. 6) Anecdotes. These are merely products of the
writer’s imagination and the main aim is to bring out
lessons to the reader. Example: THE MOTH AND
THE LAMP
7) Essay. This expresses the viewpoint or opinion of
the writer about a particular problem or event. The
best example of this is the Editorial page of a
newspaper.
TYPES OF PROSE

23. 8) Biography. This deals with the life of a
person which may be about himself, his
autobiography or that of others. Example:
CAYETANO ARELLANO by Socorro O.
Albert
9) News. This is a report of everyday events in
society, government, science and industry,
and accidents, happening nationally or not.
TYPES OF PROSE

24. 10)Oration. This is a formal treatment of a
subject and is intended to be spoken in
public.
TYPES OF PROSE

25. QUESTION 6
A genre of literature which refers
to those expressions in verse with
measure and rhyme, line and
stanza and has more melodious
tone.

26. GENRES(DIVISIONS) OF LITERATURE
B. POETRY A genre of literature which refers to
those expressions in verse with measure and
rhyme, line and stanza and has more melodious
tone.
Elements of Poetry
1. Sound- poems use rhyme, rhythm, and
repetition to create sound effects.
 Rhyme is the regular recurrence of similar
sounds usually at the end of lines.

27. POETRY
The lone dog
Irene Rutherford McLeod
I’m a lean dog, a keen dog, a wild dog and lone;
I’m a rough dog, a tough dog, hunting on my own;
I’m a bad dog, a mad dog, teasing silly sheep;
I love to sit and bay the moon to keep fat souls
from sleep.

28. QUESTION 7
It is the pattern of
stressed and unstressed
syllables in a poem.

29.  Rhythm is the pattern of stressed and
unstressed syllables in a poem.
ALONG CAME the DOCtor!
ALONG CAME the NURSE!
ALONG CAME the LAdy!
With BIG FAT PURSE!
POETRY

30. POETRY
 Repetition is the repeated use of a sound, word,
phrase, sentence, rhythmical pattern or grammatical
pattern.
• Alliteration is the repetition of initial consonant
sounds.
Example: over the cobbles, he cluttered and clashed in
the dark inn yard.
• Consonance is the repetition of internal consonants
sounds
Example: the spotted kitten slept quietly on matted fur.

31. POETRY
• Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds.
Example: young fuzzy puppy.
• Meter refers to words with regular rhythm.
Example: the sun is shining brightly now.
• Parallelism is the repetition of grammatical pattern.
Example: through the door and up the stairs.
• Onomatopoeia words that sound like what they
mean.
Example: crunch, chirp, roar, etc.

32. 2. Shape- poets often play with the shapes of
words on page to suggest meaning.
POETRY

33. POETRY
3. Image/imagery is the use of concrete words
or details that appeal to the senses of light,
sound, touch, smell, taste or to internal feelings.
Simile Metaphor Personification
Apostrophe Allusion Rhetorical question
Irony Synecdoche Metonymy
Hyperbole

34. TYPES OF POETRY
A. Narrative Poetry. This form describes important
events in life either real or imaginary.
The different varieties are:
1. Epic. This is an extended narrative about heroic
exploits often under supernatural control.
Example: THE HARVEST SONG OF ALIGUYON
translated in English by Amador T. Daguio

35. TYPES OF POETRY
2. Metrical Tale. This is a narrative which is written
in verse and can be classified either as a ballad or a
metrical romance. Examples: BAYANI NG BUKID
by Al Perez

36. QUESTION 8
A narrative poetry that is
the shortest and simplest.

37. 3. Ballads. Of the narrative poems, this is
considered the shortest and simplest. It has a
simple structure and tells of a single incident.
TYPES OF POETRY

38. TYPES OF POETRY
B. Lyric Poetry. Originally, this refers to that kind of
poetry meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a
lyre, but now, this applies to any type of poetry that
expresses emotions and feelings of the poet.
1. Folksongs (Awiting Bayan). These are short
poems intended to be sung. The common theme is
love, despair, grief, doubt, joy, hope and sorrow.
Example: CHIT-CHIRIT-CHIT

39. QUESTION 9
This is a lyrical poem of
14 lines dealing with an
emotion, a feeling, or an
idea.

40. TYPES OF POETRY
2. Sonnets. This is a lyric poem of 14 lines dealing with
an emotion, a feeling, or an idea.
These are two types: the Italian and the Shakespearean.
3. Elegy. This is a lyric poem which expresses feelings
of grief and melancholy, and whose theme is death.
Example: O Captain! My Captain!
by Walt Whitman
Sonnet CXVI
Let me not to the marriage of true minds
Admit impediments. Love is not love
Which alters when it alteration finds,
Or bends with the remover to remove:
O no! it is an ever-fixed mark
That looks on tempests and is never shaken;
It is the star to every wandering bark,
Whose worth's unknown, although his height be taken.
Love's not Time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks
Within his bending sickle's compass come:
Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks,
But bears it out even to the edge of doom.
If this be error and upon me proved,
I never writ, nor no man ever loved.

41. TYPES OF POETRY
4. Ode. This is a poem of a noble feeling, expressed
with dignity, with no definite number of syllables or
definite number of lines in a stanza.
5. Psalms (Dalit). This is a song praising God or the
Virgin Mary and containing a philosophy of life.
6. Awit (Song). These have measures of twelve
syllables (dodecasyllabic) and slowly sung to the
accompaniment of a guitar or banduria.
Example: FLORANTE AT LAURA by Franciso
Balagtas

42. TYPES OF POETRY
7. Corridos (Kuridos). These have measures of
eight syllables (octosyllabic) and recited to a martial
beat.
Example: IBONG ADARNA

43. QUESTION 10
It comes from the Greek
term “komos” meaning
festivity or revelry.

44. TYPES OF POETRY
C. Dramatic Poetry
1. Comedy. The word comedy comes from the
Greek term “komos” meaning festivity or revelry.
This form usually is light and written with the
purpose of amusing, and usually has a happy
ending.

45. 2. Melodrama. This is usually used in musical plays
with the opera.
3. Tragedy. This involves the hero struggling mightily
against dynamic forces.
4. Farce. This is an exaggerated comedy.
5. Social Poems. This form is either purely comic or
tragic and it pictures the life of today. It may aim to
bring about changes in the social conditions.
TYPES OF POETRY

46. HISTORY OF LITERATURE
Before 500 B.C., there was almost no written literature.
Clay tablets, clay and stone were the
first mediums of the writing arts.
Bronze Age Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
Written literature begins.
The mediums of papyrus and paints
and inks made writing easier which
came into more common use after
the fifth century B.C.

47. The Epic of Gilgamesh is one of the earliest known
literary works. This Babylonian epic poem
arises from stories in the Sumerian language. It
was most likely composed around 1900 BC.
The epic deals with themes of heroism,
friendship, loss, and the quest for eternal life.
The Medieval literature is a broad subject,
encompassing essentially all written works
available in Europe and beyond during the
middle ages.
HISTORY OF LITERATURE

48. HISTORY OF LITERATURE
The Renaissance literature refers to the period in
European literature which began in Italy during
the 15th century and spread around Europe
through the 17th century.
Early Modern literature lasts roughly from 1550 to
1750, spanning the Baroque period and ending
with the Age of Enlightenment and the wars of
the French Revolution.

49. HISTORY OF LITERATURE
An Egyptian hieroglyph is a formal writing system
used by the ancient Egyptian
that contained a combination
of logographic and alphabetic
elements.

50. A logogram, or logograph, is a grapheme which
represents a word or a morpheme (the smallest
meaningful unit of language).
Grapheme is a fundamental unit in a written
language.
HISTORY OF LITERATURE
“sun” “house” “mountain”

51. HISTORY OF LITERATURE
Indian Literature – focuses entirely on religion which
includes ritual. Sanskrit literature begins with the Vedas,
dating back to 1500–1000 BCE, and continues with the
Sanskrit Epics of Iron Age India. The Vedas are among
the oldest sacred texts.
Chinese Literature- Chinese developed the origin of
modern paper making and woodblock printing,
produced one of the world's first print cultures.

52. HISTORY OF LITERATURE
Greek and Roman – focuses on political and social life.
Latin Literature – results of unconnected political
event.
Medieval European Literature - adoption of
Christianity as the official Roman religion.
French Literature -greatest literary manifestation of this
was lyric poetry.
American Literature – English language as used for
more popular works.

53. HISTORY OF LITERATURE
Philippine literature
• The first alphabet used by our ancestors was similar
to that of the Malayo-Polynesian alphabet.
• Types of literature present in pre-Spanish era
 EPICS
 FOLK SONGS
 EPIGRAMS (SALAWIKAIN).

54. END