1. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS IN PATNA
Weaknesses and Opportunities
A.N College, Patna, INDIA
Ashok Ghosh
A N Collège ,Patna

2. I CONTEXT
1) Solid waste management : a worldwide issue
MSW: an increase in the quantities produced
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
MSW global generation
2003 2013 2025
Number of urban
residents (billion)
MSW generation
(kg/capita/day)
MSW generation
(billion
tonnes/year)
Data from World Bank, 2013.
Differences in waste generation
around the world
Developed nations Developing
nations
World
population
22% 78%
Waste
production
44% 56%
MSWrate
(kg/capita/day)
1,5 to 4,5
(USA, New Zealand)
0 to 1,7
(China, India)
Waste
composition
20% biodegradable
++ paper, plastic,
metal
60%
biodegradable
Waste
collection rate
90 to 100% > 70 %
Open dumping 33 to 0 % 37 to 90 %
2

3. I CONTEXT 1,6 M inhabitants. A huge growth
2) Situation of MSWM in Patna
Patna
district
Source: http://mkalty.org/india-2/, 2014
in 60 years.
5th fastest growing city in India (t
Some MSW data…
 Generation
• 680 t/day and 1537 t/day by 2030 (ICT,
2010). 54% is MSW
• MSW generation 0.5 kg./capita/day.
• Composition : mainly compostable (45%)
and ash (35%).
 Collection
• Collection rate 65%
• Community bin system (biomedical, MSW
mixed up)
 Transportation
• Inadequate fleet of vehicles
• Manual handling, no transfer station
 Treatment
• Open dumping at Bairiya, under
No single municipality or local body has
complied with the guidelines stipulated by
MSW Rules, 2000.
(Kumar et al, 2008) 4
process to become a sanitary landfill

4. II COMMENTS
1) MSW stakeholders
Delhi
MoEF,
Central Pollution
Control Board
Bihar
State Environment Impact
Assessment Authority
Bihar State Pollution
Control Board
Patna
Patna Municipal
Corporation
Organization of waste policies
Monitors – gives directions
State board
check the application of the environmental laws frame the rules
monitors
Provide service
Implement policies
Waste management
6
Citizens
Waste generators

5. MAIN ISSUES
- Absence of segregation of waste at
source
- Lack of technical expertise and
appropriate institutional
arrangement
- Unwillingness of ULBs to introduce
proper collection ,segregation,
transportation & treatment/disposal
systems
- Indifferent attitude of citizens
towards waste management due to
lack of awareness
- Lack of sufficient funds with ULBs
Punai Chak,Patna - 2014
Boring Road, Patna - 2014

6. PRESENT STATUS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Storage of waste at source is
lacking
- Domestic waste/Trade waste is
thrown on streets
- Construction debris left
unattended
- Bio-medical waste disposed in
municipal stream /open areas
- Segregation of recyclable waste at
source not done
- Primary collection of waste not
done at place of generation
Professors Colony, Patna - 2014

7. PRESENT STATUS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT………..
- Design and location of
municipal waste storage depots
inappropriate, resulting in
littering of
- Street sweeping not done
everyday
- Waste transportation done in
open vehicles
- Waste processing partially
practiced in ULBs
- Final disposal done through
crude dumping
- Rag pickers collect recyclables
from municipal bins/dumpsites
and litter the waste causing
insanitary conditions
Opposite A N College ,Yesterday

8. REASONS FOR IMPROPER MANAGEMENT OF WASTE
• Lack of planning for waste management
while planning townships
• Lack of proper institutional set up for
waste management, planning and
designing in urban local bodies
• Lack of technically trained manpower
• Lack of community involvement
• Lack of expertise and exposure to city
waste management using modern
techniques / best practices
• Lack of awareness creation mechanism
• Lack of Management Information Systems
• Lack of funds with ULBs
• Indifferent attitude of ULBs to levy user
charges and sustainability
Gardani bagh,Patna - 2014

9. II COMMENTS
2) Residents
A very unsatisfying collection Transportation A poor treatment
 Lack of bins (80%) and bins
are full
 Poor collection frequency in
some areas
 No option for segregation
 People manage their own
way
 Improper maintainance of
vehicles
 Insufficient number of
vehicles
 Open trucks spilling on road
 Inappropriate treatment
technology (Bairiya)
 Lack of resources
=> An overall dissatisfaction
7

10. II COMMENTS
2) Residents
 improve the collection of waste, but
also the transport and treatment
 Improve manpower
 East area neglected (no bins)
Comments and suggestions
57%
27%
6%
10%
Improve collection
Improve
transportation/treatm
ent
Awareness/communic
ation
Improve manpower
Improve collection
33%
4% 9%
46%
4%
4%
number bins
collection frequency
door-to-door
collection
segregation
collection in
morning/night
roadside/street
collection
Improve manpower
63%
4% 11%
18%
4%
PMC work and
responsibilities
citizen/workers
fine
increase PPP
increase public
toilets
monitoring
persons
-Better training for employees
-Better coordination
-Improve amenities
8

11. III GENERAL DISCUSSION
1) Weaknesses of MSWM in Patna
a) Factors related to population
A huge population
Lack of civic sense…
… caused by lack of amenities and
sensitization ? 9

12. III GENERAL DISCUSSION
1) Weaknesses of MSWM in Patna
b) Factors related to administrations
Lack of facilities… Lack of awareness and communication…
Caused by lack of organization
-no studies on waste data
-collection disorganized
-lack of employees’ training
-coordination between administrations
Bairiya dumping site , Patna- 2014
Patna East zone, 2014
Patna South area, 2014 10

13. http://www.ecoenergyventures.com/about/why-waste-to-energy/
III GENERAL DISCUSSION
2) Opportunities
b) Integrated solid waste management
More analyses : Life Cycle Assessment
Waste management hierarchy and 3R
-“cradle to grave" impacts of a product or
service
-Evaluation of MSWM environmental
impacts
-Help to identify options for waste reduction
and recovery
Waste to energy
-80% of compostable : composting and
vermicomposting are the best options for MSW
-a low-cost method and viable (Sinha, 2014)
-a very good fertilizer and protects plants “Gold
from garbage”, vermifiltration
-But segregation has to be done 12

14. Citizens Administrations
Lack of civic
sense
Factors
Constraints
Causes of
weaknesses
Weaknesses
Solutions :
governance
and
technical
aspects
Huge
population
Lack of waste
education
Lack of
facilities
Lack of
Financial
constraints
sensitization
Better and
more
amenities
Ex : bins, trucks,
sanitary landfill,
public toilets, etc.
Lack of
organization
Community
involvement
Awareness
program
Ex :population
consultation,
sensitization
Long-term
sustainable
strategies
Ex : waste
hierarchy,
RRR, Waste
to energy,
etc.
PPP Communication
and coordination
Ex :capacity building,
internal
communication,
feedback, planning
Cause
Solution
13

15. IV RECOMMENDATIONS
• Outsourcing of all activities under
Solid Waste Management
Services
• ULBs to concentrate on
segregation of waste at source
• Waste processing like
composting, bio-methanation
should be done through public-private
partnerships / private
sector
• Final disposal viz. sanitary
landfilling to be done under
public private partnerships /
private sector
• Bio-medical waste to be managed
by Central Bio-Medical Waste
Management Facilities.

18. RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTE PROCESSING & DISPOSAL
I.WEALTH FROM WASTE (PROCESSING
OF ORGANIC WASTE)
(A) Waste to Compost
(i)Aerobic / Anaerobic
Composting
(ii) Vermi-composting
(B) Waste to Energy
(i)Refuse Derived Fuel /
Pelletization
(ii) Bio-methanation
II. Recycling of Waste
III. Sanitary Landfilling
IV. Treatment of Bio-medical waste
separately

19. Waste treatment
Type of waste determines the available treatments.
• Mixed (MSW)
– Incineration, Anaerobic digestion
• Separated
– Biological: Anaerobic digestion, Composting
– Wood residue: Gasification, Incineration
– Gray waste: Incineration
– Recycling!

20. Incineration
Materials are burnt, producing heat which is used to
generate electricity. Toxic gasses have to be cleaned with
various units and the solid residue is often mixed with
asphalt.
• Most applied technique
• Pro’s:
– Large capacity
– Produces electricity
• Con’s:
– Requires advanced gas cleaning (especially gray waste)
– Potential dioxines
– Gas plume

21. Anaerobic digestion
Biological degradation process which converts hydrocarbons into
methane gas
• Biomass and MSW can be used.
• Produces electricity
• Effluent from biomass digesters
used as fertilizer.
• Effluent from MSW digesters is
mostly incinerated.
• Relatively slow process, requiring large installations

22. Composting
Composting is an established process which decomposes organic
matter in biomass (only plant) via micro-organisms.
• Product often used as fertilizer
• Composting produces heat that can be utilized
• Also evaporates water
• Requires gas cleaning (often biological)

23. Gasification
Gasification is used for woody biomass. Materials are
indirectly heated producing syngas and woodcoal.
• Biomass is transferred to electricity more efficiënt
and cleaner than incineration
• Closed carbon cycle, less polution
• !Safety! CO, explosion.

24. Pyrolysis
Releases combustibles from materials containing organic matter.
Often plastics, rubbers, fat and oil fractions. Materials are
indirectly heated in absence of air so combustion wont take
place. Gaseous hydrocarbons are then separated and
condensed into various fractions.
• Requires high quality products to prove cost efficiënt
• Requires advanced gas cleaning
• !Safety! Explosion, harmfull gasses

25. Separation
This is the key to effective waste management.
In Austria 8 different waste bins are collected; separated plastic
types, biological waste, plant material, paper and glass.
Materials can be effectively recycled or processed, reducing
landfillsize and raw material consumption.
Mechanical separation techniques are also well established,
however still funtion less effective than source separation

26. www.ancollege.org

27. www.ancollege.org

28. YES Sanitation
www.ancollege.org
matters
because our
health is at
stake !
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