1. Topi, gatti, pipistrelli e tappeti Geomatica per la ricerca, prevenzione e ricognizione archeologica Alessandro Russell (representative) Aerial Archaeology Research Group Sicily Sub-Committee La geografia evade i suoi confini e invade il quotidiano I Sistemi Informativi Geografici: la provincia di nessuna disciplina Palermo, Mercoledì 18 ottobre

2. The International Aerial Archaeology Research Group Il Gruppo Internazionale di Ricerca in Archeologia Aerea Il Gruppo Internazionale di Ricerca in Archeologia Aerea è una piattaforma per lo scambio di idee ed informazioni per tutti i ricercatori impegnati nella aerofoto-interpretazione, storia, archeologia e architettura del paesaggio, pianificazione territoriale, monitoraggio e mitigazione del rischio ambientale. Opera in Italia dal 2001 in virtù della abrogazione del Regio Decreto XVIII – 19 Luglio 1939 in materia di ripresa e diffusione di materiale aero-cinefotografico .

3. The Archaeological Palimpsest Persian carpet O.G.S. Crawford jokingly thought of the traditional field archaeologist as Platonically busy in the search for the particulars, while his/her aerial colleagues could ponder upon universal values. The ones would be looking through the fibres of a Persian carpet, while the others admire the arabesques .

4. Rat, Cat, Bat & Mat 1 Landscape: actors, survey, perspectives Rat Cat Bat Intrasito, sito, non-sito intrasito, sito, intersito, non-sito Paesaggi archeologici

5. Rat, Cat, Bat & Mat 2 Landscape: actors, survey, perspectives

6. Marks of The Roman centuriazione Plan of Imola Leonardo D. V. 1502 Part I – the past Leonardo (1558)

7. Part I – the past Experiments and stationarism (1858-1874) Arago – 1839 Daguerrotype – new mapping Nadar – 1858 “ What (he) had really done was to change the level of art to the level of science and utility, from the artistic drawing to work tool” King/Samuel – 1860 Boston – earliest picture Glaisher – 1862 London from 20,000 feet Lowe/Lincoln - 1863 Spy balloons in the American Civil War

8. Part I – the past Pignoni /Nadar and camera shake Nadar – 1875 Camera shake and steam glyders Lilienthal -1884 Glyder Eddy, Batut, Archibald – 1880s Kites Jennings - 1909 ‘ The chief difficulties arise from the tendency to over-exposure; vibration of the camera caused by wind or movement; and atmospheric disturbances not always perceived by the eye but plainly apparent in the negative’ ‘ camera shake may be limited by the rigidity of the camera and of its parts.’

9. Part I – the past Earliest archaeological applications Stolze - 1874 Persepolis survey Boni - 1899 ‘ I have been on the Military Engineers‟ balloon thrice, 400 mt above the Palatine Hill and the Forum Romanum, I have taken a dozen exposures and sketched the plans of monuments and views […] The Coliseum, and Constantine’s Basilica looked like wooden models!’ McKenzie – 1900 Stonehenge 1 Boni- Vaglieri – 1900-1912 Ostia and Pompeii Capper – 1907 Stonehenge 2

10. Part I – the past 1909-12: The Quantum Leap, the Wrights and Farman planes

11. Part I – the past 1911-1914: Wellcome’s kites & young Crawford Wellcome - 1911 The trolley kite had thus freed archaeologists of their greatest constraint: the immobility of hot-air balloons. Conversely, it provided the exploratory potential for small-scale surveys, anticipating the role of motor vectors. Thus, Wellcome’ kites could take two types of pictures: 1. verticals, to obtain plans, as had already been the case with Boni and Vaglieri ; 2. obliques, to gain an overall view of the landscape

12. Part I – the past Air Mail Service in Persia, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Transjordan

13. Part I – the past O.G.S. Crawford and the invention of Aerial Archaeology

14. Crawford (1922) Air Survey and Archaeology Part I – the past Mark types vegetation marks ‏ March-April crop marks ‏ May - June

15. Soil Marks July-September Germination Marks October-December Part I – the past Mark types

16. Part I – the past Mark types Ice Marks July-September Snow Marks October-December

17. Shadow Marks Winter or (dawn, dusk) Part I – the past Mark types

18. False Friends Part I – the past False friends

19. Fire Marks June-September Part I – the past Mark types

20. Part I – the past Phytoarchaeological table

21. Part I – the past Phytoarchaeological table

22. Part I – National Mapping Programme English Heritage (22 million pictures)

24. Part I – Verticalism AARG – NATO 2000 Workshop ‘ In Europe there is a great imbalance in the results of aerial archaeology, with the countries of the United Kingdom leading the way in terms of reconnaissance, archiving, mapping, and publication (…) The limitations to opening up new landscapes are the administrative limitations as in Romania, Greece, Spain and Bulgaria’

25. Foggia Training School - 2003 1. Low altitude (100-400m)/ instantaneous high res 2. Pics taken in best periods for spotting marks 3. Cheap sorties 4. High response: 1000 sites in 75 hours 5. Flexible thanks to pilot/archaeologist synergy Part II – AARG Training Schools Foggia

26. Part II – AARG Training Schools Foggia

27. Part II – AARG Training Schools Foggia

28. Part II – AARG Training Schools Foggia

29. Part II – AARG Training Schools Foggia

30. Part II – AARG Training Schools Foggia

31. Part II – AARG Training Schools Foggia

32. Part II – AARG Training Schools Foggia

33. Part II – AARG Sicily Research Perspectives Ottime Prospettive in Sicilia Litologia dominata da formazioni calcarenitiche e gessose Ampia diffusione di colture cerealicole Clima steppico-arido Precipitazioni concentrate

34. Part II – Prior Research Adamesteanu, Soprintendenza della Sicilia Orientale& Schmiedt, Aerofototeca (1950s-1970s)

36. Part II – Prior Research Doneus, Universitat Wien/AARG (2002-3)

37. Part II – AARG Sicily

38. Part II – AARG Sicily

39. Part II – AARG Sicily

40. Part II – AARG Sicily

41. Part II – AARG Sicily

42. Part II – AARG Sicily

43. Part II – AARG Sicily Independent trials on the Bantūstān – Qurlyiun

44. Part II – AARG Sicily Independent trials on the Bantūstān – Rosamarina

45. Part II – AARG Sicily Independent trials on the Bantūstān – Khāsū

46. Part II – AARG Sicily Independent trials on the Bantūstān – Petterana

47. Part II – AARG Sicily Independent trials on the Bantūstān – Iato

48. Part II – AARG Sicily Independent trials on the Bantūstān – Khāsū

49. Part II – AARG Sicily Independent trials on the Bantūstān – Al Burqiya

50. Part II – AARG Sicily Independent trials on the Bantūstān – Qasr Nuwi

51. Over the last three seasons it has become apparent that archaeological crop, soil, and damp marks are rarer instances in Sicily than one might wish. That is hardly surprising given the high transpiration rates and consequently very narrow visibility windows (seven to ten days at the end of May for crop marks). Such types of marks are best viewed on well drained plains , yet only 14% of the Island lies on flat land . Furthermore, the four largest plains (Mazara, Gela, Palermo, Catania) are extensively covered with vineyards and citrus groves . In both cases, ground visibility is close to zero for citrus are evergreen large-leaf trees , planted closely together to maximise space and revenue, whereas vines are lush green from April until the September harvest. What is more, neither will develop growth stress for they are fully irrigated. The dominant morphology in Sicily is rather steep land (61% of the island is hilly, i.e. 200-800 m; 24% is mountainous, i.e. over 800 m). Site natural erosion, however, is relatively limited . So we had to look for a hilly research universe, the Province of Enna was just right. Part II – AARG Sicily Independent trials - Conclusions

52. Part II – AARG Sicily The Enna Survey

53. Part II – AARG Sicily The Enna Survey

54. Part II – AARG Sicily The Enna Survey DIARIO DI VOLO AARG RICOGNIZIONE SITI ARCHEOLOGICI PROVINCIA ENNA CODICE MISSIONE ENNA4 PILOTA ROBERTO PASCALE PIATTAFORMA ULTRALEGGERO SAVANNAH 80 HP FOTOGRAFO ALESSANDRO RUSSELL FOTOCAMERA OLYMPUS E-500 OTTICHE 14-45 MM/40- DATA 29 GENNAIO 2008 DURATA 10.00-14.00 (4 H) CONDIZIONI METEO SERENO VISIBILITA’ MOLTO BUONA () TEMPERATURA SUL LIVELLO DEL MARE ITINERARIO DI VOLO CAMPOFELICE-NICOSIA-VILLAROSA-ENNA-PIAZZA ARMERINA-PIETRAPERZIA-PIAZZARMERINA-AIDONE-CALASCIBETTA- DISTANZA PERCORSA 432,651 WAYPOINT NOME AREA SCATTI NI9 MONTE ALTESINA 1-2 VI4 ??? 3-6 EN27 COZZO MATRICE 7-11 EN2 COZZO STAGLIO 12-13 EN15 MONTE IUCULIA 14-17 EN24 MASSERIA GERACE 18-23 EN21 SERRA D’API 24-26 PA11 MONTAGNA DI MARZO 27-38 PA13 MONTE MANGANELLO 39-44 PA12 VALLONE RUGGELLO 45 PA4 MASSERIA BRAEMI 46-48 PA5 MONTE NAVONE 49-53 PI1 RUNZI 54-59 PA6 MONTE POLINO 60 PA3 MONTE ROBIATO 61-65 PA10 VILLA DEL CASALE 66-74 PIAZZA MODERNA 75-80 AI1 QUARTIERE ELLENISTICO 96 AI2 AGORA’ 88-95 AI3 MONTE CITTADELLA 81-87 AI4 MONTE BURNEA 100-104 AI5 MONTE CRUNICI 97-99

55. Part II – AARG Sicily The Enna Survey

56. Part II – AARG Sicily The Enna Survey

57. Part II – AARG Sicily The Enna Survey

58. Part II – AARG Sicily The Enna Survey

59. Part II – AARG Sicily The Enna Survey

60. Part II – AARG Sicily The Enna Survey

61. Part II – AARG Sicily The Enna Survey

63. Part II – AARG Sicily The Enna Survey

64. Part II – AARG Sicily The Enna Survey

65. Part II – AARG Sicily The Enna Survey

66. Part II – AARG Sicily The Enna Survey

67. Part II – AARG Sicily The Enna Survey

68. Part II – AARG Sicily The Enna Survey

69. Part II – AARG Sicily The Enna Survey

70. Part II – AARG Sicily The Enna Survey

71. Part III – AARG Sicily Constellations of high-res, high revisitation frquency, micro-satellites

72. Part III – AARG Sicily Retrieving WW2 material

74. Part III - National Mapping Programme English Heritage expenditure Spese Totale 1998 1997 1996 Year € 1,8 M (UK) >>> 5700 2225 1250 2225 Mapped area (sq km) ‏ € 0,8 M (Sicilia) >>> 55 (= € 1,6 M ) ‏ 17,5 18,5 20 Staff 791,9 296 260 235.9 Air Hours 210 79 68 63 Sorties 6554 1952 2195 2407 Targets € 200.000 € 71.000 € 69.000 € 60.000 Plane costs

75. In loving memory of G.D.B. Jones Dean of the School of Art History and Archaeology University of Manchester Con il quale una volta avevamo scommesso su chi sarebbe riuscito a rimanere per più tempo coi piedi off the ground . Come al solito, ha vinto lui. E adesso ci guarda dalla prospettiva che ama. Alessandro Russell, B.A., D.Lett., M.A. Representative Aerial Archaeology Research Group Sicily Sub-Committee w http://aarg.univie.ac.at m [email_address] s alerussell t +39 349 125 1825

76. Alessandro Russell, B.A., D.Lett., M.A. Representative Aerial Archaeology Research Group Sicily Sub-Committee w http://aarg.univie.ac.at m [email_address] s alerussell t +39 349 125 1825 Contatti